3. Toward the State of the Counter-Reformation The truly nation-state uses the freedom it has acquired to choose decisions with a certain caution. As Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, one of the fathers of Russian conservatism, rightly noted: “Every news in

We eat right: what to eat, when to eat, how to eat Ten basic principles of nutrition. How to count calories. Food pyramid. Vitamins and microelements. What drinks to drink and what not. All diets are postponed. Proper diet. Ten principles

Where is the driest place on earth? Deserts are areas of the globe with a dry and hot climate, in which there is almost no rain and extremely poor vegetation. In deserts, less than 25 cm of precipitation falls in a whole year. In some deserts, the entire annual amount

Returning the dog to the place (command "Place!") This is a necessary and very useful skill for herding and service dogs. It must be practiced after the dog has mastered the skill to lie down on command. Having laid the dog down, leave some thing near it. The trainer walks away

In accordance with the convention on Antarctica, signed in 1959. Antarctica does not belong to any state, the only type of activity allowed on its territory is scientific. Then 12 countries put forward claims on the territory: Australia, Argentina, Great Britain, New Zealand, Norway, France, Chile, Peru, Russia (USSR), the USA and South Africa, Japan and a number of other countries.

Since then, the territory of Antarctica has been divided into sectors, according to which these countries have the right to open scientific stations. In general, it is tacitly accepted that maintaining the status of a superpower is strategically important:

Space exploration

The presence of nuclear weapons

Exploration of Antarctica

The presence and maintenance of stations in Antarctica is of strategic importance. Alas, they do not come here for big money. The salaries of Russian and Ukrainian polar explorers are more than modest, special enthusiastic people come here. To some extent, they are hermits. We stopped at one of the stations, they gave us a tour, and after that we invited the bearded polar explorers to join us on the ship for lunch. So that's what struck me - they are absolutely detached from this world and it seems that they do not suffer from the lack of civilization. They seem to exist in a parallel reality, they are not interested in news from the mainland, they are silent and, if I may say so, unsociable.

Interestingly, the neighboring countries did not agree to the terms of the convention and the introduced sectors and are fighting to seize territories, and in a very sophisticated way! For example, in Argentina, in geography lessons, children learn from maps on which the names of the territory near Antarctica differ from international standards and there are completely different names. Children from school years know that part of Antarctica belongs to their country.

The convention is grossly violated by the Japanese, who, despite the ban, continue to engage in whaling. Moreover, there was already a scandal where the international community presented its claims to them. In response, the Japanese converted the ships into scientific stations, but everyone also continues to fish, because. whales are a delicacy for them.

A stateless person is not uncommon nowadays. The number of such people, according to statistics, is currently about 15 million. In terms of population, this is the population of a country. Therefore, questions arise about this status: are there advantages for stateless people, in what cases can citizenship be obtained, etc. It is worth noting that a stateless person is endowed with all social rights, but is deprived of the privileges of a citizen of the state.

What does this mean?

Each person must belong to any country, be a citizen. However, there are exceptions. According to the law on citizenship of the Russian Federation, a stateless person is a person who does not have the citizenship of any state and does not documentally belong to any country. Now there are quite a lot of such people in the world, and this issue is often discussed. Heads of state are trying to solve this problem, but not everything is so simple.

There is also the concept of bipatride. This is a person who has citizenship in two countries at the same time.

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Stateless Person

It would seem, what advantages are we talking about, because only disadvantages come to mind. A stateless person cannot officially get a job, he does not have the possibility of treatment in state institutions, education in higher educational institutions. In addition, stateless persons cannot freely travel around the world. People who do not documentedly belong to any state cannot be considered foreigners and enjoy their privileges. Stateless people do not have the rights that citizens of the country have.

However, there is an advantage: this status makes it easier to obtain citizenship. In a number of countries, a stateless person can easily become a citizen if he has grounds for this. For example, in China, which is very demanding on people trying to obtain their citizenship, it is much easier for stateless people to become citizens of the country. People who do not belong to any state may not have to go through lengthy and expensive procedures for relinquishing their first citizenship in order to obtain a second one.

Circumstances under which you can become stateless

A person may not receive citizenship at birth, or may lose it at a conscious age. Moreover, this procedure is carried out both against the will and voluntarily.

