Rational judgments are traditionally divided into deductive and inductive. The question of using induction and deduction as methods of knowledge was discussed throughout the history of philosophy. In contrast to the analysis and synthesis, these methods are often contraved to each other and were considered in the separation from each other and from other means of knowledge.

In the broad sense of the word, induction is a form of thinking that generates common judgments about single objects; This is a way of movement of thought from private to the general, from knowledge less universal to knowledge more versatile (the path of knowledge "bottom up").

Observing and studying individual items, facts, events, a person comes to the knowledge of general patterns. Without them, no human knowledge can do without them. The direct basis of inductive conclusion is the repeatability of signs in a number of certain class items. Conclusion in induction is a conclusion about the general properties of all items related to this class, on the basis of observation of a sufficiently wide set of single facts. Usually inductive generalizations are considered as experienced truths, or empirical laws. Induction is a conclusion in which the conclusion does not follow logically from the parcels, and the truth of the parcel does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion. From true parcels, induction gives a probabilistic conclusion. Induction is characteristic of experienced sciences, makes it possible to build hypotheses, does not give reliable knowledge, suggests.

Speaking of induction, usually distinguish induction as a method of experienced (scientific) knowledge and induction as a conclusion as a specific type of reasoning. As a method of scientific knowledge, induction is a formulation of logical conclusion by generalizing observation and experimental data. From the point of view of cognitive tasks, there is still induction as a method for opening new knowledge and induction as a method for justifying hypotheses and theories.

The induction plays a major role in the empirical (experienced) knowledge. Here she appears:

· One of the methods of formation of empirical concepts;

· The basis for the construction of natural classifications;

· One of the methods for opening causal laws and hypotheses;

· One of the methods of confirmation and justification of empirical laws.

Induction is widely used in science. With it, it is built by all the most important natural classifications in Botanic, zoology, geography, astronomy, etc. The laws of the planets opened by Johann Kepler were obtained by induction based on the analysis of astronomical observations of Quiet Brage. In turn, Keplerian laws served as an inductive basis for the creation of Newton's mechanics (which became a sample of using deduction). There are several types of induction:

1. Enumeration or general induction.

2. Eliminative induction (from Latin Eliminatio - exception, deletion), containing various schemes for establishing causal relationships.

3. Induction as inverse deduction (the movement of thought from the consequences to the grounds).

The total induction is an induction in which they are moving from knowledge of several subjects to knowledge about their aggregate. This is a typical induction. It is the general induction that gives us a general knowledge. Common induction can be represented by two types of complete and incomplete induction. Full induction is building a general conclusion based on the study of all items or phenomena of this class. As a result of complete induction, the resulting conclusion is characterized by a reliable output.

In practice, it is more often used to use incomplete induction, the essence of which is that it builds a general conclusion on the basis of observing a limited number of facts, if among the latter they did not meet such that contradict inductive conclusion. Therefore, it is natural that the truth is incomplete in such a way, here we get probabilistic knowledge that requires additional confirmation.

The inductive method was studied and used already ancient Greeks, in particular Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. But a particular interest in induction problems was manifested in the XVII-XVIII centuries. With the development of new science. English philosopher Francis Bacon, criticizing scholastic logic, the main method of cognition of truth considered induction based on observation and experiment. With this induction, Bacon was going to seek the cause of the properties of things. The logic should be the logic of inventions and discoveries, considered Bacon, the Aristotelian logic set out in the "Organon" work does not cope with this task. Therefore, Bacon writes the work "New Organon", which was supposed to replace the old logic. Exalted induction and other English philosopher, economist and logic John Stewart Mill. It can be considered the founder of classical inductive logic. In its logic, Mill has been a great place for the development of research methods for causing connections.

In the course of experiments, the material is accumulated for analyzing objects, allocating some properties and characteristics; The scientist makes conclusions, preparing the basis for scientific hypotheses, axioms. That is, there is a movement of thought from the private to general, which is called induction. The line of knowledge, according to supporters of inductive logic, is lined up: experience - inductive method - generalization and conclusions (knowledge), their check in the experiment.

The principle of induction states that universal science statements are based on inductive conclusions. This principle refers to when they say that the truth of some approval is known from experience. In modern methodology, science is conscious that empirical data is generally impossible to establish the truth of the universal generalizing judgment. No matter how much the empirical data has not been experienced, there are no guarantees that new observations will not appear, which will contradict him.

