KHARKOV - Russian city. It was founded in the 1630s. There were settled from the Poles from the right bank Dnieper Maloros. Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich built a fortress there and founded Kharkov Voivodeship in 1656.

Dnepropetrovsk - founded Catherine II in 1776 and was called Ekaterinoslav.

Sumy - Based by King Alexei Mikhailovich no later than 1655. The king was allowed to settle there to the refugees-Malorossam, who killed Poles.

Poltava - Was in the 17th century a center about Russian tuned by Malorus. For this traitor, Hetman Avigovsky attacked the city and sold its inhabitants to slavery Crimean Tatars.

Lugansk - Based in 1795, when Catherine II founded on the Lugan Cast Introduction River. To work on it, people from the central and north-western provinces of Russia came to Lugansk.

Kherson - Founded Catherine II in 1778 for the construction of the Russian Fleet. Construction carried out Potemkin.

Donetsk - Founded by Alexander II in 1869 during the construction of the Metallurgical Plant in Yuzkoy.

Nikolaev - founded Catherine II in 1789. At this time, Potemkin built a ship Saint Nikolai there.

ODESSA - Founded by Catherine II in 1794 on the site of the fortress built a little earlier Suvorov.

Sevastopol - It is based on the decree of the Russian Empress Catherine II of February 10, 1784.

Chernigov - One of the oldest Russian cities, he existed in the early 10th century. In 1503, he became part of Russia. In 1611, the Poles destroyed it and selected this territory among Russians. But in 1654, Chernihiv returned to Russia and since then was its component.

Simferopol. - founded Catherine II in 1783 on the site of a fortress built by Suvorov. Built the city of Potemkin.

Mariupol. - founded in 1778 Catherine II. She settled there Greeks - immigrants from the Crimea.

KRIVOY ROG - Catherine II was founded in 1775. And he received its industrial development in Soviet times as a base of metallurgia.

Zaporizhia - founded Catherine II in 1770 and was called Alexandrovsky.

Kirovograd - It was founded in 1754 by the Russian Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, as a fortress, to protect the southern frontiers of the Russian Empire from Tatars. He was called Elisavetgrad.

CRIMEA - The accession of the Crimea to the Russian Empire (1783) is the inclusion of the territory of the Crimean Khanate to Russia after the renunciation of the last Crimean Khan Shahin Hire. At the attached territory in 1784 the Tauride region was formed.

And in the spring, urgent measures were taken to choose the harbor for the future of the Black Sea Fleet on the south-west coast of the peninsula. Ekaterina II of his decree dated February 10, 1784 was ordered to establish here "Military port with Admiralty, shipyard, fortress and make it a military city." In early 1784, a port-fortress was laid, which Catherine II gave the name Sevastopol.

On June 28, 1783, Manifesto Catherine II was finally promulgated during the solemn oath of the Crimean nobility, which was personally received by Prince Potemkin.

First, Murza, Bai, spiritual faces, and then a simple population.

Celebrations were accompanied by treats, games, horse racing, and cannonial salute.

Konstantin Kornv

Historical informatics - Interdisciplinary area of \u200b\u200bresearch at the junction of historical science and computer science. The basis of historical informatics is the combination of theoretical and applied knowledge necessary to create, process and analyze digital versions of all types.

The term "historical informatics" was introduced in the early 1990s. L.I.Borodkin. The main concepts and approaches of historical informatics are developed at the Department of Historical Informatics of the historical faculty of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov in cooperation with a number of scientific and educational centers united under the auspices of the Interregional Association "History and Computer", established in 1992 as a Russian branch of international Association "History and Computing".

Historical informatics studies and develops methods and processes of collection, storage, processing, transmission, search, analysis and evaluation of historical information using computer technologies.

Directions of historical informatics include electronic publication of historical sources, the development of historical databases and thematic Internet resources, historical geoinformation systems, virtual 3D reconstructions of cultural heritage facilities, the use of computerized methods and technologies for analyzing statistical, structured, textual, visual, audiovisual and other sources, computer Modeling historical processes, as well as the creation of specialized software and the application of information technologies in historical education (including online training).