Therefore, it is necessary to consider the main circumstances that may affect statelessness:

• If the child was born from parents who do not belong to any state (except in cases where the law of the soil is in force in the country).
• If a stateless person voluntarily renounced it. In this case, the passport and birth certificate are confiscated. This usually happens if a person wishes to become a citizen of another country.
• Deprivation of citizenship due to the fact that a person poses a threat to national security.
• If the state itself has disappeared. An example is the USSR, after the collapse of which all countries hastened to issue all regulatory documents in order to provide their citizens with passports.

Rights of people who do not belong to any country

Foreign persons and stateless persons are two completely different concepts that should not be confused. A person who does not belong to the state is usually not greatly infringed on his rights, with the exception of the restriction of some opportunities: to take part in elections, hold public office and serve in the army.

According to the law on citizenship of the Russian Federation, stateless persons can use free medical services on the territory of the country and cross the border for a certain period. In our country, the attitude towards stateless people is quite loyal, unlike other states. It is worth noting that if a stateless person has a diploma of education in a rare specialty, this gives him an advantage over a resident who will not have this document.

Stateless persons cannot participate in political parties and associations. Sometimes local authorities restrict their freedom of movement around the country.

How is the identity of a stateless person verified?

Let's consider this situation on the example of our country. The status of a stateless person does not allow obtaining an identity document - a passport. How to be? There is a list of official papers that can help in this case. The following documents may serve as an accreditation document:

• passport of another country (if any);
• permission for temporary stay in the country;
• resident card;
• other official papers that are recognized by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Types of citizenship

Currently, it is customary to divide citizenship into 4 varieties, each of which has its own significant differences. Knowing the differences, a person can understand for himself what kind of citizenship he has, what he wants to receive.

So, the types of citizenship:

1. Internal. The most common type means citizenship of the country in which the person lives. He can enjoy all the privileges in the territory of the state.
2. Other. In other words, foreigners who live in the country, but have not yet had time to get a local passport. They can both legally stay in the country and illegally.
3. Double. The case when a person is a citizen of two states at the same time. An amicable agreement must be concluded between them that foreign citizenship is recognized in order to enjoy all the privileges.
4. No affiliation to any country.

Identification in the Russian Federation

What should a stateless person do? There are several stages that it must go through before full legalization. The first step is documentary identification. To pass this stage, a person must submit an application in the prescribed form to the Main Department of Internal Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in which it is necessary to indicate personal data and the purpose of coming to the country.

In addition to this official paper, if possible, attach:

• pensioner's ID;
• driver license;
• invalid passport;
• Marriage certificate;
• registration certificate;
• receipt of payment of state duty.

Don't be surprised if the Interior Ministry asks for more information. It is recommended to submit documents with two acquaintances who are citizens of Russia and can confirm all the testimony.

Within three months, if all the documents are in order, the Ministry of Internal Affairs issues a special certificate with a photo - this will be a temporary identity card.

Temporary residence permit (TRP) and residence permit (permit)

Foreigners and stateless persons must obtain these two documents in order to reside in the country. Why is this needed? TRP and residence permit allows you to enjoy almost all the privileges: take out insurance, cross the border, etc.

In more detail, the temporary residence permit is a separate document. Each year, a quota is set, which controls the number of people who have received a permit. This means that there is a certain number of quotas, for example 130,000 pieces. Only those people who managed to get into this amount can receive a TRP. Moreover, the places are divided into foreigners and stateless persons.

This status makes it easier to obtain citizenship and temporary residence permits. However, there are several conditions:

• birth on the territory of the Russian Federation;
• spouse, spouse or child who are citizens of Russia;
• disabled parents with citizenship.

A residence permit provides even more benefits, but it is also much more difficult to obtain. Stateless people and foreigners strive to become the owner of this particular document, because thanks to it one can perform military service, freely cross the borders of the country, and work in law enforcement agencies.

How can a stateless person become a citizen of Russia?

According to the law, a person who has lived in the country for five or more years is entitled to receive the status of a citizen. There is a simplified procedure for native Russian speakers and people who were born and studied in the USSR.