Unlike inductive conclusions, which only suggest a thought, through deductive conclusions, withdraw some thoughts from other thoughts. The process of logical output, as a result of which the transition from parcels to consequences on the basis of the application of logic rules is called deduction. Deductive conclusions are: conditionally categorical, separation and categorical, dilemmas, conditional conclusions, etc.

Deduction is a method of scientific knowledge, which consists in the transition from some common parcels to private results-consequences. Deduction displays common theorems, special conclusions from experienced sciences. Gives reliable knowledge if the parcel is correct. The deductive method of the study is as follows: In order to get a new knowledge of the subject or group of homogeneous objects, it is necessary, first to find the closest genus, which includes these items, and, secondly, to apply the corresponding law to them inherent in them. all this kind of objects; The transition from knowledge of more general provisions to know less general provisions.

In general, deduction as a method of cognition comes from already disabled laws and principles. Therefore, the deduction method does not allow to get a meaningful new knowledge. Deduction is only a way of logical deployment of a system of positions based on initial knowledge, a method for identifying a specific content of generally accepted parcels.

Aristotle under the deduction understood the evidence using syllogism. Exalted the Deduction Great French Scientist Rene Descartes. He contrasted her intuition. In his opinion, intuition directly sees the truth, and with the help of deduction, truth is increasing indirectly, i.e. By reasoning. Refineless intuition and necessary deduction Here is the path of knowledge of truth, on Descartes. He also deeply developed a deductive mathematical method in researching issues of natural science. For a rational way to research, Descartes formulated four main rules, so-called. "Rules for the leadership of the mind":

1. True, what is clear and clearer.

2. Complex must be divided into private, simple problems.

3. To unknown and unproved to go from the well-known and proven.

4. Maintain logical arguments consistently, without skipping.

The method of reasoning based on the conclusion (deduction) of consequences of the conclusions from the hypothesis is also called the hypothetical and deductive method. Since there is no logic of the scientific discovery, no methods that guarantee the obtaining of true scientific knowledge, so far scientific approval are hypotheses, i.e. are scientific assumptions or assumptions whose truly value is vague. This provision is the basis of a hypothetical and deductive model of scientific knowledge. In accordance with this model, the scientist puts forward a hypothetical generalization, the various kinds of consequences are deserted from it, which are then compared with empirical data. The rapid development of the hypothetical and deductive method began in the XVII-XVIII centuries. This method was successfully applied in mechanics. Research Galileo Galilee and especially Isaac Newton turned the mechanics into a slim hypothetical deductive system, thanks to which the mechanics for many times became a sample of scientific relationship, and mechanistic views were still trying to transfer to other phenomena of nature.

The deductive method plays a huge role in mathematics. It is known that all provable suggestions, that is, theorems are output with a logical way with the help of deduction from a small finite number of the initial principles, proof within the framework of this system, called axioms.

But the time has shown that the hypothetical and deductive method was not omnipotent. In scientific research, one of the most difficult tasks is the discovery of new phenomena, laws and formulating hypotheses. Here, the hypothetical and deductive method rather plays the role of the controller, checking the effects arising from the hypotheses.

In the era of the new time, the extreme point of view of the meaning of induction and deduction began to overcome. Galilee, Newton, Leibniz, recognizing the experience, which means for induction a large role in knowledge, was noted at the fact that the process of movement from facts to the laws is not a purely logical process, but includes intuition. They assigned the important role of the deduction when building and verifying scientific theories and noted that hypothesis, not conducible to induction and deduction occupies an important place in scientific knowledge. However, no longer managed to completely overcome the opposition of inductive and deductive methods of cognition.

In modern scientific knowledge, induction and deduction always turn out to be intertwined with each other. A real scientific research is in alternating inductive and deductive methods. Contrasting induction and deduction as methods of cognition loses meaning, since they are not considered as the only methods. In the knowledge, other methods are played in the knowledge, as well as techniques, principles and forms (abstraction, idealization, problem, hypothesis, etc.). For example, in modern inductive logic, probabilistic methods play a huge role. Assessment of the probability of generalizations, search for criteria for rationale hypotheses, the establishment of the complete accuracy of which is often impossible, requires more and more sophisticated research methods.