In historical informatics, it is customary to allocate resource (infrastructure) and analytical (oriented in obtaining meaningful results) components. In recent years, the trend has appeared to designate a number of areas traditionally developing in historical informatics, the term "digital history" (while "Digital History" is interpreted as a component of a broader interdisciplinary area "Digital Humanities").

Encyclopedic YouTube.

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Sections: Organization of the School Library

Objectives lesson: Expand knowledge about the history of the creation of key sources of information in the past (clay plates, papyrus, parchment).

Give ideas about the libraries of the ancient world.

Modern person besides books surrounds many other sources of information. Various media includes each of us and become permanent satellites. People needed a lot of millennia to make something similar to the modern book.

In different countries of the ancient world, people recorded their knowledge of various materials. Clay plates with clocks so I want to call the pages of the oldest books. In the London British Museum are kept 27 thousand tables, their age - from two to five thousand years. Archaeologists still find them in the excavations of the ancient cities of Sumer, Assyria, Babylon in Mesopotamia - Valley between the Tiger Rivers and Euphrates on the territory of modern Iraq. The signs from the collection of the British Museum were found in the middle of the 19th century by the English archaeologists of O. Laard and X.Rassam during the excavations of Nineve - the capital of the Assyrian Tsar Ashurbanipal, who ruled in the VII century BC

Making an excavation, archaeologists found a place where the floor was eliminated by a thick layer (half a meter!) Bate of the brick. However, that these are signs, scientists at first and did not suspect, taking mysterious icons on the plates for the pattern.

Several millennia ago, the inhabitants of Babylon, Sumer and Assyria used raw clay to record information. We made clay plates and on these signs they made the records that they wanted to save. Clay became "writing material."

With the help of pointed chopsticks squeezed clin-matted signs, or cylinder plates. For a better preservation of the tables, they were burned on fire, then they acquired the strength of the stone. Sometimes records were long and occupied a lot of clay plates. Each such book consisted of dozens or even hundreds of clay "pages" laid in wooden boxes. In all the large cities of Babylon, Sumer and Assyria, at the temples there were schools and libraries where "books with clay pages" were kept. These books were the most diverse content: religious, literary, according to medicine, mathematics, agriculture and MN.D.

Library Tsar Ashurbanipal

There were many interesting "clay" books in the libraries of ancient interfluve, but there was not a single such big and rich as the library of the king ashurbanipal in his Ninevian Palace. Two and a half thousand years ago, this king collected a large library in his capital Ninevia. Hundreds of clay books are collected in it. They consisted of many "sheets" - signs of the same size.

The Ashurbannipal himself studied at school at the temple and at the time was a very educated person: able to read the ancient inscriptions and understood the signs written in other languages. Therefore, Ashurbanipal loved the books so much and collected a large library in his palace. He collected her in the literal sense of the word: sent to different cities of Mesopotamia of experienced scribes. Each group went to any big library - "House of Table Plates" with temples. There they chose the most interesting books and carefully wrote off all the text.

Two large rooms were chosen in the palace, in which there were drawers with "books" before the ceiling. The king cherished them and was afraid to put them down, where the signs could be blocked and perishing. Often the content of the poem or other work was not placed on the same plate. Then the continuation was written on the other, there were several clay chambers "pages". These pages could not be glued to one scroll as Egyptian papyrus. They were put in one box. But they could always randomly crumble the plates and mix with others. Because of this, it was easy to confuse books, and then the most scholars of priests would hardly have been sorted out in everything. In order for this not happened, special marks did on each page.