The world community annually raises the issue of this problem and tries to provide normal living conditions for stateless people. However, a stateless person still does not have a number of rights and obligations. People who do not belong to the state should fight for their rights. In order for them to legalize their status and further improve the quality of life, all conditions have been created. To learn more about how to act in a particular situation, you need to contact lawyers personally or to representatives of state bodies at the place of residence. You can get citizenship, you just need to correctly approach the solution of the issue.

In June, the American Jeremiah Heaton found on the map a piece of the African desert, which officially does not belong to any state. Appealing to the laws of the colonial era, he called it his own and demanded recognition from his neighbors. In the future, he plans to build a prosperous monarchy there, and he is going to look for money through crowdfunding.

Jeremiah Heaton, an ordinary farmer from Virginia, was racing in a jeep through the desert in southern Egypt. Stopping, he climbed a small rocky hill and planted a bright blue flag with a yellow crown in the sand, from which the sun's rays radiate in different directions. Thus, Heaton became a contender for one of the last pieces of land on the planet that does not belong to any state. He declared himself the king of a new country - Northern Sudan, and his daughter Emily - a princess. It may seem surprising, but from the point of view of international law, Heaton does have a theoretical chance to found a new state.

What is Bir Tawil?

The chiton captured a region called Bir Tawil - two thousand square kilometers of sand and stones. Squeezed between Egypt and Sudan, none of them need it: old disputes, whose roots go back to the colonial era, are to blame. This is the classic terra nullius - "no man's land". Nobody lives there, which means that the claims of Jeremiah Heaton are justified. Having turned into a news hero for several days, Heaton is not going to stop there and plans to achieve official recognition of Northern Sudan, and then wants to turn it into an agricultural oasis.

During an interview with Apparat via Skype, Heaton only briefly turned on his webcam. This is a good-natured overweight American, constantly smiling and a little gloomy due to a cold. The bushy beard he had grown on his voyage to Africa had already disappeared. Since he was talking from his car, no royal paraphernalia was visible nearby: he apparently left the flag, crown and scepter at home.

Apparat: Let's start with the obvious question. At what point did you come up with the crazy idea to create your own state in the middle of the African desert?

Jeremiah Heaton: The reason was my daughter's desire to become a princess. Since I am a curious person, I decided to find out if there is a place left on our planet where you can found your own country. After a long search, I stumbled upon the Bir Tawil region, which has not been ruled by anyone for more than a century. No one lives there: this is a real terra nullius - "no man's land". I went there and planted a flag.

There is nothing new in this. Remember the story of how a Russian submarine reached the North Pole and planted a flag at the bottom of the sea? This procedure has been around for thousands of years. This is an absolutely legal way to secure land.

What do your new neighbors, Sudan and Egypt, think about this?

So far, the Egyptian government has allowed me to cross its territory to get to Bir Tawil. There has not yet been a diplomatic discussion of the status of this land, but it will certainly follow. But surprisingly kind people sit in the government of Egypt. I think they will understand me - as well as in Sudan. However, international law does not require permission. But I still have to agree somehow: we have no access to the sea, for example, we will have to get through Egypt or Sudan.

Doesn't it bother you that Egypt and Sudan are rather dangerous neighbors? Constant revolutions, wars.

I traveled all over Egypt and talked to government officials and the military. And the communication was overwhelmingly positive. I read a lot of terrible news about the latest events in Egypt. But you know what? Reality is a little different. Look at what's happening in the US right now. In the city of Ferguson, Missouri, the police, the military are shooting at ordinary citizens. There is no country on this planet where there are no problems. And the way states in North Africa and the Middle East reacted to the Arab Spring is not too different from the way the United States reacted to citizen uprisings - for example, it happened in the 1960s: the authorities did not hesitate to shoot at the unarmed.

Why did you decide to build a monarchy? Not the most modern form of government.

If you want to make someone a princess, then you have to become a king. That's why I chose the monarchy. I really hope that someone else will soon settle there and our monarchy will turn from an absolutist into a constitutional one. There will be a parliament and all that. But now, of course, no one is there.

My daughter told me, "Let's build a garden to feed the hungry Africans."

But in general, for a small population, a monarchy is not bad. The most important thing is how the state treats its citizens. The style of leadership is important, not the form of government - monarchy, democracy or dictatorship. My daughter's teacher goes to Africa every year to feed the children. My daughter told me, "Let's build a garden to feed the hungry Africans."