The most beloved our heroes are talented detectives or lawyers. We all know the authors such as Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie, who in their books created images of ingenious people using the famous deductive method. Perhaps among all grand detectives, such as Erkul Poirot, Miss Marple and others, Sherlock Holmes - this is a certain peak of a person who knows how to correctly and accurately reason, to finely observe and analyze the facts.

The deductive way of thinking is widely used not only in popular works of literature and cinema, but also in our daily life.

It is extremely important to be able to build the right conclusions. To learn how to develop a deduction, first need to understand what it is and how it works.

What is a deductive method and how does it work?

Deduction is a method of thinking, in which the main conclusion is obtained from general reasoning to private. Recall the situation that is described in the famous story about Sherlock Holmes "Sign of Four". The tie was next: a friend of Sherlock Holmes, Dr. Watson, decided to check what conclusions he can do, watching enough simple things. Watson gives Sherlock Holmes his watch and says: "What can you say by analyzing such an item like a clock?":

• seeing ancient clock with engraved initials "G. U. ", the detective understands that they are family and, most likely, were acquired by the father of Watson;
• at that time, the watch was considered a precious thing and was inherited, according to the rules - the eldest son. But the watch appeared at Watson recently, although the father died many years ago. So, Watson had an older brother;
• on the lid of the clock dents, therefore, the brother was neakkurat (especially considering the importance of such a gift, as a memorable clock from the deceased father), etc.

As you can see, the famous detective simply analyzed the general facts and applied them to a private situation, to the clock of Dr. Watson. What is interesting, after the detective shared with his own conclusions with each other, he came in such a shock from an accurate answer, which accused Sherlock in espionage. Hell, he realized everything in advance and now enjoys the situation.

The reason for such a reaction is quite simple. In his mind, Holmes has done a large enough analysis and made no less huge logical conclusion. Therefore, knowing the exclusively starting step of the output ("What can you say by analyzing such an item like a clock?") And the final result (which Holmes voiced Watson), but at the same time seeing each individual, intermediate step (output process: engraved initials - Fathers of Watson, dents - inaccurability, etc.), final conclusion can really be amazed.

To get a correct end result, it is necessary to justify each individual withdrawal step so that with attentive consideration it is clear that it is made correctly.

Methods that will help you develop deduction

Deduction deductive abilities no worse than any professional detective (fictional or present) is simple enough. The deduction is not something exemplary, it is just a logical method. Therefore, for its development, it is necessary to keep the entire brain in the tone, and, it means, not only logic, but also attention, memory, imagination. Learn to think quickly and compare the facts to comply with some tricks.

• Decide rebuses

Download or take any task in the library. It is important that these are not some complex tasks in physical chemistry in which you do not understand. Found the usual children's puzzles. Remember that the intelligence implies knowledge in a variety of spheres of life. The solution of ordinary, at first glance, the puzzles teach you to think quickly, it is not standard to think and solve the tasks set.

Sherlock Holmes skillfully used not only the deduction method, but also was a very educated and clever man. And, consequently, to develop the deduction like the famous detective, you also need to know a lot and memorize. By the way, this is one example of inductive conclusion. To train the memory, intellect the poems of your favorite poet, learn the main capital of the countries of the world, the number of pi ... Yes, everything that you have enough fantasy!

• Decide the tasks

If you are well versed in mathematics, start with simple tasks on arithmetic or geometry. Well-developed analytical abilities will largely facilitate the process of conclusion. In school, your favorite subject was biology? Also not trouble, there are a lot of simple biological problems. The main thing is that you are interested, not too easy, but not too difficult. In addition, to refresh my school knowledge will never be superfluous, and a wide range of a loyal companion of deduction.

• Watch, learn, analyze

Comprehensive the deduction method will help attentive to detail, to each little things. Try to always pay attention to things that seem insignificant. When communicating with friends, try to guess their emotions, mood. All people lie: someone very little embellishes reality, and someone abuses confidence. To learn to think like a detective, become a detective. Ask friends about the details, but not just like that, but really listen carefully. Comparison the facts that you are already known, with new information. Just do not bring everything to paranoia!