In the library of the Ashurbanipal, there were many textbooks: the grammar of the Sumerian language with explanations of the various rules to translate them to the Babylonian language, foreign words dictionaries, lists of words that memorized. These are lists of plants, animals, geographical names, etc. Here were works of lyrical poetry, historical chronicles, astronomical observations and mathematical works. When the signs fell into the royal library, they squeezed out stamp - "The Palace of Ashurbanipal, Tsar of the Universe, King Assyria" – Typically, as in our libraries put the library printing on books. Then again received signs put in place in the boxes and constituted the directory of books.

Boxes stood on the sections and attached a sign with the names of the department. In some, there were signs with textbooks in tongue and grammar, and in others - in mathematics. Separately placed signs with anthem and prayers, legends and legends. There were sections in medicine, by minerals, in various industries, etc. Many books were presented in the library in several copies, some - five to six.

Ashurbanipal was one of the most educated people of that time. But despite this, the king was so cruel and merciless as his father and grandfather. Once in one of the trips, he captured the four kings of the countries conquered. Returning to Ninevia, Ashurbanipal ordered them to catch them in the chariot and, sowing it, drove across the capital. After that, these four kings were planted into a cage that stood at the gate of the palace. Ashurbanipal was the last Assyrian king, who was trembling conquered peoples. After the death of Ashurbanipal, the subjects of the country were rebuilt and started war.

The fate of Ninevei - the capital of Assyria is known. Under the Natio of the enemy armies, the city fell. In 612 BC Babylonian troops burst into Ninevia, the city was completely destruction: "Cantle is worried, swords sparkle, shires shine; The many killed ... Locked, Ninevia is devastated and ruined"," Wrote an ancient historian. The fire that raged after that many days has completed destruction, and the sands of the desert fell asleep the remaining ruins.

The value of the ashshurbanipal library is that it is essentially a genuine collection of cultural achievements of the peoples of the Ancient East.

Papyrus

In the neighboring Assyria, the Egyptian kingdom material for the letter was made from a river plant. In ancient Egypt, Papyrus was considered "Tsarsky Plant" Since Ptolemyev. From the beginning of the III century BC. The royal monopoly was introduced on it. Papyrus was sold to many countries of the ancient world.

Papyrus - River reed with a high and thick trunk.

The stalk of the plant was separated by a needle on thin narrow strips. These strips glued one to another so that a whole page was obtained. The layer was superimposed on the layer thus obtained, the strip, which was located transversely strips of the first. Both layers were greatly squeezed, and then dried. The remaining irregularities were polished by pima. Due to the resinous substances, a homogeneous durable material was obtained, yellow, with time he dark and lost elasticity, becoming fragile and brittle. The sheet made from papyrus could not be folded or extinguished. Pages glued down and turned into a scroll, whose length could reach several tens of meters. Long tapes were wound on a stick with a handle, the scrolls were obtained to rewrite books and documents. They read the scroll in this way: the left hand was kept for a curly end, and the text was right before their eyes. The coarse scrolls neatly laid into the belt box and wore behind. As a material for a letter, papyrus was invented approximately at the beginning of the third millennium BC. and used up to the VIII-IX century AD. The Egyptian word "papyrus" has been denoted by paper since then in a number of European languages. (it. Papier, Franz. Papier, English Paper goes back to ancient Greek - pAў PYROS).

The most famous library of antiquity was founded under the Alexandrian Museyone (temple or sanctuary) - one of the main scientific and cultural centers of the ancient world. In Egypt, the libraries were created in the temples, the priests took care of them. Books had the shape of rolls made from papyrus. The most famous library of ancient times was collected in Alexandria in Egypt. It was formed in 300 BC.

Host library Egyptian kings Ptolemyei They purchased all literary works that only existed. Original manuscripts, carefully collected and purchased in the south of Europe, in the Mediterranean Islands, in North Africa and Western Asia.

