Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan is the greatest conqueror. Genghis Khan is a man of the second millennium, a great conqueror. Genghis Khan has been declared ‘the most important person of the last millennium’. Genghis Khan. Chosen One of the Gods? A bloodthirsty and cruel barbarian? Great commander? Chosen One of the Gods. 1162 - deep in the heart of Asia, on north Gobi desert, a boy was born. Bloodthirsty and cruel barbarian. Great commander. Genghis Khan created an invincible army with revolutionary tactics. - Genghis Khan.ppt

History of Genghis Khan

Chinggis Khan. However, Yesugei's death served as the impetus for the separation of some tribes. Chinggis Khan's childhood. Even in the summer, the family lived from hand to mouth, making provisions for the winter. In 1202 Temuchin independently opposed the Tatars. The beginning of the conquests. Conquest of Northern China. Tomb of Genghis Khan. However, until now, no one knows the location of Genghis Khan's burial. - History of Genghis Khan.pptx

Batu's troops

Batyevo. Invasion. Plan. Tests. Russia was only given a temporary respite. At the kurultai of 1235, a decision was made on a new campaign to the west. In 1237, the Mongol-Tatars moved to Russia. Batu's campaign to Russia. Tataro - Mongol invasion. O. Leontiev. The first victim of the invasion was the Ryazan principality. Border of the Golden Horde. A. Samsonov. Boyan's Song. The death of Prince Fyodor of Ryazansky. When you overcome us, then you will own our wives. " In Slavic, “crashed” sounds like “infected”. An embedded presentation is clicked to open. The capture of Ryazan. Siege of Ryazan by the Mongols (1237). “And he laid siege to the hail, and fought relentlessly for five days. - Batu Troops.ppt

Russia and the Horde

Russia and the Golden Horde in the XIII century. Our tasks: Rus. Crusaders. Golden Horde. XIII century. Tasks for working at the blackboard. Colonization Posadnik Republic Veche Tysyatsky. 1223 1237 1239 - 1240 1240 1242 Lesson plan. Resistance or cooperation? Daniil Galitsky. Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky). Andrey Yaroslavich. I. Glazunov. Storming the city. From the travel notes of Plano Carpini. Consequences of the invasion: the Mongol Empire. city ​​of Karakorum. Russian principalities. Black Sea. Caspian Sea. Barn. Kiev. Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi). The system of power of the Golden Horde over Russia. Russian lands. Prince. Khan of the Golden Horde. - Rus and Horde.ppt

Golden Horde

Bulgars and peoples of the Volga region as part of the Golden Horde. Map of the offensive of the Tatar-Mongol troops. The first clashes of the Bulgars. Having defeated the Russian troops, the Tatar-Mongols moved to the Volga Bulgaria. Mongol conquest of Bulgaria. Juveini's notes (1226-1283): The destruction of the Bulgar lands. Bulgarians have tried more than once to regain their lost freedom. The uprising led by Bayan and Djiku. Are they of the royal family? Are Ylttanpik relatives? And where was Kernek, the hometown of the unconquered princes. However, the population of the Middle Volga region did not immediately submit to the Mongol-Tatars. In 1236-1240 there was an uprising against foreign invaders. - Golden Horde.ppt

Golden Horde and Russia

Chelubey and Peresvet. Problematic question. Was the Golden Horde able to defeat Russia? Target. Determine the level of development of military skill in the Golden Horde. Tasks. Analyze the level of intelligence organization. Compare the difference between the organization of the Russian military and the golden horde. Hypothesis. Research progress. Intelligence service. Organization level. The level of organization of the army among the Tatar-Mongols was much higher than that of the Russian. The structure of the organization of troops in Russia. And the army of the Golden Horde represented a clear distribution in terms of the number of soldiers. Military innovations. The cavalry was fairly well developed. Also, great attention was paid to equipment. - Golden Horde and Russia.ppt