• Expand your horizons

To properly use the deduction method, you need to learn how to draw conclusions. And this is not the easiest task, especially when you know little. Try to read as many books, articles, magazines. But remember, the horizon is not distinguished by the number of books you read, but quality. If you are thoughtlessly swallowing information, there will be little sense from it. Read slowly and carefully, weigh every offer, every reasoning or thought expressed by the author. An excellent way to expand your horizons is a solution of crosswords or scandards.

• See News

For example, you can choose some famous politician or other media personality and fully start following it. What about this person talk on one channel? And on the other? What information does he publish in his official blogs and social pages? Warn what happens next? What actions will be taken?

• Learn critically think

Never take everything on faith. To develop the deduction method, each link of the logical chain you must question. Your chief trump card is true. If in your conclusions you will draw obviously false information, then no deduction will help you. In the modern world, where the circle reigns to get to the truth, you will have to make a lot of effort. This method will allow you to keep your brain in constant tone, and will also develop awareness.

• Use not only deduction, but also induction

The induction method is opposite to deduction. Its essence is to come from private conclusions to the overall conclusion. In order to master one tool, you need to fully master it opposite. Although to call induction and deduction opposites will not be quite true. These are rather different parts that make up a single whole.

• Play computer games and watch TV shows

You did not hear. Although, of course, some moments should be clarified. See intelligent TV shows, documentaries, biographies of famous people. Play computer games that make you think: with a detective component, puzzle, quests. In addition, from video games, you can learn a lot of new, useful information. By the way, there are plenty of games based on works in which you are invited to try on the skin of the famous Holmes.

Why develop the deduction method?

From day to day, we have to deal with the proof of the truth of statements in a wide variety of situations. The deduction method is widely used in all spheres of our life and has great importance to the truth of certain judgments. Suppose you or your friend got into a unpleasant story. There is a consequence, there is some crime, accused, detectives, lawyers, prosecutors, judges. It is necessary to make one conclusion: the man is guilty or innocent? To do this, you need to be able to justify the guilt of a person and prove its not involved.

Exodus, and, the main thing, the correctness of the final output is of great importance for a person who has fallen into such a difficult situation. Therefore, it is extremely important, convincingly, evident and correct of the existing facts to build conclusions about his guilt or innocence. And this is only one example. There are a lot of situations in which the truth of certain allegations is important. That is why the knowledge and understanding of the ways how to develop deduction will use anyone.

From day to day, coming to all sorts of conclusions and conclusions, we use various methods of knowledge: observation, experiment, induction, deduction, analogy, etc. To begin with, I propose to check your observation

In the USSR, there was a table for checking observation. Her name is "Entertaining Table." Find the numbers from 1 to 90 inclusive on this table.

• If you found them in 5-10 minutes, then you have exceptional observation.
• For 10-15 minutes - good.
• For 15-20 min - average.
• For 20-25 minutes - satisfactory.

Write in the comments, how long do you need to find all the numbers

The basis of any type of study is deductive and inductive methods. Induction (from lat. Guidance) is a transition from private to general, and deduction (with a lat. Removal) - from common to particular.

Deduction, or the ability to argue logically, is useful in our time not only detectives - followers of Sherlock Holmes, but also any particular person than he would not do. For example, in everyday life, it contributes to a better understanding of those around people, building the necessary relationships with them; In school, it is much faster and much better to understand the material studied; And in the work - to take the most rational and correct decisions, while calculating the actions and moves of employees and competitors a few steps forward. That is why maximum efforts should be made to develop such a method of thinking.

For example, in everyday life (domestic versions):

I come home in the evening, I know that my wife should already be at home. I open the door ... oh god! Even worse: Oh horror !!! In the corridor there are traces of struggle and resistance. Women's boots are chaotic scattered, the jacket with one twisted sleeve is carelessly thrown into the tumb.
Quietly, it is necessary to analyze everything. So, home slippers are standing in a normal place, then the wife did not have time to wear them. In the apartment is a pitch silence, then the wife can sleep. With a calm soul, she will never fall asleep while Bardak's house. Let's go further. If things are scattered, then it is very rushing. It is necessary to rush to undress or when you want a man, or the 2nd option. So let's figure out with 1 option: I know that she loves me very much, and will not let anyone to him on the distance of the shot. There are 2 options. Quietly shouting: "Dear!".
"I'm now" - a disturbing voice is spread from the toilet.

If you remember stories about Holmes, it becomes clear that the detective has mastered both methods perfectly.

