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Neptune is the eighth planet farthest from the Sun and closes the row of planets. solar system after Pluto left the planetary list. The planet is so far away that it cannot be found without instruments, so they learned about it not so long ago, and the location was determined by mathematical calculations. Neptune is a planet shrouded in fog (more precisely, gas), which periodically storms so that the winds there reach sound speeds. Let's try to understand the secrets of the formation of Neptune and remember the most amazing facts about this planet.

The distance of Mercury from the Sun is 57,909,176 kilometers. Also, Mercury does not have its own satellites. Scientists believe that the main mass of the planet is the core, consisting of iron. The surface of the planet is covered with multi-membered depressions, which have huge cracks. Mercury's atmosphere contains oxygen, hydrogen, helium, and vapors of calcium, sodium, and potassium. Also, the density of the planet is extremely low.

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun, located at a distance of 5.2 astronomical years from the latter. If these years are converted into measures of length familiar to earthlings, approximately 775 million km will be obtained. The planets of the solar system are divided into terrestrial planets and gas planets. Among the gas giants, Jupiter is deservedly considered the largest.

Astronomers Trujillo and Sheppard suspected the existence of a ninth planet back in 2014. They claimed to have discovered a large celestial body at a distance of 250 astronomical units from the Sun.

In 2016, astronomers Brown and Batygin tried to refute the studies of their colleagues, but came to the conclusion that the object still exists. According to them, new planet similar to the Earth and weighs 10 times more. It, like Neptune, consists entirely of gas.

The asteroid belt is a special region between Jupiter and Mars that is filled with many small celestial bodies. There are similar areas in other parts of the solar system, for example, beyond the orbit of Neptune, so in order to distinguish this particular one, it began to be called the main belt.

It interested astronomers as early as the 18th century, but it was not until the 20th century that a theory appeared to explain its appearance.

Mysterious and elusive black holes. The laws of physics confirm the possibility of their existence in the universe, but many questions still remain. Numerous observations show that holes exist in the universe and there are more than a million of these objects.

When studying Venus, scientists discovered such unique phenomena as superrotation and lightning. Lightning is one of the signs of life, because thanks to it, discharges are separated, and lightning is a necessary stage in the formation of new microelements. Is there life on Venus?

Most of all, I am indebted to you, your labors, sacrifices and courage,” Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky wrote to Leningrad Professor Rynin. Indeed, Rynin was an ardent propagandist of Tsiolkovsky's ideas, space flights in the feasibility of which he deeply believed.

RECORD FLIGHT

He was the only scientist in the world who had diplomas as an aeronautical pilot, aviator and airship operator. More than once he made long-range and high-altitude flights on free balloons, hot air balloons. He flew in 1914 on the Ilya Muromets, the largest aircraft at that time. He flew on a Zeppelin airship.

Rynin's most outstanding balloon flight took place on September 21, 1910. Then he and Lieutenant Colonel S.I. Odintsov managed to set a new all-Russian record, having risen to a height of 6400 meters. Of course, at such a height, the aeronauts had to use oxygen pillows, which Rynin prudently bought before the flight in a pharmacy.

Aviation improved literally before our eyes. The planes flew farther, higher, faster. Having become a certified aeronaut, Rynin decided to go further: to also master a winged car.

The airfield was located in Gatchina, near St. Petersburg. Flights were usually made either early in the morning or in the evening, when the air is calm, and, of course, only in good weather. Rynin settled in Gatchina with an engineer friend. A little light ran to the airfield, to the airplane, learned to fly, and then hurried to the city to give lectures to students of the Institute of Communications, where he taught. In the evening he returned to Gatchina again.

NEARLY A DISASTER

On April 23, 1911, one of the training flights of Nikolai Alekseevich with an instructor Sredinsky almost ended in disaster. No sooner had their "Farman" climbed to a height of several meters, as a gust of wind threw him down. The St. Petersburg magazine Automobile and Aeronautics wrote: “Having hit the ground, the car was smashed to smithereens. Only the engine remained intact, the rest of the parts were completely broken. Both aviators miraculously survived, escaping with only minor bruises.

Rynin became the twenty-fourth pilot to receive a Russian aviation diploma. And three months later, having practiced flying on airships, Rynin also received a diploma as an airship pilot.

In the spring of 1914, the Third All-Russian Aeronautical Congress took place in St. Petersburg. About two hundred figures of Russian aeronautics gathered at this congress. It was held in the building of the Institute of Railway Engineers on Zabalkansky Prospekt. Tsiolkovsky arrived from Kaluga. Here the founder of astronautics and Rynin met.