For the library, a special building was built in one of the best districts of Alexandria. It had a rectangle shape, and was decorated from all sides by rows of elegant columns, between which the statues of outstanding writers and scientists stood. The entrance led to a large lined room with a white marble. Here there were tables for reading and writing, and beside them comfortable chairs and beds (noble Greeks loved to recline the table on soft beds). Behind this hall, this hall was a huge repository of scrolls and office space - the room of the main keeper of the library, his assistants and translators. It contained at least 700,000 papyrus scrolls which were listed in the catalog and are fully systematized - just as in modern libraries.

Here, not only collected literary and scientific works, but also created new works; The best grammar and poets translated outstanding creations of writers of different countries and peoples. In addition, in the Alexandria library, for the first time in the history of the book, a catalog was drawn up in which it was possible to find information about each work stored in it. It is clear that the Alexandria library attracted many of the scientists of antiquities. With her books, Mathematics Archimedes, Euclidean and Eratosthenes, Mechanics Aristarch Samos and Geron Alexandrian, Astronomer Claudius Ptolemy and MN. Dr.

In the Alexandria library there was a completely new science. Classification - Distribution of hundreds of thousands of various writings across sections and drawing up a catalog with the designation of the author and the name of each book.

The Catalog of the Alexandria Library consisted of 120 books - one hundred and twenty papyrus scrolls. The author of the catalog was a scientist Callima, who rewrite himself, that is, I copied about eight hundred poetic and historical works. Initially, the directory of the Alexandria Library was literally called "Tables of those who became famous in all areas of knowledge, and what they wrote."

The fate of the Alexandria Library is tragic. It existed in its original form about 200 years. In 48 BC, when Julia Caesar's troops broke into Alexandria and entered the fierce struggle with the population of the city, there was a fire. Part of the library died on fire. Many Caesar scroll sent to Rome, but the ship sank with the scrolls. The library suffered during the Civil War in Egypt in the III century. The remnants of the wonderful assembly of ancient literature were destroyed in the VII century AD. The troops of the Turkish Sultan, who captured Egypt. When Sultan reported on the existence of this library, he said : “If these books repeat the Koran, then they are not needed, if not, then they are harmful. " And the invaluable meeting was destroyed.

Along with papyrus, distribution in the ancient world got a material made from the skins of young animals - calves, goats, sheep, rabbits. In ancient Parchment in the III century BC. (State in the Peninsula, Malaya Asia, Modern Syria) and invented this material for the letter. He was named parchment By name of the place where it was invented. This material was destined for a long life. In world history, the lowarase city of Pergami became famous for the invention of parchment - a specially treated with skin calf.

The method of making parchment was quite complicated. The skin of animals was thoroughly washed and soaked in ashes, then purified from remnants of wool, fat, meat. The skin was stretched on the frames, climbed pembia, dried and carefully screamed, gave her a smooth surface (sometimes lime was used for whitening). The skin was obtained white, thin extremely durable material - parchment. It was possible to write on both sides.

Parchment was more expensive than papyrus, but more universal and durable. In the beginning of the parchment, a scroll was prepared as from papyrus. However, they soon noted that, unlike papyrus, it is easily written on both sides. Books from parchment became similar to modern.

Production of parchment books. Chopped parchment sheets bent in a certain order. Greek is a sheet of four additions "tetra" - a notebook is called. From the notebooks for sixteen and thirty-two pages, Tom was formed - a book block of any format. Notebooks stuck together and concluded in wooden covers. In shape, they have already reminded the book to which we are accustomed. So "Pergamm paper" finally defeated Papirus.

Books from Parchment wrote and painted skills and artists, each such book was a real work of art. The covers of such books were covered with gold, silver, precious stones and was very expensive. Such books in the ancient libraries so that they do not crawl about the shelves chains.

The mass production of parchment began in G. Pergamam for the needs of the Pergamm Library, it was more expensive than papyrus and was used for more expensive publications. On it could be illustrations.