What is induction? And is it useful to apply this method in our age?

The inductive method approach begins with the analysis, comparison of observation data, the multiple repetition of which usually leads to inductive generalization. This approach is applicable in almost all spheres. For example, the argument of the court, on the basis of which he makes a decision, a vivid example of inductive reasoning, because, on the basis of several already known facts, any guess is created and if all new facts are assumed and are its consequence, this assumption becomes truthful.

The topic of induction in philosophy was associated with such famous personalities as David Yum and Thomas Hobbs, it was they questioned the truth of this method: is it possible on the basis of the results of a set of previous events to judge the results of the event that will occur in the future. To induction, in addition to the transition from private to the general, also refer to analogy.

For example, all people are kind, since we had previously met only such. Take the induction method as a true way of reflection or not, this is a personal matter of everyone, but considering such a long period of its existence to admit that there is a grain of truth in it.

Frames from the film about Sherlock Holmes about classic deduction

Seducing training allows you to achieve significant success. In school, the ability to analyze and think logically helps better and faster understanding the subjects studied. In the work skills make it possible to make a rational solution, think about a few moves forward. In everyday life, analytical abilities help to better figure out people and situations, build the most effective relationship with others. Books developing deduction, solution of puzzles and rebs.

How to develop a deduction in everyday life? In this case, the analysis of all occurring events helps. It is necessary to understand the motivation of a particular action, to work out and assume different possible options and probable results from certain actions. It helps a lot of logical tasks and puzzles in the development of abilities.

And now the task for deduction:

It is important to pay attention not only to your own, but also on the actions of others, while carrying out their critical analysis. It is important to understand the criteria for choosing one or another option. When presenting its thoughts, you need to learn to make a logical chain, where events should have chronological order

The main condition of the exercise is the formation of thinking flexibility. Experts are recommended to study even not interested in items, finding ways to interest themselves to a topic. Mandatory condition is the use of various kinds of literature. Reading detectives is very promoted by the formation of logical thinking. Among other works can also be noted stories written by Agatha Christie. The training of deduction is closely related to the concept of induction - the skill of various scattered facts to construct a logical sequence.

To start the perception of reality on a new principle, you should start with reading works, where other than the main text contains various additions and subtexts. At the same time, the analysis of the read and represent, as heroes would be done if the development of events was different.

Check your memory - test

It helps in the formation of analytical abilities, oddly enough, and the laying of solitaire, which allows you to better focus. An educational level is also important, a strong stimulating effect on thinking and memory is approved by the verses, the study of a foreign language. Developing deductive inductive abilities, it is necessary to find time for self-education.

Of great importance is the constant expansion of the horizons, the acquisition of knowledge from various fields. Studying material, you should develop ways to interest yourself. This, in turn, will allow to deepen in the subject, do not miss the items.

Another funny video Master of Deduction http://coub.com/view/72jjm.

And in conclusion my favorite parody of Sherlock Holmeshttps://youtu.be/gazfmjv-bg0.

Great Sunday, Friends !!! @Milendia.

Sherlock Holmes is one of the unfavorable illustrations of the attractiveness of a sharp mind. The skills that this character possessed (and which he borrowed from his prototype of Joseph Bella, a brilliant doctor and mentor Conan Doyle) will be useful in any profession, from diagnostics to journalism. T & P accounted for an approximate learning scheme for its deductive method.

Thinking training

The most spontaneous answer to the question of how to become Sherlock could sound like this: "To start, buy yourself a black coat." If you use the terminology of the American psychologist, the Nobel laureate of Daniel Kanenan, who released the book "Think slowly ... decay quickly", is the reaction of the so-called "rapid thinking" - a system that is responsible for the momentary knowledge of the world and the cataloging of instinctive sensations. "Fast Thinking" reacts to the circumstances instantly and very directly, as a result of which it is often mistaken, forcing us to take irrational solutions.

But in order to think like Sherlock Holmes, you need to use another system - "slow". It is she who, according to Caneman, is responsible for the deliberate and conscious formation of thoughts, solutions, conclusions and evaluations. Like any function of a human brain, a slow thinking system can be strengthened and develop.

