This is a science of life. Currently, it presents a combination of wildlife sciences.

Biology is studied by all manifestations of life: structure, functions, development and origin living organisms, their relationships in natural communities with a habitat and with other alive organisms.

Since the person has become aware of his difference from the animal world, he began to study the world around him.

At first his life depended on it. Primitive people needed to know what kind of living organisms can be eaten, used as drugs, for making clothes and dwellings, and which of them are poisonous or dangerous.

With the development of civilization, a person was able to afford such a luxury as a science in cognitive purposes.

Research The cultures of the ancient peoples showed that they had extensive knowledge of plants, animals and their widely used in everyday life.

Modern Biology - Complex the scienceFor which the interpenetration of ideas and methods of various biological disciplines, as well as other sciences, is also characterized by physics, chemistry and mathematics.
The main directions of development of modern biology. Currently, it is possible to distinguish three directions in biology.

First, it is a classic biology. It is represented by naturalist scientists who study the variety of alive nature.. They objectively observe and analyze everything that occurs in wildlife, live organisms and classify them. It is wrong to think that in classical biology all discoveries have already been made.

In the second half of the XX century. Not only described many new species, but large taxa are open, right up to the kingdoms (pursuations) and even tvtyar (archaebacteria, or archaeus). These discoveries forced scientists to take a fresh look at all development history Wildlife, for real naturalist scientists Nature is intruder. Every corner of our planet is unique for them. That is why they are always among those who are acutely feeling dangerous for the nature of us and actively acts in its defense.

The second direction is an evolutionary biology.

In the XIX century The author of the theory of natural selection of Charles Darwin began as an ordinary naturalist: he collects, watched, described, traveled, revealing the secrets of wildlife. However, the main result of it work who made it a famous scientist, became the theory explaining organic diversity.

Currently, the study of the evolution of living organisms is actively continuing. The synthesis of genetics and evolutionary theory led to the creation of the so-called synthetic theory of evolution. But now there are still many unresolved questions, the answers to which are looking for evolutionary scientists.

Created at the beginning of the XX century. Our outstanding biologist Alexander Ivanovich Oparin The first scientific theory of the origin of life was purely theoretical. Currently, experimental studies of this problem are actively underway and, thanks to the use of advanced physicochemical methods, important discoveries have already been made and we can expect new interesting results.

New discoveries allowed to add anthropogenesis theory. But the transition from the animal world to a person and now still remains one of the biggest mysteries of biology.

The third direction is the physico-chemical biology, exploring the structure of living objects with the help of modern physical and chemical methods. This is a rapidly developing biology direction, important both in theoretical and practical. It is safe to say that new discoveries are waiting for us in physicochemical biology, which will solve many problems facing humanity.

Development of biology as science. Modern biology is rooted in antiquity and is associated with the development of civilization in the countries of the Mediterranean. We know the names of many outstanding scientists who contributed to the development of biology. Let's call only some of them.

Hippocrates (460 - approx. 370 BC. E.) gave the first relatively detailed description of the structure of man and animals, indicated the role of the environment and heredity in the occurrence of disease. He is considered the founder of medicine.

Aristotle (384-322 BC. E.) Delil the world around four kingdoms: an inanimate world of land, water and air; world of plants; The world of animals and the world of man. He described many animals, laid the beginning of the systematics. In the four biological treatises written by him, almost all known information about animals were held. The merits of Aristotle are so great that he is considered the founder of zoology.

Theophratcher (372-287 BC. Er) studied plants. They described more than 500 species of plants, given information about the structure and reproduction of many of them, many botanical terms were introduced. He is considered the founder of Botany.

Guy Pliny Senior (23-79) collected by that time information about living organisms, and wrote 37 volumes of the Encyclopedia "Natural History". Almost to the Middle Ages, this encyclopedia was the main source of knowledge about nature.

Claudius Galen in its scientific research has widely used the autopsy of mammals. He first made a comparative anatomical description of a person and monkey. He studied the central and peripheral nervous system. The historians of science consider it the last great biologist of antiquity.