They never saw each other again, only corresponded. However, this only meeting with the patriarch of astronautics was of great importance in Rynin's life.

ALL ABOUT SPACE

The meeting with Tsiolkovsky aroused Rynin's deep interest in rockets and space flight. Nikolai Alekseevich wrote: "The ideas of Tsiolkovsky found the liveliest interest in my soul." Working on space topics, Rynin repeatedly turned to the great scientist for advice and, for his part, tried in every possible way to help him.

"I am now writing the history of the development of space flights - a lot of work," Rynin reported to Kaluga in June 1926. He was working at that time on his famous space encyclopedia. I had to re-read mountains of books, get acquainted with thousands of newspaper and magazine publications, study archival documents, ancient manuscripts.

In 1928, in Leningrad, the first issue, the first book of the space encyclopedia, was published. Rynin called it “Interplanetary travel. Dreams, legends and first fantasies. A second issue soon appeared, entitled "Interplanetary Communications in Novelists' Fantasies." The third book dealt with the methods of communication between interplanetary travelers and the Earth.

"YES, THE GOAL IS ACHIEVABLE!"

Nine books, nine issues made up Professor Rynin's space encyclopedia. Many years have passed since this amazing, the only encyclopedia in the world about flights into interplanetary space. But so far it has not lost its significance.

Back in the 30s, 80 years ago, Nikolai Alekseevich asked himself the question: how will large accelerations and overloads affect living organisms? To answer this important question, he builds a special centrifugal machine, the prototype of modern centrifuges for pilots and astronauts, and with its help tests flies, beetles, mice, and rabbits for overload.

Before the war, Nikolai Alekseevich fell seriously ill. When the Great Patriotic War began, the sick scientist was evacuated from Leningrad to Kazan. There, on July 28, 1942, Nikolai Alekseevich died. In Kazan, he was buried at the Arsk cemetery.

The last years of his life, Rynin worked on a new, tenth, book of his space encyclopedia. He failed to finish it. The manuscript remains. It contains the following lines: “When in 1924 I began to get acquainted in detail with interplanetary communications, I was initially embarrassed by the question: am I chasing a chimera, are they achievable and feasible? However, such doubts and hesitation soon gave way to firm confidence. I realized: yes, the goal is achievable! And this confidence of the remarkable scientist was fully justified.

The "Russian Space" disk belongs to the "1C: Cognitive Collection" product line, which presents quite interesting projects. In April we considered two discs from the same series: "Battle for Moscow" and "From the Kremlin to the Reichstag". I must say, they left the most pleasant impression. "Russian Space" was created by another developer, the Kaluga company "DOS". "1C" acted as publisher. The disc cannot be called new (the year 2003 is indicated on the box), but it is still of interest. Our expert was Evgeny Alexandrovich Kovyazin, candidate pedagogical sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Physics Didactics, Vyatka State University.

No special installation is required - it is launched directly from the disk, and a couple of shortcuts are added to the menu. After starting, we are greeted with a kind of black screen.

However, on another computer, a video was still displayed on the splash screen. As you can see, we have before us the 3rd edition of the small space encyclopedia. Here you can start the encyclopedia or exit it. In our opinion, this screen is completely redundant.

By clicking on the "Start" button, we get to the main screen. I must say that the resolution of the encyclopedia is fixed: 800x600, and interface scaling is not supported. As a result, on a modern monitor you will observe a black border. But such a shortcoming is found in encyclopedias everywhere.

The main screen is accompanied by background music, which for some reason disappears after 10 seconds. In general, we had problems with background music. It turned on after any sound output by the program, but then stopped. From the main screen, you can select one of nine sections: "Games", "Search", "Photo Gallery", "Video", "Space Technology", "Scientists and Designers", "Cosmonauts", "Museums" and "Encyclopedic Dictionary". There are also "Exit" and "Author Information" keys.

For some reason, each developer considers it his duty to create his own interface, trying to surpass all sorts of Windows, if not by an order of magnitude, then by a third. But creating an interface is a very difficult question, and we constantly observe how developers step on the same "rake". We started our acquaintance with the information about the authors. We get a tiny 444x380 screen (including the frame). The text contains hyperlinks. For example, "Firm" DOS ". The result of clicking on this link is shown in the second illustration. The two triangles at the top of the window allow you to move back and forth (like in a browser). Unfortunately, the window cannot be scaled. Given the tiny size of the window, you will have to train scroll wheel. An even funnier thing happens when you hover your mouse over a photo of one of the developers: it will take the form of a magnifying glass with a plus sign in the center. We believe that if you "click" on the photo, you should get a larger version. We'll see.