As in sports, workouts should be started with light exercises in a small amount, gradually moving towards more complex and long. To begin with, you can lend several school textbooks for different subjects: mathematics, physics, chemistry and other disciplines that suggest solving problems. This will help not only train the system of slow thinking (after all, it is used in the process of intellectual activity), but also to expand the horizons, restoring knowledge lost since the time of study at school and by chalifier to study interesting scientific areas.

Invidence is another quality that requires the future master of deduction. To raise it in yourself, it is necessary to find spheres that truly excite curiosity. What exactly they will, by and large, it does not matter: the emotional response always pushes a person to a deep study of the subject, forces it to constantly increase the volume of knowledge, and with it the length of the border of contact with the unknown, the existence of which invariably encourages the mind to new search.

Deduction and induction

When the mind will be prepared and rich in various useful information, you can move to exercises for the development of logical thinking: deductive and inductive. After all, the character Conan Doyle used both methods - that, alas, it was shown in the series BBC Sherlock somewhat weaker than in Arthur Conan Doyle's books.

Deduction is a method at which the private logical path is derived from the total: "All metals conduct a current. Gold is a metal. So gold spends the current. " Induction, on the contrary, the general brings out of the private: "I am Muscovite and remember that the snow fell out every winter. So, in Moscow, it always snows in winter. " Sherlock Holmes, inspecting the crime scene or estimating others, often walked from private to general and back, moving freely in both logical directions: "John has a military gauge, tan on his hands only to sleeves, psychosomatic chromota," he also visited the war. Where were the military operations lately? In Afghanistan. So, in war in Afghanistan. "

However, his main conclusions were deductive and arose in the head in the great detective when he was tormenting his violin or pondered, smoking the tube. At these moments of Sherlock Holmes addressed his phenomenal knowledge in the field of history and forensic and classified, relying on the "family of crime". He assigned him a place in the group: "Murder because of inheritance", "murder from jealousy", "theft of will", etc. This gave the motive, and the motive gave suspects. This was the essence of the deductive method of Sherlock Holmes. The induction gave him food for reflection, while the deduction gave the answer.

For training logical thinking there are many exercises. For example, "concepts in order", within which it is necessary to arrange several words from private values \u200b\u200bto a common or vice versa. Chess or poker may also be useful. In addition, it is important to learn to avoid in judgments of logical errors, having studied them, for example, according to the book Avenir Umeov "Logic errors. How do they interfere with correctly thinking. "

How to raise a detective

To learn how to notice the details, it is necessary to interpret them and not be distracted during observations and analysis, exercises will need to develop arbitrary and involuntary attention, as well as training flexibility of thinking.

Inclusive attention is a reaction system to stimuli, a kind of "lateral vision" in terms of perception of reality. To develop it, you can take a rule to watch the usual objects and places with a lack of lighting and a different sound background (in vivo, for nice music and under sharp unpleasant sounds), and also to learn to celebrate the details that attract attention from the transition from one species Activities to others. This allows you to bring in yourself sensitivity to the vibrations of reality and learn how to miss curious details that may turn out to be the key to the situation or the nature of the person.

Arbitrary attention, or, simply, focus also plays a huge role in raising the ability to think clearly. On average, thanks to the volitional effort, the person is able to hold attention at the facility of only 20 minutes. To increase this indicator, workouts are suitable with the so-called "entertaining table" and its counterparts. Each such table is a structure with chaotic and differently shown figures from 1 to 35 or from 1 to 90. The task is to find all the numbers ascending or descending, spending the smallest amount of time.

You can also train attention to detail, taking into the habit of observing strangers: at work, on the street, on social networks. In this case, it is important to evaluate a person from different angles, giving several options for answering questions about what profession he can do what his marital status, character and habit. This will develop the flexibility of thinking and stop being content every time the only answer option that may be incorrect with more probability.

However, the main secret of the devilish observation seems to be not in the number of training, but in the presence of strong interest. Indeed, with an increase in the emotional value of the subject of study and the appearance of sufficient work experience, the so-called posture performed experience, the focus of which may not weaken the clock. It is afterpair performed that Sherlock Holmes disclose crimes. It also helps scientists to make discoveries, writers - find the best wording, etc. In addition, the presence of post-pro-action attention is still nice: it unloads the psyche, because the brain ceases to spend energy to maintain focus and can challenge for solving the tasks.