In the Middle Ages, the dominant ideology was religion. Like other sciences, biology during this period has not yet meditated in an independent area and existed in the general direction of religious and philosophical views. And although the accumulation of knowledge of living organisms continued, on biology as science at that time, it is possible to speak only conditionally.

The era of the Renaissance is transitional from the culture of the middle ages to the culture of the new time. The indigenous socio-economic transformations of that time were accompanied by new discoveries in science.

The most famous scientist of this era Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) made a certain contribution to the development of biology.

He studied the flight of birds, described many plants, methods for connecting bones in the joints, the activity of the heart and the visual function of the eye, the similarity of the bones of man and animals.

In the second half of the XV century. Natural scientific knowledge begin to develop rapidly. This was facilitated by geographical discoveries that allowed significantly expanding information about animals and plants. The rapid accumulation of scientific knowledge about living organisms led to the separation of biology into separate sciences.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. Botany and Zoology began to develop rapidly.

The invention of the microscope (the beginning of the XVII century) made it possible to study the microscopic structure of plants and animals. Invisible for the naked eye microscopically small living organisms - bacteria and the simplest.

A great contribution to the development of biology was made by Karl Linney, which proposed the system of classification of animals and plants,

Karl Maksimovich Baer (1792-1876) in his works formulated the main provisions of the theory of homologous bodies and the law of germinal similarity, which laid the scientific foundations of embryology.

In 1808, in the work of the "Philosophy of Zoology", Jean Batist Lamarc raised the question of the causes and mechanisms of evolutionary transformations and outlined the first theory of evolution.

A huge role in the development of biology was played by cell theory, which scientifically confirmed the unity of the living world and served as one of the prerequisites for the emergence of the theory of the evolution of Charles Darwin. The authors of the cell theory are considered the Zoodora Zoodora Zoo (1818-1882) and Botany Mattias Jacob Shleiden (1804-1881).

Based on numerous observations, Ch. Darwin published its main work "On the origin of species by natural selection or conservation of conducive breeds in the struggle for life", which formulated the main provisions of the theory of evolution, proposed the mechanisms of evolution and the path of evolutionary transformations of organisms.

In the XIX century Thanks to the works of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Robert Koha (1843-1910), Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov as an independent science was formed microbiology.

The XX century began with the renovation of the laws of Gregor Mendel, which marked the beginning of the development of genetics as science.

In the 40-50s of the XX century. In biology, ideas and methods of physics, chemistry, mathematics, cybernetics and other sciences began to be widely used, and microorganisms as objects. As a result, both independent sciences of biophysics, biochemistry, molecular biology, radiation biology, biology, biology, and other studies in space contributed to the emergence and development of cosmic biology have become violently developed.
In the XX century The direction of applied research - biotechnology appeared. This direction will undoubtedly be rapidly developing in the XXI century. In more detail about this direction of the development of biology, you will learn when studying the head of the "Basics of breeding and biotechnology".

Currently, biological knowledge is used in all spheres of human activity: in industry and agriculture, medicine and energy.

Environmental research is extremely important. We finally became aware that the fragile equilibrium, existing on our little planet, is easy to destroy. Humanity faced the grandiose task - the preservation of the biosphere in order to maintain the conditions for the existence and development of civilization. Without biological knowledge and special studies, it is impossible to solve it. Thus, at present, biology has become a real productive strength and rational scientific basis of relations between man and nature.

Classic biology. Evolutionary biology. Physico-chemical biology.

1. What directions in the development of biology can you allocate?
2. What great scientists of antiquities have made a noticeable contribution to the development of biological knowledge?
3. Why in the Middle Ages about biology as science could only be said conditionally?
4. Why is modern biology consider comprehensive science?
5. What is the role of biology in modern society?
6. Prepare a message to one of the following:
7. The role of biology in modern society.
8. The role of biology in cosmic studies.
9. The role of biological research in modern medicine.
10. The role of outstanding biologists - our compatriots in the development of world biology.