Power of the Golden Horde

Russian lands ruled by the Golden Horde. Baskaki. Get involved in learning activities... The degree of assimilation. The correctness of the test. New concepts. Fill in the table. Give a definition of the concept. Ulus. Obligations of the Russian population. Write down the definition of the concepts. Representatives of the Mongol khans. The consequences of the Horde rule. Correctness of assignments. Rate your work. Received knowledge. Give yourself a mark. Golden Horde. Dependence of the Russian lands. Learn the table. - Power of the Golden Horde.ppt

History of the Golden Horde

Civil strife in the Golden Horde. Great changes have taken place in the history of the Golden Horde. Genuine feuds in Ulus. Tokhtamysh. Tokhtamysh's board. Confrontation between Tokhtamysh and Tamerlane. Defeat of the city of Bolgar by Tamerlane. Idegei. Dreams come true. Idegei's plans. Fall of Idegei. The collapse of the Golden Horde. Consequences for the Chuvash Bulgarians. - History of the Golden Horde.ppt

History grade 10

History lesson grade 10. The beginning of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The reasons for the defeat of the Russian state during the Tatar Mongol invasion... Invasion of Russia. Unification of the Mongols into a single state. 1204 - the proclamation of Genghis Khan as a khan of all Mongols. Advantages of the Mongol - Tatar army. The nomadic lifestyle contributed to the development necessary qualities Decimal system organization of the army Iron discipline Use of military experience and weapons of the conquered peoples. - Grade 10 story.ppt

Mongol-Tatars

The invasion of the Mongol-Tatars to Russia. What are the reasons for the defeat of Russia in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars? Could there have been other results of the struggle against the Mongol-Tatars? The future great khan was born in May 1162. Kurultai. The army of the Mongol-Tatars. Conquests of the Mongol-Tatars in the XIII century. Battle of Kalka. Kurultai 1235 What is the purpose of the Mongol-Tatars? Batu. Vladimir-Suzdal principality 20-25 thousand. Novgorod 7-10 thousand. Ryazan 3-7 thousand. Conclusion: The superiority of the Mongol-Tatars was ………………………, especially when you consider ……………………… …………… Suppose what the Russian princes had to do? Princely son Fyodor. Battle of Ryazan. - Mongolo-Tatars.ppt

History of the Mongol-Tatars

Mongol-Tatars. History Grade 7 "Mongolo-Tatars". 1. Who are the Mongol-Tatars? 3. What did the Mongols do? 4. What was the main occupation? 5. What event happened in 1206? 6. What were the warriors of Genghis Khan? 2. What did the Mongols live in? Mongol-Tatars are natives of the steppes of Central Asia, nomads. The Mongol-Tatars lived in felt yurts. The occupation of the Mongols. Hunting. Cattle breeding. War. Fishing. The main occupation of the Mongols was cattle breeding and war. Genghis Khan. The army of the Mongol-Tatars. Technical innovations. Catapult. Ram. Mobile towers. History grade 7. "Mongolo-Tatars". Mongol-Tatars, natives of the steppes of Central Asia - ... - History of the Mongol-Tatars.ppt

Mongol-Tatar invasion

"O bright light and beautifully decorated, the Russian land! You are glorified with many beauties ... You are filled with everything, the Russian land! ..". Topic: Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia. Social structure... Genghis Khan (1155? - August 1227). What good is the highest on earth? Heavy light cavalry. The formation of the troops. Wing. Center. Conquests of the Mongols. Battle of Kalka - May 31, 1223 Jebe Noyon Subeday Bogatur. Mstislav Udaloy Mstislav Romanovich Mstislav Svyatoslavovich Daniil Romanovich. Batu's invasion of Russia. Ruin of the Ryazan land. Novgorod land... Vladimir-Suzdal principality. - Invasion of Russia.ppt