Maria Konnikov,

Sherlock Holmes does not just think slowly - he understands that it is necessary to separate objective and subjective thinking. When you see a person, you will inevitably arise the associated associations, and you quickly decide, it's good or bad. The exercise that would use to combat this Sherlock is to ask: "What is that I think and feel, is my subjective assessment? I just will be in mind, making my own opinion. "

In addition, if we want to evaluate the surrounding reality, it is necessary to realize every time, why we made this or that judgment, and check ourselves, learning from the person my friends or on the Internet, we were right or not. There is no such possibility, so you can use video courses posted on the network. In their framework, you can observe the participants of special scenes, evaluate, lie or not, and then learn the correct answer.

Doctors and lawyers apply logical thinking skills and the habit of being concentrated constantly, but such abilities are useful in any profession. Even for writers, it is important to deal with people and be able to focus at work without checking constantly mail or social networks. Working on the book "Outstanding Mind", I, for example, I realized that I have no habit of retaining focus. I tried to make a volition force to force myself not to be distracted by the Internet, but it was incredibly hard. Then I installed the Freedom software on the computer, which blocks the global network at a specified time: from two minutes to eight hours. It helped me a lot. We can remember that Sherlock Holmes also intentionally created the conditions for the thought process: he played the violin, smoked the phone and even kicked Dr. Watson, so that he did not interfere.

But how to be when we can not isolate ourselves from external conditions? It seems that Conan-Doyle helps answer this question. Many say that Sherlock Holmes was cold, but it is not like this: he has all the same emotions as any other person, but he knows how to push them aside and perceive the situation without a subjective assessment. Such skill needs to be educated specially. To do this, you can start a notebook with two or three columns: "Objective observations", "subjective assessments" and "what may be subjective assessment". Holmes kept it all in the mind, but we, before it becomes a habit, you need to record.

I think, in the modern world, the investigations of Sherlock Holmesov became less due to the domination of technology. Instead of trying with the help of logic to understand whether the suspect is lying, we are trying to estimate the speed of his heartbeat or analyze the work of the brain. However, in my opinion, we know too little about the brain in order to fully and completely rely on the existing technologies for analyzing his reactions.

The deductive method is a way to build scientific theories, a specific feature of which is the use of deductive output technique ( Deduction ). In philosophy there were attempts to carry out a sharp face between a deductive method and other methods (for example, inductive), interpretation of deductive reasoning as an imperotic and excessive exaggeration of the role of deduction in science. In fact, deduction and induction are inextricably linked, and the structure of deductive reasoning is due to the centuries-old practical cognitive activity of man. The deductive method is one of the possible methods for building scientific knowledge. It is used, as a rule, after the empirical material is accumulated and theoretically interpreted for the purpose of systematizing it, more strict and consistently eliminating all the consequences of it, etc. It turns out and new knowledge - in the form of a set of consequences of deductive theory and how A combination of possible interpretations of deductive built theory. The general scheme of the organization of deductive systems (theories) includes: 1) the initial basis, i.e., the set of source terms and statements: 2) used logical tools (rules of output and definition); 3) a set of statements (proposals) obtained from (1) by applying (2). In the study of such theories, the analysis is subject to the relationship between their individual components, abstracted from the genesis and development of knowledge. Therefore, it is advisable to consider them as peculiar formalized languages, which can be analyzed either in syntactic (when the relationship between signs and expressions in the tongue and expressions is studied), or in the semantic (when the relationships of the signs and expressions of the system are considered in terms of their value) Aspects. Deductive systems are divided into axiomatic (axiomatic method) and constructive (constructive method). The deductive method when using it in knowledge based on experience and experiment, acts as a hypothetical and deductive method. An analysis of the deductive method of building a scientific knowledge began in ancient philosophy (Plato, Aristotle, Euclidean, Stoiki), a lot of space held in the philosophy of the New Time (Descartes, Pascal, Spinosa, Leibniz, etc.), but fully and clearly, the principles of a deductive organization of knowledge were Formulated only at the end of the 19th - early 20 century. (The apparatus of mathematical logic is widely used). Up to the beginning of the 20th century. The deductive method was used mainly in the field of mathematics and logic. In the 20th century, attempts by deductive (in particular, axiomatic) construction also received widespread. Non-imaging disciplines - separate sections of physics, biology, linguistics, sociology, etc.

Philosophical dictionary. Ed. I.T. Frolova. M., 1991, p. 106-107.