As far as the views of scientists have changed on a variety of living, you can demonstrate on the example of the separation of living organisms on the kingdoms. Back in the 40s of the 20th century, all living organisms were divided into two kingdoms: plants and animals. In the kingdom of plants, bacteria and mushrooms also included. Later, more detailed study of organisms led to the allocation of four kingdoms: prokaryotes (bacteria), mushrooms, plants and animals. This system is given in school biology.

In 1959, it was proposed to divide the world of living organisms for five kingdoms: prokaryotes, protists (simplest), mushrooms, plants and animals.

This system is often given in the biological (especially translated) literature.

Other systems, including 20 or more kingdoms, are developed and continued. For example, it is proposed to distinguish three tapes: prokaryotes, archaeys (archaebacteria) and eukaryotes, each talent includes several kingdoms.

Kamensky A. A. Biology 10-11 class
Posted by readers from the website

Online Library with disciples and books, plan-abstract lessons with biology of grade 10, books and textbooks according to the calendar plan Planning biology 10 class

Detailed decision Paragraph § 1 by biology for students of grade 10, authors Sivhogoldov V.I., Agafonova I.B., Zakharova E.T. 2014.

Remember!

What achievements of modern biology are you known?

radiology

uzi devices, EMRT

establishing the Molecular DNA Structure

deciphering the human genome and other organisms

genetic Engineering

3D bioprinters

Electronic scanning microscopes

Extracorporeal fertilization, etc.

What kind of biologic scientists do you know?

Linnes, Lamarc, Darwin, Mendel, Morgan, Pavlov, Pasteur, Guk, Levenguk, Brown, Purneje, Baer, \u200b\u200bMesnikov, Michurin, Vernadsky, Ivanovsky, Fleming, Tensli, Sukachev, Chetverikov, Lyle, Oparin, Svann, Shleden, Chagr, Navashin, Timiryazev, Malpigi, Golgi, etc.

Questions for repetition and task

1. Tell us about the contribution to the development of the biology of the ancient Greek and the ancient Roman philosophers and doctors.

The first scientist who created a scientific medical school was an ancient Greek Hippocratic doctor (approx. 460 - approx. 370 BC. E.). He believed that every disease had natural reasons and they can be found by studying the structure and vital activity of the human body. From ancient times, to this day, doctors solemnly pronounce the Hippocratic oath, promising to keep a medical secret and under no circumstances to leave a patient without medical care. The great encyclopedist of antiquity Aristotle (384-322 BC.). He became one of the founders of biology as science, first summarizing the biological knowledge accumulated by mankind. He developed the systematics of animals by determining the place in it and the person he called the "public animal endowed with the mind." Many things of Aristotle were devoted to the origin of life. Ancient Roman scientist and doctor of Claudius Galen (approx. 130 - approx. 200), studying the structure of mammals, laid the foundations of human anatomy. Over the next fifteen centuries, his works were the main source of knowledge by anatomy.

2. Describe the features of the visible nature in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance Epoch.

Increased interest in biology in the era of great geographical discoveries (XV century). The opening of new lands, the establishment of trade relations between states expanded information about animals and plants. Botany and Zoologists described a lot of new, unknown species of organisms belonging to various kingdoms of wildlife. One of the outstanding people of this era - Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - described many plants, studied the structure of the human body, the activity of the heart and the visual function. After the church ban on the opening of the human body was removed, brilliant success reached the anatomy of a person, which was reflected in the classical work of Andreas Kezalie (1514-1564) "The structure of the human body" (Fig. 1). The greatest scientific achievement is the discovery of blood circulation - made in the XVII century. English doctor and biologist William Garvey (1578-1657).