Roman scientist and writer Pliny Senior reported that the invention of parchment became the result of rivalry in a meeting of books between the king of Egypt Ptolemem and king Parchum Emann II. Wanting to prevent her opponent to acquire books for the library, Ptolemya banned the export of papyrus, the only letter material, from Egypt. The ruler of Pergamum had to urgently look for another material for the manufacture and rewriting of books capable of replacing the usual papyrus. With it, a library was created that was given only by Alexandria in its sizes. It had a repository of manuscripts, a large and small reading room. In the marble walls, a niche cedar is arranged. The books were the most diverse, but most of all are medical. Pergamum was considered the center of medical science, here in his time he treated the patients the famous doctor Galen. At the library there were correspondencers, translators, people who followed the preservation of manuscripts.

Obviously, the invention of a new letter material was due to long-term search for the best form for books and more durable and convenient materials for the letter.

Eugene II, who was proud of the appearance in his kingdom of a new type of material for the letter, did not suspect what kind of distribution will receive the parchment in the coming centuries. He could not foresee what the Egyptian queen Cleopatre, who ruled on the motherland of the papyrus, shortly before the onset of a new era (31 years BC), Romans Mark Anthony will generously present several thousand parchment books (which took him as a military trophy) from Pergham library.

Pergammers tried to restore the library, but the former greatness could not be achieved.

1. Berger A.K. Alexandrian library. // From the history of human society: Children's encyclopedia Volume 8. - M: Pedagogy, 1975. P.81-82.

2. Glukhov A. from the depths of the centuries: essays about the ancient libraries of the world. - M: Book, 1971. 112 p.

3. Dantalov MA The library of the king Ashurbanipal. // from the history of human society: Children's Encyclopedia Volume 8. - M: Pedagogy, 1975. P.36-38.

4. History of the book. / Edited by A.A.V., T.G.Kupriyanova. - M: Lights, 2001. 400 p.

5. Malov V.I. Book. - M: Word, 2002. 48 p. - (what is that)

6. Pavlov I.P. About your book. - M: Education, 1991. 113 p. - (Know and mind).

7. Ratke I. History writing. Issue 4. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1995. 20 s.

8. Rubinstein R.I. What the monuments of the Ancient East are told: a book for reading. - M: Education, 1964. 184 p.

Historical information

In the book of the Prophet Daniel, the king of the new Babylon Nebuchadnezzar says that he built Babylon as the "House of Kingdom" for himself. "Is this not a majestic Babylon, who built in the house of the kingdom of the power of my power and in the glory of my greatness?" (Dan. 4:30). According to the book of the Prophet Daniel Nebuchadnezzar is the proud builder of the new Babylon. However, despite the fact that in the writings of Herodotus, Cesium, Strabo and Plinia, Babylon is mentioned quite often, we are unknown to make these authors refer to Nebuchadnezzar as a builder of the new Babylon. On this basis, many assumed that in the book of the Prophet Daniel is given erroneous information.

However, the records found by archaeologists of the same era of Nebuchadnezzar give indisputable information arguing that the story described in the book of the Prophet Daniel is reliable. For example, one record is as follows: "And then I" Nebuchadnezzor · I will build a palace, the throne of my reign, the combination of the genus of the human, dwelling of joy and fun. " Professor J. A. Montgomery comes to the conclusion that in this wonderful example "the language of the story" Daniel ·, resembles an Akkadian dialect. " The very moment of self-slipping of the king is amazingly correct from the point of view of history. The tracks of the construction activity of Nebuchadnezzar are visible in Babylon almost everywhere, where there were inscriptions confirming this fact on millions of bricks. Speaking by Professor H. V. Saggs, this "indicates that he" Nebuchadnezzor ·, could well say the words that are attributed to him in the 27th verse of the 4th chapter of the Book of the Prophet Daniel. " The historical accuracy of the narration is confirmed by the many certificates collected by the science and puts in a dead end of those who claim that the book of the Prophet Daniel was written in II century. Before R. H. Professor Harvard University R. Pfeifer believed, for example, that "we probably never know how to our author to become known that the new Babylon was the creation of Nebuchadnezzar [Dan. 4:30 (N. 4:27)], what the excavations were witnessed. " However, we see that due to the growing level of information confirming the biblical entry and, thus, contributing to the correct understanding of biblical statements, the fact that was a problem for the preceding generations, for us is no longer.