Invasion from the east

Invasion from the East. State of Genghis Khan. Battle of Kalka. Result: the Russian army was defeated, the Mongols turned to the northeast. The invasion of the Ryazan land. The storming of Ryazan. December 21 - Ryazan was taken by the Mongols. Legends about Evpatiy Kolovrat. The defeat of the Vladimir principality. Captured: Kolomna, Moscow, Suzdal. February 3-7, 1238 - the defense of Vladimir. March 1238 - Battle of the Sit River. Hike to Novgorod. Russia in the middle of the XIII century. Hike to South Russia. Consequences of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. - Invasion from the East.ppt

Mongol-Tatars in Russia

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia. Number of people. Establishment of the Horde yoke. Features of the Mongolian state. The formation of the Mongolian state. Mongol-Tatars. Genghis Khan. The title of Genghis Khan. Military campaigns of the Mongol-Tatars. Battle on the Kalka River. After the Battle of the Kalka River. Problematic issues. The Volga Bulgaria was captured. The strength of Batu's troops. Ryazan was destroyed. Question to the class. Trekking to South and South-West Russia. Formation of the Golden Horde. Statement. The reasons for the defeat of Russia. Yoke of the Golden Horde. Baskaki in Russia. Mongol-Tatar invasion. - Mongol-Tatars in Russia.ppt

Batu's invasion of Russia

Invasion from the East. I. Krylov. Dictionary work. Stan - camp Forage - feed for horses, livestock. Main events: Genghis Khan. Armament of the Mongols. The invasion of the Ryazan land. Evpatiy Kolovrat. The defeat of the Vladimir principality. Hike to Novgorod. Defense of Kozelsk. Invasion of Southwestern Russia and Central Europe. In what year did Batu's warriors move to Central Europe? Which cities of Southern Russia were burned? What happened to Kiev? Which western countries were destroyed by Batu? In what year did the warriors of Batu return to the Lower Volga? What was the merit of Russia to the peoples of Europe? Reflection. - Batu's invasion of Russia.ppt

Invasion of the Mongol Tatars

Mongol-Tatar invasion. Chronology of events. Territory conquered by the Mongol-Tatars. Everything that we write you must believe. O appearance Mongols. About the dress of the Mongols. About their marriage. Lifestyle and activities. Belonging to the clan was above all. Control. Empire building. Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan's reforms. Stages of Genghis Khan's campaigns. Empire of Genghis Khan. Mongol Empire and Dominions 1300-1405. Batu's hikes. Approximate strength of opponents. Invasion of Russian lands. The first meeting. Chronicle of the battle. 1237 - 1238 - fall of north-eastern Russia. Defense of Kozelsk. - Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars.ppt

The invasion of the Mongols in Russia

The beginning of the invasion of Russia. Conquest of the Volga Bulgaria. Data on the strength of Batu's troops. Defense of Ryazan. Prince of Ryazan Yuri. Eupraxia of Ryazan. Ryazan fell. The filthy ones came to the city. The Tatars broke into the Ryazan walls. Boyar Evpatiy Kolovrat. Conquest of North-Eastern Russia. The conquerors laid siege to the small fortress of Moscow. The Mongols went to Vladimir. Siege of the city. New army. The way to Novgorod. Batu moved south. The Tatars fought near the city. Invasion of Southwestern Russia. Church of the Tithes. Mongolian generals. Consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Horde yoke. - The invasion of the Mongols in Russia.pptx

Mongol invasion of Russia

The struggle of Russia with a foreign invasion in the XIII century. Lesson plan. Russian principalities. Mongols. Social structure. Genghis Khan (1206-1227). Warriors of Genghis Khan. Defeat on the Kalka River. Tatar-Mongol invasion. Batu's first campaign to northeastern Russia 1237-1238. The second campaign against the southern principalities 1239-1241. Tataro - Mongol invasion. In 1241-1242. Mongol-Tatars devastated Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary. The reasons for the defeat of the Russian troops. Establishment Tatar-Mongol yoke... Economic dependence. was limited to the payment of tribute. payment of extraordinary fees. The clergy, scientists, doctors and beggars were exempted from taxes. - Mongol invasion of Russia.ppt