3. Using the knowledge gained in the lessons of history, explain why in the Middle Ages in Europe there was a period of stagnation in all areas of knowledge.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in Europe, it was stagnant in the development of sciences and crafts. This was facilitated by feudal orders established in all European countries, permanent wars between feudalists, the invasions of the semi-dog peoples from the east, mass epidemics, and most importantly - the ideological challenge of the minds of the wide popular masses of the Roman Catholic Church. During this period, the Roman Catholic Church, despite many failures in the struggle for political domination, has spread its influence in all Western Europe. Having a huge army of the clergy of various ranks, the papacy actually achieved the complete domination of the Christian Roman Catholic ideology among all Western European peoples. Preaching humility and submission, justifying the existing feudal orders, the Roman Catholic clergy, at the same time severely pursued all the new and progressive. Natural sciences and generally the so-called secular formation were completely suppressed.

4. What is the invention XVII century. Did you get to open and describe the cell?

The new era in the development of biology marked the invention at the end of the XVI century. microscope. Already in the middle of the XVII century. The cell was opened, and the world of microscopic beings - the simplest and bacteria was found, the development of insects and the principle structure of spermatozoa was studied.

5. What is the value for biological science of work L. Pasteur and I. I. Mechnikov?

Works Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) identified the emergence of immunology. In 1876, Paster had completely devoted himself to immunology, finally establishing the specificity of the pathogens of Siberian ulcers, cholera, rabies, chicken cholera and other diseases, developed ideas about artificial immunite, proposed a method of safety vaccinations, in particular from Siberian ulcers, rabies. The first grafting against rabies was made by the Pasteur on July 6, 1885. In 1888, Paster created and headed the Scientific Research Institute of Microbiology (Pasteur Institute), in which many famous scientists worked.

Mechnikov, discovered in 1882 the phenomenon of phagocytosis, developed on its basis the comparative pathology of inflammation, and in the future - the phagocytic theory of immunity, for which he received in 1908 by the Nobel Prize together with P. Erlich. Numerous works of Mesnikov in bacteriology are devoted to the issues of cholera epidemiology, abdominal typhoid, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. Mechnikov created the first Russian school of microbiologists, immunologists and pathologists; actively participated in the creation of research institutions developing various forms of combating infectious diseases.

6. List the main discoveries made in biology in the XX century.

In the middle of the XX century The methods and ideas of other natural sciences began to actively penetrate the biology. Achievements of modern biology reveal wide prospects for creating biologically active substances and new drugs, for the treatment of hereditary diseases and selection at the cellular level. Currently, biology has become a real productive strength, on the development of which can be judged by the overall level of human society.

- Opening of vitamins

- Opening of peptide ties in protein molecules

- study of chlorophyll chemical nature

- described the main fabrics of plants

- Opening DNA structure

- Study photosynthesis

- opening key stage in cell breathing - cycle of tricarboxylic acids, or Krebs cycle

- Study of the physiology of digestion

- observed the cellular structure of the tissue

- observed single-cell organisms, animal cells (erythrocytes)

- opening kernel in a cage

- Opening of the Cell Organo Organo Organo, Method of Preparation of Microscopic Table Preparations, Nervous System Study

- I found that some parts of the embryo have an impact on the development of its other parts.

- formulated a mutational theory

- creation of chromosomal theory of heredity

- formulated the law of homologous rows in hereditary variability

- discovered the strengthening of the mutational process under the action of radioactive radiation

- opened the complex gene structure

- opened the value of the mutational process in the processes occurring in populations for the evolution of the form

- installed a phylogenetic row of horsepower as a typical series of gradual evolutionary changes in related species

- developed the theory of germinal leaflets for vertebrates

- put forward the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms from the general ancestor - the hypothetical organism of phagocitella

- justifies the presence of the ancestor of multicellular - phagothella in the past and proposes to consider it a living model of a multicellular animal - trichoplaxes

- substantiated the biological law "Ontogenesis is a brief repetition of phylogenesis"

- argued that many organs are multifunctional; In the new environment environments, one of the secondary functions can become more important and replaced by the former main function of the organ

- put forward the hypothesis of the bilateral symmetry of living organisms

7. Name the natural sciences of biology known to you. Which of them arose at the end of the XX century??

On the boundaries of adjacent disciplines, new biological directions arose: virology, biochemistry, biophysics, biogeography, molecular biology, cosmic biology and many others. The widespread introduction of mathematics in biology caused the birth of biometrics. The successes of ecology, as well as increasingly relevant problems of nature protection contributed to the development of the environmental approach in most branches of biology. At the turn of the XX and XXI centuries. At a huge speed, biotechnology began to develop - the direction that is undoubtedly belongs to the future.