Why did the developers dislike themselves so much that they didn’t apply full versions photographs, we do not know. But enough about the developers. Let's get to the content.

We are offered four games: "Space Mosaic", "Create the World", "Find the Constellation" and "Collect the Crew". Interestingly, to select a game, you need to click on its name in the radar zone. Apparently it's more fun.

In the game "Space Mosaic" you need to put together a photo from pieces. A remark immediately arose here: if you drag all the pieces to the right side, the game will not allow you to change their order and will display a message about the defeat.

So the selection will not work. By the way, by agreeing with the defeat, you will proceed to the assembly of the next picture, and not fix the previous one. In addition, dragging a fragment from the right side back to the left if you have chosen the wrong move will also fail. At the top of the window there are red squares - these are the available pictures, which, as the assembly is successful, will be painted gray. There is no way to move from one picture to another by clicking on the squares.

In the game "Make the world" you need to arrange the icons of the planets in orbits. At the same time, information about each planet is displayed on the left side, and after the placement of the planets, they begin to move in orbit - this allows you to compare their speed.

The third game "Find the constellation" displays a part of the sky map where you should find the required constellation. Red squares are displayed in the upper part, corresponding to the number of available constellations. If you guessed right, then the box turns gray, and a picture from the star atlas of Jan Hevelius is displayed on the screen.

In the fourth game "Gather the Crew" you need to drag the astronauts into the rocket and press the "Start" key. If you select the correct crew for the specified flight (top right), the rocket will take off.

Here you just need to enter the desired word and press the "Find" button. After that, the program will display a list of articles and other objects where the required word occurs. Clicking on an article will take you to it. Complaints are the same - a tiny window.

Photo gallery

You can select the desired section and view the photos in it.

A slide show mode is available, and you can set a delay (in the upper left corner). Unfortunately, it is not possible to get an alphabetical list of photos - this is the biggest drawback of the gallery. Therefore, to find the right frame, you will either have to scroll through the entire selection, or guess under which red box the photo is hiding. There are no enlarged versions of the photos, and you cannot "pull" the photos for use in a presentation or document. However, all of them are present on the disk in open form, so there will be no problems.

It simply displays a list of videos, sorted in an unclear way. By clicking on the video, you can watch it in the same tiny window. Of the two tested computers on the first machine (Dell laptop, Windows XP SP2), the videos refused to be displayed. Although through Media Player everything worked great.

If you click on the playback triangle, then the first machine will get an endless series of divide-by-zero errors.

However, if you have the same problem, then the videos can be played directly from the disc via Media Player - they are located in the "Video" folder. Unfortunately, the video resolution is limited to 352x288. In general, here we recommend developers not to reinvent the wheel, but to call the standard Media Player - it, unlike its own tiny window of the Russian Space program, allows you to scale the video to full screen. Then the error will probably also disappear.

Space technology

By going to the "Space technology" section, we find ourselves in a new interface. The content of the section is listed in the left part of the window, and all available articles are immediately displayed. On the right side you can see the subsections "Cosmodromes", "Rocket carriers", etc. They allow you to jump to the corresponding part of the left list. In addition, in the right part at the very top there are links to the sections "Museums", "Cosmonauts", "Scientists and Designers", "Space Technology" and "Encyclopedic Dictionary".

By clicking on an article, we go to its text. The text is provided with hyperlinks to other articles, as well as photographs that can be viewed in an enlarged form. Generally, good selection illustrations to the text - a big "plus" of the disc "Russian Space". Text can be selected, but cannot be copied to the clipboard.

Unfortunately, again, complaints arise about the tiny window with the text - it is inconvenient to read it, you have to scroll all the time.

You can jump back to the content using the "Contents" button at the top of the window. And the wheel between the keys "Contents" and "Text" is responsible for exiting the section. Who would have thought!