The invasion of the Mongol-Tatars to Russia

Invasion from the east. Genghis Khan and Batu. Could Russia of the XIII century repel the invasion of the Tatar-Mongols? What was the strength of the Tatar-Mongol army? Tatar-Mongols. Threat from the West. Alexander Nevskiy. Crusaders. Swedes. King northern country makes plans for the conquest of Russia. Swedes' sea voyage to Russia. Battle of the Neva. The feat of Misha from Novgorod. Feat of the Novgorodian Savva. Flight of the Swedes to the ships. Alexander yaroslavovich nevsky. Diamond star. Soviet order of alexander nevsky. Fragments of a sculpture dedicated to the Battle of the Ice. Battle on the ice in 1242 - The invasion of the Mongol-Tatars to Russia.ppt

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia

Mongolo - Tatar invasion of Russia. Conquest of Russia. Wars between states. Algorithm of actions. Performance evaluation criteria. Hatred of peoples towards each other. Selection plan historical facts... Mongols and their way of life. Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan's reforms. The conquest of China and Central Asia... State of Genghis Khan. Mongolian and Russian warriors. Battle on the Kalka River. Ogedei. Defense of Ryazan. Evpatiy Kolovrat. L. Gumilyov's opinion. The massacre of the inhabitants of Kozelsk. Text of the tutorial. Yoke of the Mongol-Tatar khans. Consequences of the invasion of Russia. Pick up your arguments. - Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia.ppt

Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia

Topic training project Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia. Creative name: Mongolian Tatar yoke- myth or reality. The main question: Did the yoke of the Golden Horde influence the development of Russia? Academic subjects: history of Russia Participants: students of the 10th grade. Annotation of the project. Research results. presentation "Was there a yoke ..." presentation "Chelubey and Peresvet". Terms and stages of the project The project is designed for 6 lessons. - Igo in Russia.ppt

Mongol-Tatar yoke

Invasion. Topic: The struggle of Russia against foreign invaders. Plan: Mongol-Tatar invasion. Batu's hike and the beginning of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Reflection of the threat from the West. Horde dominion in Russia. 1. Mongol-Tatar invasion. What territory did you live in? What stage of social relations were you at? What is military organization? Who led the struggle of the Mongol - Tatars for unification? Lived in Central Asia. By the end of the 12th century, they were at the stage of decomposition of the primitive communal system. The emergence and development of statehood was of a militarized nature. - Mongol-Tatar yoke.ppt

Dependence of Russia on the Horde

Russia and the Horde in the XIII-XIV centuries. The Golden Horde and Russia. Preconditions for the conquests of the Mongol-Tatars. The ruin of the Russian land. Reconstruction of the capital of the Golden Horde. Obligations of the population. The struggle of the Russian people. A word about the destruction of the Russian land. Galicia-Volyn prince. Russian princes in the fight against the Horde. The consequences of the Horde rule. Economic implications. Social implications. Cultural implications. Impact on the economy. Standing on the Ugra. - The dependence of Russia on the Horde.ppt

Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia

Mongol-Tatar yoke. Mongols. Genghis Khan. Temuchin. Transition from primitiveness. Coming from hell. The conquests of Genghis Khan. Death of Genghis Khan. Division of power. Minorat. Golden Horde... Batu's hikes. General Mongolian western campaign. An invincible army. The beginning of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The surviving Russian princes. Russia under the yoke. The consequences of the yoke. Gumilyov's position. Russian princes. Argumentation. Compound of an Orthodox bishop. Yoke. Concept. - Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia.pptx

Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia

Mongol-Tatar yoke. In North-Eastern Russia it lasted until 1480. The term "yoke", meaning the power of the Golden Horde over Russia, is not found in Russian chronicles. Eradicating cowardice from their own, They got up on the bloody weeding. Execution of some and mercy on others, They themselves weakened on the sly. Siblings fought like dogs. The Russian lands have retained the local princely rule. The establishment of tributary dependence occurred later. In 1259, the Mongol commander Burundai forced the Romanovichs to tear down the fortifications of several Volyn cities. In 1277, the Galician-Volyn princes, together with Nogai's troops, invaded Lithuania (at the suggestion of Nogai). - Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia.pptx

Battle of Kalka

Center for ART education. The first meeting with the "unknown people". Russian land. Kurultay at the source of the river. Genghis Khan's campaigns of conquest. Submission of the Buryat tribes. Khan Kotyan. Father-in-law of Mstislav the Bold. Mongols and Russians. A detachment of Mongolian light cavalry. Scheme of the battle on Kalka. Russians and Mongols in battle. Russian princes in captivity. Folk epic. Coalitions. List of Russian princes. Solving the crossword puzzle. Period in history. Great khan... The Kalka River. Nickname Mstislav. The Mongols went to the Volga. Smallest military unit. One of the Mongol generals. Allies of the Russian princes. Epic hero. - Battle of Kalka.pptx

Standing on the Ugra river

The overthrow of the Horde. Akhmat with a large army moved to the Russian borders. In 1476 Grand Duke Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the khan. Akhmat managed to negotiate with the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV. In January 1480, his brothers revolted against Ivan III. Ivan III began to pull troops to the banks of the Oka River. The miraculous Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. Akhmat's troops moved unhindered across Lithuanian territory. Confrontation on the Ugra. On October 3, Ivan III left Moscow and headed for the city of Kremenets. To exclude an attack from the rear, the Tatars ravaged the upper reaches. On October 8, Akhmat tried to force the Ugra. - Standing on the river Ugra.ppt

End of Horde rule

End of the Horde rule in 1480. Complete quests for paragraph 20 c workbook... A reason to clash with the Horde. The situation in the Moscow principality in 1480. The troops of the Livonian Order attacked the Pskov land. It was restless in Novgorod. Actions of Khan Akhmat. What choice did Ivan have? Military events in 1480. Casimir did not dare to oppose the Horde. Standing on the Ugra. In late autumn - early winter, many days of battles took place. Akhmat fled. A six-month standing on the Ugra River put an end to the Horde yoke. A prayer service was served in the churches. What circumstances helped and predetermined the inevitability of the overthrow of the yoke? -

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Military victories over the Mongol-Tatars In 1301, the first Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich defeated the Horde at Pereyaslavl-Ryazan. The consequence of this campaign was the capture by Daniel of the Ryazan prince Konstantin Romanovich, who was later killed in a Moscow prison by Daniel's son Yuri, and the annexation of Kolomna to the Moscow principality, which marked the beginning of its territorial growth. In 1317, Yuri Danilovich of Moscow, together with the army of Kavgadyya, came from the Horde, but was defeated by Mikhail Tverskoy, the wife of Yuri Konchak (daughter of the Khan of the Golden Horde Uzbek) was captured and subsequently perished, and Mikhail was killed in the Horde. In 1362, a battle took place between the Russian-Lithuanian army of Olgerd and the united army of the khans of the Perekop, Crimean and Yambaluk hordes. It ended with the victory of the Russian-Lithuanian forces. As a result, Podillia was liberated, and later the Kiev region. In 1365 and 1367, respectively, the Battle of Void, won by the Ryazanians, and the Battle of Pian, won by the Suzdal people, took place. The Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, the battle of the Russian troops under the leadership of the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy with the Mongol-Tatars led by the ruler of the Golden Horde Temnik Mamai on the Kulikovo field in 1380. Although it did not lead to the elimination of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia, however on the Kulikovo field, a strong blow was dealt to the domination of the Golden Horde, which hastened its subsequent disintegration. An important consequence of K. b. was the strengthening of the role of Moscow in the formation of the Russian state. In 1848, a monument was erected on Red Hill, where Mamai's headquarters was located. After the unsuccessful raid of the Great Horde Khan Akhmat and the so-called "Standing on the Ugra" in 1480, the Mongol-Tatar yoke was completely eliminated.