The story of the madness of Nebuchadnezzar presented in the 4th chapter, for a long time, was also the subject of the dispute. He was called a "non-historical story", which allegedly represents the "incoherent memory of those those who have spent in Tame (theme) in Arabia." Other scientists also confirmed this assumption based on the four fragments of the unknown text from 4 caves found in 1955. (4 Q NAB) In Kumran, which the next year was published under the headline of the Prayer of Navonida, it is assumed that these fragments are a prayer of Navonid, "the Great Tsar, when he on the command of God of the Most High was amazed was malignant blisters in the town of Teamean." Further says that Navonid, the last Babylonian king, was amazed by them "for seven years," until "did not come by a prunerator (or the caster), originally from the Jews." The king got the forgiveness of sins and was healed by this prunerator (caster).

Some scientists argued that the narration of madness of Nebuchadnezzar was due to the "Prayer of Navonida", which was "written at the beginning of the Christian era, but the document itself could be compiled by several centuries later." It was believed that the author of the 4th chapter of the book of the Prophet Daniel mixed the names of Nebuchadnezzar and Navonid and (or) recycled earlier legends about Navonid.

However, it must be said that such a point of view is based on an inconclusive hypothesis with dubious assumptions. It was assumed that for seven years, Navonid was in the Arab city of the topic (which allegedly confirmed by the "seven years" of the disease in the theme mentioned in the Kumran fragments).

New discoveries so much changed the situation that this hypothesis, apparently, should be left. Modern that era of testimonies written by Akkadian clinox on Harran Stele and first published in 1958, reported to us that Navonid was in the topic during the "ten years", and not seven, moving there on political reasons. This largely puts doubt on the historical objectivity of the information presented in the "Prayer of Navonid".

Among significant discrepancies between the 4 chapters of the Prophet of Daniel and the "Prayer of Navonid" can be allocated as follows:

1. Nebuchadnezzar The disease struck in Babylon, Navonida - in the subject.

2. Navonid's disease is described as "malignant blisters", "heavy rash" or "severe inflammation", while Nebuchadnezzar has suffered a rare form of mental disorder, apparently a variety of monomania.

3. Daniel (DAN. 4) Nebuchadnezzar's disease is a punishment for hubis (arrogance), whereas Navonida seems to be punished for idolatry.

"Recognizing the Supreme Power of God, Nebuchadnezzar was healed by himself, whereas the Jewish Caster healed." In his real form of "Prayer Navonida" dates back to later, than the 4th head of the book of the Prophet Daniel.

After conducting a thorough comparative analysis, "we cannot talk about direct literary dependencies" between the 4th chapter of the Prophet of Daniel and the "Prayer of Navonida". The essential discrepancies between these two monuments are opposed to the assumptions, according to which the initial legend of Navonid was moved to the 4th chapter of the Book of the Prophet Daniel and attributed to the king Nebuchadonosor. The famous British Assier D. Waisman notes that "nothing of you knows about the care of Navonid in the topic does not confirm that this episode is a confused story about the events of the last reign of" Nebuchadnezzar ", and we can add that is true and the opposite.

And now we turn to another very interesting question. Some believe that on the basis of over-the-cycle data, it can be argued that Nebuchadnezzar "did not leave the throne" and that in the 4th chapter of the Book of the Prophet Daniel name Nebuchadnezzar was replaced by Navonid. Recently, new out-of-security data were published, which for the first time in more than a two-chart period of time provided historical information regarding mental disorder, which was suffering from Nebuchadnezzar. In 1975, Assier Assier A. K. Gracison published an incomplete clinical text (BM 34113 \u003d SP. 213) Of the treasures of the British Museum, which is mentioned Nebuchadnezzar and Evil-Meodek (Abil-Marduk), his son and successor at the Babylonian throne. Unfortunately, the text on this Babel plate is so fragmented that the conclusion is amenable to the content of only one side (facial), and there are many ambiguities here. However, in the 2nd - 4th lines, the name of Nebuchadnezzar is mentioned and it is said that "his life appeared [to him] worthless" and that "he got up and chose the right path to [...]. In the 5th - 8th lines say, in particular: "And the Babylon (EC) gives the Bad Council of Evil-Mero Dahu [...]. Then he gives a completely different command, but [...]. He does not listen to the words flying from his mouth, editor [we (E) ...]. He changed, but did not delay [...].