Scientists and designers

The interface corresponds to the "Space technology" section, so the features and notes will be the same. The left part contains a list of scientists and designers (including foreign ones), and the right part makes it possible to go directly to the biographies of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, A.L. Chizhevsky, S.P. Queen.

astronauts

The interface corresponds to the "Space technology" section, so the features and notes will be the same. The list of cosmonauts is presented on the left side, while the right side allows you to go directly to the biographies of Yuri Gagarin, Valentina Tereshkova and Alexei Leonov.

encyclopedic Dictionary

The interface corresponds to the "Space technology" section, so the features and notes will be the same. A table with letters appeared on the right side, which helps you quickly jump to the list of terms starting with the selected letter.

Museums

The interface corresponds to the "Space technology" section, so the features and notes will be the same. In total, three museums are presented on the disk: the Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, the House-Museum of K.E. Tsiolkovsky and Museum-apartment of K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Borovsk.

All museums are divided into separate halls, and textual information is richly flavored with photographs.

Although, of course, here we would like to see a virtual tour, like a tour of Stalin's dacha on a disk "From the Kremlin to the Reichstag" .

The disk "Russian Space" is a small space encyclopedia designed for young PC users interested in astronautics. Immediately after starting the program, you can select one of nine sections: "Games", "Search", "Photo Gallery", "Scientists", "Space Technology", "Video", "Cosmonauts", "Museums" and "Encyclopedic Dictionary", and also information about the authors.

Working with the disk is simple, the interface is quite accessible to any student. Only the "Search" section can cause complaints. After calling it, a window appears where you need to type in the desired concept. Unfortunately, in almost all cases, after calling a term, the window displays many other concepts that are not related to the "order" at all. "Click" on any of them selects one more - left - window, in which either a photo or a textual explanation of the term is given.

At the same time, a list of sections ("Cosmonauts", "Cosmodromes", "Scientists", etc.) appears in the upper right part of the screen. The left window of the screen allows you to quickly view all the information on this section, presented on the disk.

The second significant remark can be made to the interface of the "Photo Gallery" section. It offers a mode for automatically changing photos after a certain, pre-set number of seconds. This can be done by the user himself, but the automatic frame change mode is not turned off, which sometimes leads to an unexpected change in the photo being viewed to the next one. (Adding an editorial site: the slideshow mode is turned off if you click on the delay time number).

I have no other significant comments on the interface. In addition to the above, I would like to note that the very content of the selected material or its presentation is not always, in my opinion, successful. I will give a few examples.

In the "Games" section, the first game, drawing up a portrait of an astronaut from the given nine fragments, is very primitive, reminiscent of a kindergarten game of cubes, while at the same time, in the "Encyclopedic Dictionary" section, explanations are given of such terms as "Two-body problem", "True anomaly" and others. Very large variation in the levels of complexity of the information provided.
In the game "Create the world" in place of the Sun is for some reason a nebula. In addition, if the planets are placed in their orbits correctly, a passage from the Bible (?) about the creation of the world is displayed on the screen. It's hardly reasonable.
In the game "Assemble the Crew", in case of a correct answer, the rocket flies away, and in case of an incorrect answer, it remains in place and, for some reason, the sound of a car starter (?) Appears, which does not start. In addition, it is difficult to require knowledge of the names of all our cosmonauts and on which ship they flew. Hardly anyone remembers this now.
In the game "Find the constellation" sometimes the names of some very famous constellations (Eagle, Lyra, etc.) do not appear, and sometimes you need to guess the name of a constellation that is not visible at our latitudes.

There are several more such examples. Despite this, the overall impression of the disc is positive.

The "Russian Space" disc contains a rich selection of materials, including text with hyperlinks, photographs, and videos. In addition, there are also themed games on the disc. All materials of the manual are presented on CD in open form, and you can use the disk as a library while preparing presentations, articles or abstracts. Moreover, all textual information is recorded as HTML files, in which hyperlinks work. So you can view the contents of the disc using a browser.

Such openness of filling is pleasantly pleasing. But, on the other hand, it is limited to a very inconvenient interface. You'll have to settle for 800x600 resolution, tiny text fields, and awkward searches. It seems to us that developers should take a step forward and completely build the interface on open web technologies, and translate games into flash format. Then we will get an intuitive, convenient and high-quality interface - and the disk will last a very, very long time. In the meantime, alas, the interface is outdated.

We will not evaluate the quality of the filling - for this, refer to the opinion of our expert. In general, the disc is quite possible to buy. Hopefully, the developers will release an updated version in the near future.

In conclusion, it should be noted that this is almost the only encyclopedia that fully reflects Russia's contribution to space exploration.

The editors thank the company "1C" for the provided program.

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