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• Prepared by L.B. Kislova
• School No. 1, Frolovo

• Once the old enemies of the Russians, the wild Polovtsians, came to our princes, they came no longer to fight, as before, but with gifts and bows, and said: “New terrible enemies offend us: they call them Tatars. They have already killed many people. Our princes were captured and defeated by seven nations. Help us! After all, we are your neighbors: today the Tatars have beaten us, and then your people will also win ”

• The Russian princes agreed to help the Polovtsy and went to meet the Tatars to fight them. The Russians walked for nine days until they met the Tatars on the Kalka River. There was a fierce battle here between the Russians and the Tatars. There were four times more Tatars than Russians. 70 Russian princes died on the Kalka River, and how many ordinary soldiers were killed - you can't count!
• Those who returned home alive told about this battle with fear and bitter tears.

• Mongol-Tatars were unpretentious and very patient people. They could not eat for 2-3 days and could easily endure the cold. Children at the age of 2-3 were put on horseback and taught to shoot from a bow. Girls and women were also excellent at handling both a horse and a weapon. There were very few literate among the Tatars, and their khans could neither read nor write.

• Mongol-Tatars led a nomadic life, bred cattle. The more cattle, the richer and more noble his owner. Cattle needed new pastures, so the Tatars moved from place to place in search of more and more pastures. They lived in yurts, light houses built of poles and covered with felt. During the journeys, the yurts were dismantled and loaded onto carts.

• Soon many Tatars came to Russia. They began to burn down Russian cities and villages, and they killed people, took them prisoner, and took with them all the property of the people.
• Once Khan Batu sent a message to the inhabitants of the city of Ryazan: "Give us as much tribute as you can, then we will not fight with you!"

• But the Russians knew that the Tatars were only deceiving them: they would take tribute and fight. Russian princes replied: “Let's better fight! If you kill all of us, then you will take all our property for yourself. " And they themselves sent to ask for help from the senior Grand Duke in the city of Vladimir, but he refused them.
• Ryazan held out for five days, fell on the sixth. The Tatars burned down the city, and killed the inhabitants.

• Following Ryazan, the Mongol-Tatars occupied Kolomna, Moscow, Tver, Vladimir, Kiev. The conquerors destroyed and burned beautiful Russian cities.
• The small town of Kozelsk was stormed by the enemies for 7 weeks. 4000 enemy soldiers fell under the walls of Kozelsk, but the defenders of the city were also killed. The enemies got only ruins, and those Khan Batu ordered to be wiped off the face of the earth, so that there would be no memory of this city.

• The Russian princes said: "God punished us for quarreling with each other, taking away each other's lands, for not gathering all together to help each other when the Tatars came not to the Russian land!"
• Khan Batu built himself the city of Sarai on the Volga River and began to live there. This area has since been called the Golden Horde. From there, the khan disposed of the Russian land as he wanted.

• 200 years
• Russia submitted to the Horde

• Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword. The Russian land stands and will stand on this.

• -If the enemies want honor and glory, -we will give it to them, if they want gold and silver, we will give it too, but if the khan wants to destroy the Russian land and the Orthodox faith itself, then we must fight with him and shed our blood, said the elder Dmitry.

• Each river has its own glory. The Ugra River in the old days was famous for crayfish, fish, and depth. But the greatest glory came to her in the fall of 1480 - at that time Ugra was the border of the Moscow principality. One hundred years have passed since the Battle of Kulikovo ...