Unfortunately, it is impossible to argue with an accuracy, about which there is a question in the 5th - 9th lines, however, it may be referred to in the mind of Navudkhodonosor, who gave some commands to his son Evil-Merodakh, and the second of them goes without attention due to the previous Father's reckless behavior. If the main acting face of this text is Nebuchadnezzar, then in the phrases presented in some subsequent lines (such as "he does not show love for the son and daughter [...] there is no family and the genus [...] he does not seek an increase in the welfare of Esagil ( And Babylon) "You can easily see the connection with the strange behavior of Nebuchadnezzar during his mental disorder, when he forgot about his family, childbirth, about the ministry associated with the Esagil temple complex, and about the interests of Babylon at all. We admit that being the heir to the throne of Evil - Merodes was forced to take the Brazds of the Board, while his father could not reign. The fourth head of the Book of the Prophet Daniel informs us that later Nebuchadnezzar was restored in its entirety of his royal rule (DAN. 4:33). If our interpretation of this new clinox text is correct, then in this case, we first have over-the-battle and modern that epoch historical data that confirm and support the biblical history, told in the 4th chapter of the Book of the Prophet Daniel.

We give another example. Some researchers argue that there are no historical data confirming the point of view, according to which Valtasar was "king" (See Dan. 5: 1; 8: 1). It was alleged that the book of the Prophet Daniel contains a "serious historical error." However, the restoration of Babylonian texts clearly shows that Valstasar really existed and was the son of Navonid, the last Babylonian king. It is impossible to disagree that there are no texts in which Valtasar would be called the "king", but information appeared, unambiguously explaining what Navonid was commissioned Valstasar "reign" (sarrutim). In the "poetic narration of Navonida" it says that "He [Navonid] entrusted" Stan "(reign, power. - approx. Per.) His senior" Son ·, firstborn, and troops across the country identified under his "Command ·. He allowed "everything · to go to his woman, having delivered him" Valtasaru · reign ... He headed in the topic (deep) to the west. "

Although Valtasar was not named "king" as such (since they still remained Navonid himself), Navonid, however, "hen reigning him." This "reign" included military command of the nation and, thus, the "royal status" suggested. According to other Babylonian texts, this "reign" with his legitimate authority also included the care of the Babylonian liturgical temples (which was the responsibility of the king), the call of his name and the name of his father at the time of saying the oath and the adoption of Dani in the name of both. Professor E. Young faithfully noticed that the "Tsarist Power of Valstasar continues in his declaration of rental, in the proclamation of his commandments, in the commission of an administrative action concerning the temple in Erekh." In short, on the basis of various Babylonian texts, it can be argued that in reality Valtsar had prerogatives of the monarch and, therefore, could be called the "king", although he was subordinate to his father Navondid. Valtasar acted as the king, and the transfer of the "reign" to him forced him to manage the affairs of the state, in fact, in the king Stasus.