How are you going to do it? There is desert everywhere. That is why Bir-Tawil is really not needed by anyone.

Terraforming - turning a desert into land suitable for agriculture - has been successful in Egypt, Australia, and the United States. True, they used water sources very aggressively, we will have to be more economical. We want to create space for experiments in the development of innovative agriculture. I take an example from Elon Musk. He spent a lot of money to build his electric car. That's my goal: to attract scientists and resources in order to create a new agricultural revolution.

Do you have a lot of money?

We hope that in the coming years we will have enough of them to start the process. But first we need to make sure we have the perfect plan. Our scientists will fertilize the territories and develop agriculture in not the most favorable conditions. But we will start fundraising very soon, we will launch a crowdfunding project. There are already several celebrities who will help make videos of support. In total, I plan to raise 20 million dollars.

Will someone help you?

Of course, there are already people who are ready to support me. They work in the field of alternative energy. These are people from Africa, and from South America, and from Russia - in general, from all over the world. They understand that my goals are much more serious than the desire to make my daughter a princess. Our nation bears a great responsibility for the development of agriculture throughout the world. Global warming is already affecting the planet, and we will very soon need to grow food in fundamentally different conditions. My kingdom can become a testing ground for these technologies - the point where the next agricultural revolution will begin.

What are the names of the people from Russia who contacted you?

We do not yet disclose the names of the participants, but I have received many letters of support from scientists from Russia. Some of them want to help me.

Well, look how it turns out: you have no connections, no money, you do not name the names of your allies, you have not yet agreed with Sudan and Egypt. It all looks rather doubtful, don't you think?

I agree. But I understand that, like any big project, creating a country is a challenge. Yes, I am a simple American. But any state on our planet began with a few enthusiasts. The same USA began with a handful of colonists. And my country begins only with me. And we need to do a lot to develop the infrastructure, so that new citizens begin to appear there, so that we at least change the form of government a little. Therefore, I invite everyone to participate in this project, because I will not succeed alone.

Does that mean anyone can come?

Oh sure. We are an open nation, anyone can come to us. And it seems to me that the very fact that in our time it is possible to take and create a state from scratch will allow the project to be successful. Listen, you're from Russia, right? I think your president is a very strong personality. And what he does... Let's just say I don't agree with everything he does, but I think you should be proud that you have a president who has a pretty clear view of things. And I am glad for any dialogue with the Russian government, with Russian investors. Although I am an American by birth, I consider myself a man of the world.

Entrepreneur Peter Thiel says that it is no longer possible to create a new society on Earth, free from the vices of the past - the planet is too corrupted by politics. He says that it is possible to do this only in space. Do you disagree with him?

I am sure that the society we will build will be positive. That people will be interested in creating a peaceful and philanthropic nation. And our goals are easy to achieve.

Reference: Does Jeremiah Heaton have the right to the occupied territory?

This is a rather difficult question, since there are no identical precedents.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the British Empire twice divided the territory under its control between Egypt and Sudan. For the first time, Bir Tawil went to Sudan, the second time - to Egypt. Now both countries are arguing which of the two options is correct. But there is a problem: if one of them agrees to Bir Tawil, he will lose the neighboring Halaiba Triangle, a region that is much more attractive from an economic and geopolitical point of view. As a result, both countries claim that Bir Tawil does not belong to them. Heaton took advantage of this unique situation.

Thus, Bir Tawil is indeed a real terra nullius. It is to this concept that the American farmer appeals. For many centuries, states have taken over land in Australia, Africa and North America simply because they have no other masters. Randall Lesaffier, a professor of law at the Catholic University of Leuven, believes that this rule should still apply today. The principle of terra nullius, for example, is today the cause of a territorial dispute between Japan and China over several islands in the Pacific Ocean.

The problem is that the state of Northern Sudan created by Heath is not officially recognized by anyone, said political science professor Sheila Karapicho from the University of Richmond. This means that Northern Sudan cannot demand the right to the country of Bir Tawil, as, say, Russia or the United States could do. To fulfill his dream and make his daughter a princess, Heaton will first have to achieve recognition from Northern Sudan, and this will not be easy.