• In the summer of 1480, the Horde prince Akhmat attacked Russia.
• Ivan III led the army towards Akhmat. The Russian army numbered 180,000 people. The Russian army occupied the fords near the Ugra River, and all attempts of Khan Akhmat to cross the river ended in failure. This continued until October.
• The river was covered with ice.

• Grand Duke Ivan III withdrew his troops to the city of Borovsk in order to lure the enemy to our land and destroy him. The Tatars were frightened and went away to their native steppes.
• In the Moscow Kremlin, Ivan III, in the presence of the khan's ambassadors, tore into small pieces the letter that obliged Moscow to pay tribute to the Horde, and said to the ambassadors:
• -Come to us in peace, not to fight, but to trade.

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Feudal fragmentation in Russia By the beginning of the Mongol invasion (1237) the total number of principalities in Russia, including appanage ones, reached 50 Feudal fragmentation - a period of weakening of the central power in feudal states due to the different duration and effect of decentralization, caused by the strengthening of large feudal lords in the conditions of a senior system of organization labor and conscription. New smaller territorial formations lead practically independent existence, subsistence economy dominates in them

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Creation of the Mongol state In 1206, at the kurultai of the Mongol tribes, Genghis Khan was proclaimed the supreme ruler. Winner in wars with neighbors. The Mongols were going through a period of military democracy, so the war became their main occupation and Genghis Khan gathered a huge army. This army was built on the basis of family ties - a dozen included brothers, a hundred - representatives of one clan, a thousand tribes. If a warrior fled from the field, the whole ten was executed. The basis of the army was the cavalry.

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The first clash - the battle on the Kalka River 1223 "In 1223, an unknown people appeared; an unheard-of army came, godless Tatars, about whom no one knows well who they are and where they came from, and what kind of language they have, and what kind of tribe they are, and what faith they have ... The Polovtsi could not resist them and fled to the Dnieper. Their Khan Kotyan was father-in-law to Mstislav Galitsky; he came with a bow to his prince, his son-in-law, and to all the Russian princes ... and said: The Tatars took our the land today, and tomorrow they will take yours, so protect us; if you do not help us, then today we will be excised, and tomorrow you will be excised. " During the battle on the Kalka River (1223), the princes split up and acted separately. An unexpected blow from the Mongols put the forward detachment to flight, the rest of the detachments were surrounded and surrendered. Soon the Mongols killed all the Russian soldiers. The losses of the Russians in this battle were very great, six princes were killed, only a tenth of the soldiers returned home.

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Invasion of Northeastern Russia (1237-1239) At the end of 1237, the Mongols attacked Ryazan. Prince Oleg turned to his neighbors for help, but they refused, hoping that the Mongols would not reach them. The siege of Ryazan began on December 16, 1237. The Mongol-Tatars surrounded the city so that no one could get out of it. The city walls were fired round the clock from vices (stone throwing machines). Day and night there were attacks on the city. Sharp Mongolian archers fired incessantly. The killed Mongols were replaced by new ones, and there were no reinforcements for the city. On December 21, a decisive assault on Ryazan began. We managed to break through the defense of the city several meters away. Heavy fighting broke out in the streets. As a result, all the soldiers and most of the inhabitants were brutally destroyed. An army of nomads stood for ten days near Ryazan - they plundered the city, divided the booty, plundered neighboring villages.