Babylonian texts are unequivocally called Navonida Father Valtasar, however, the 11th and 18th poems of the 5th chapter of the Book of the Prophet Daniel consider him the father of Nebuchadnezzar. In Semitic language, the word "father" can be used in respect of his grandfather, or a long ancestor, or even the predecessor in any ministry. The British Assier D. Weisman indicates that the name of Nebuchadnezzar "Father" actually "does not contradict the Babylonian texts that mention Valstasar as the son of Navonida, since the latter was a descendant in the family of Nebuchadnezzar and could have direct communication through his wife." Navonid was a usurper, in 556 to R. H. Lavos-Marduk's Babylonian throne (Labashi-Marduk), whose father (nergsar) himself in 560 to R. Kh. Related the power of Son Nebuchadnezzar Amel-Marduk). However, Nergalsar (Neridlissar) took the daughter of Nebuchadnezzar, and, thus, we can assume that Navonid was the son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar. In this case, Nebuchadnezzar had to Valtasar the grandfather from the mother.

So, given the specifics of the use of the words "Father" and "Son" in Semitic languages, it can be argued that the King Nebuchadnezzar was indeed a "father" of Valtasar, and he, in turn, was his "son" about the relationship of the grandfather's grandchild. Thus, historical evidence, hoped from ancient monuments of writing, help us in understanding the information that is available in the book of the Prophet Daniel.

Kharkov Russian city. It was founded in the 1630s. There were settled from the Poles from the right bank Dnieper Maloros. Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich built a fortress there and founded Kharkov Voivodeship in 1656.

Dnepropetrovsk - founded Catherine - 2 in 1776 and was called Ekaterinoslav.

Sumy - founded by King Alexei Mikhailovich no later than 1655. The king was allowed to settle there to the refugees-Malorossam, who killed Poles.

Poltava - was in the 17th century a center about Russian tuned by Malorus. For this, the traitor Hetman Avigovsky, attacked the city and sold its inhabitants to the slavery Crimean Tatars.

Lugansk- was founded in 1795, when Catherine - 2 founded on the Lugan Cast-Rental River Plant. To work on it, people from the central and northwest provinces of Russia came to Lugansk.

Kherson is founded Catherine - 2 in 1778 for the construction of the Russian Fleet. Construction carried out, Potemkin.

Donetsk - founded by Alexander - 2 in 1869 during the construction of the metallurgical plant in Yuzkoy.

Nikolaev - founded Catherine - 2 in 1789. At this time, Potemkin built the Saint Nikolai ship there.

Odessa - founded Catherine - 2 in 1794. At the place of the fortress built a little earlier Suvorov.

Chernigov. - One of the oldest Russian cities, he existed in the early 10th century. In 1503, he became part of Russia. In 1611, the Poles destroyed it and selected this territory among Russians. But in 1654, Chernihiv returned to Russia and since then was its component.

Simferopol - founded Catherine - 2 in 1783 at the site of the fortress built by Suvorov. Built the city of Potemkin.

Mariupol - founded in 1778 by Catherine - 2, she settled Greeks there - immigrants from Crimea.

Krivoy Rog is founded by Catherine - 2 in 1775 and its industrial development, received when at Soviet times, as a base of metallurgia.

Zaporizhia - founded Catherine - 2 in 1770 and was called Alexandrovsky.

Kirovograd - was founded in 1754 by the Russian Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, as a fortress, to protect the southern frontiers of the Russian Empire from Tatars. He was called Elisavetgrad.

Crimea is the accession of the Crimea to the Russian Empire (1783) - the inclusion of the territory of Crimean Khanate to Russia after the renunciation of the last Crimean Khan Shahina Girea. At the attached territory in 1784 the Tauride region was formed.

And in the spring, urgent measures were taken to choose the harbor for the future of the Black Sea Fleet on the south-west coast of the peninsula. Ekaterina II of his decree dated February 10, 1784 was ordered to establish here "Military port with Admiralty, shipyard, fortress and make it a military city." In early 1784, a port-fortress was laid, which Catherine II gave the name Sevastopol.

On June 28, 1783, Manifesto Catherine II was finally promulgated during the solemn oath of the Crimean nobility, which was personally received by Prince Potemkin.
First, Murza, Bai, spiritual faces, and then a simple population.
Celebrations were accompanied by treats, games, horse racing, and cannonial salute.