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Siege of Ryazan 1237 Before Batu there were several roads deep into the Vladimir-Suzdal land. He went to Vladimir along the Oka River, through Moscow and Kolomna. On the way, they were unexpectedly attacked by a detachment led by Evpatiy Kolovrat - from Ryazan. His detachment consisted of about 1700 people. The nomads were so confused that they took them for those who had risen from the dead. But the captured 5 soldiers answered: "We are the wars of the Grand Duke Yuri Ingorevich - Ryazan, to the regiment of Evpatiy Kolovrat. We have been sent to honor you strong and to carry out honestly." Batu decided to send his brother-in-law Khoztovrul with regiments to beat Kolovrat. But Khoztovrul lost, and then Batu sent a lot of his troops to Evpatiy. In the battle, Kolovrat died, and his head was given to Batu. The khan was surprised at the courage of the Russian soldiers and ordered to release the captured part of the squad. The last battle of Evpatiy Kolovrat

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Invasion of North-Eastern Russia (1237-1239) On February 3, the advance detachments of the conquerors approached Vladimir. The city of Vladimir was surrounded by high wooden walls and fortified powerful stone towers. On three sides it was covered by rivers: from the south - the Klyazma river, from the north and east - the Lybed river. Over western wall the city was dominated by the Golden Gate - the most powerful defensive structure of ancient Vladimir. Behind the outer circumference of the Vladimir fortifications were the inner walls and ramparts of the Middle or Monomakh city. And, finally, in the middle of the capital there was a stone Kremlin - Detinets. Thus, the enemies had to break through three defensive lines before they could reach the city center - the Prince's Court and the Assumption Cathedral.

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Early in the morning on February 7, a general assault on Vladimir began. The main blow was delivered from the west. As a result of the shelling, the wooden wall south of the Golden Gate was destroyed and the Mongol-Tatars rushed into the city. They broke through the Irinins, Copper and Volga gates to Detinets, where there were almost no soldiers left. The princely family, boyars and townspeople took refuge in the Assumption Cathedral. Surrender at the mercy of the winner, they categorically turned out to be and were burned. The city of Vladimir itself was completely destroyed. Storming Vladimir

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By the beginning of March, the invaders' detachments reached the line of the Middle Volga. Yuri Vsevolodovich, who was gathering troops on the Sit River, found himself in the immediate vicinity of these detachments. The unexpected attack of the Mongol-Tatars predetermined the outcome of this battle (March 4, 1238). Few of the Russian soldiers left this terrible battle alive, but the enemies paid dearly for the victory. Saint George was hacked to death in a desperate battle Battle of the Sit River

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Invasion of Northeastern Russia (1237-1239) At the end of March 1238, the "roundup" of the invaders moved from the Volga to the south, to Novgorod. Torzhok, standing at Batu on the way, lasted 2 weeks, and was taken only on March 23rd. From there Batu moved further along the Seligers route, but before reaching Novgorod, he turned a hundred versts south (from the place that is called "Ignach-cross" in the chronicle) and went to Smolensk.

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The invasion of North-Eastern Russia (1237-1239) Mongols failed to take Smolensk. On the outskirts of the city, the enemy was met by the Smolensk regiments and thrown back. Batu decided to turn northeast and went to the city of Kozelsk. The chronicles do not contain the exact date of the Mongol-Tatars' approach to this city, and most scholars claim that it was besieged in April 1238. Kozelsk defended for 51 days, but was taken. Batu called it the "Evil City" and ordered it to be razed to the ground. The last battle of Mercury of Smolensk

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Defeat of South Russia (1239-1240) The last battle of Mercury of Smolensk In 1239, the Mongol-Tatars invaded South Russia. By the fall of 1239. Tatars surrounded the city of Chernigov. They were met with the army by Prince Mstislav Glebovich (double brother of Mikhail of Chernigov). There was a "fierce battle", but the Russians lost. October 18, 1239 Chernigov was taken, after which the Tatars destroyed the cities of Putivl, Glukov, Vyr, Rylsk.

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Defeat of Southern Russia (1239-1240) The last battle of Mercury of Smolensk The invasion of Southern Russia and Eastern Europe Batu began in the fall of 1240, again gathering all his devoted people under his command. Batu approached Kiev in November 1240. "Batu came to Kiev in a heavy force, the city was surrounded by Tatar power, and nothing was heard from the creaking of carts, from the roar of camels, from the neighing of horses; the Russian land was filled with warriors."