Think! Remember!

1. Analyze the changes that occurred in science in the XVII-XVIII centuries. What opportunities did they discover before scientists?

The new era in the development of biology marked the invention at the end of the XVI century. microscope. Already in the middle of the XVII century. The cell was opened, and the world of microscopic beings - the simplest and bacteria was found, the development of insects and the principle structure of spermatozoa was studied. In the XVIII century Swedish Naturalist Karl Linny (1707-1778) suggested a system of classification of wildlife and introduced a binary (double) nomenclature for the name of species. Karl Ernst Baer (Karl Maksimovich Baer) (1792-1876), Professor of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, studying intrauterine development, found that embryos of all animals in the early stages of development similar, formulated the law of germ similarity and entered the history of science as the founder of embryology. The first biologist who tried to create a slim and holistic theory of the evolution of the living world was the French scientist Jean Baptiste Lamarc (1774-1829). Paleontology, science on fossil animals and plants, created a French zoologist Georges Kuvier (1769-1832). A huge role in the understanding of the unity of the organic world was played by the cellular theory of Thaodor Schwann (1810-1882) and Botany Mattias Jacob Shleiden (1804-1881).

2. How do you understand the expression "Applied Biology"?

4. Analyze the paragraph material. Make a chronological table of major achievements in the field of biology. Which countries in what time periods were the main "suppliers" of new ideas and discoveries? Take the conclusion about the connection between the development of science and other characteristics of the state and society.

Countries in which the main biological discoveries refer to developed and actively developing countries.

5. Give examples of modern disciplines that have arisen at the junction of biology and other sciences not mentioned in the paragraph. What is the subject of their study? Try to assume which biology sections may arise in the future.

Examples of modern disciplines that arose at the junction of biology and other sciences: Paleobiology, biomedicine, sociobiology, psychobiology, bionics, labor physiology, radiobiology.

Biology sections may arise in the future: biogramming, IT medicine, bioethics, bioinformatics, biotechnology.

6. Tell information about the biological science system and imagine it in the form of a complex hierarchical scheme. Compare the scheme created by you, with the results that your classmates turned out. Are your schemes equal? If not, explain what their fundamental differences are.

1) Humanity cannot exist without wildlife. From here it is vital to keep it

2) Biology arose in connection with the solution of very important problems for people.

3) One of them has always been a deeper comprehension of wildlife processes associated with obtaining food products, i.e. Knowledge of the peculiarities of the life of plants and animals, their change under the influence of man, ways to obtain reliable and more rich crop.

4) Man is a product of wildlife development. All processes of our vital activity are similar to those that occur in nature. And therefore, a deep understanding of biological processes is a scientific foundation of medicine.

5) The emergence of consciousness, meaning a giant step forward in the self-knowledge of matter, also cannot be understood without deep research on wildlife, at least in 2 directions - the emergence and development of the brain as an organ of thinking (still thinking the mystery remains unresolved) And the emergence of sociality, public lifestyle.

6) Living nature is the source of many materials and products necessary for humanity. It is necessary to know their properties to properly use, know where to look for them in nature, how to get.

7) The water that we drink is more accurate - the purity of this water, its quality is also determined primarily in nature. Our sewage treatment plants only complete the huge process that is invisible to us in nature: water in the soil or water reservoir repeatedly passes through the bodies of the myriad of invertebrates, filtered by them and, having free from organic and inorganic residues, it becomes such as we know it in rivers, Lakes and keys.

8) The problem of air quality and water is one of the environmental problems, and ecology is biological discipline, although modern ecology has long ceased to be only it and includes many independent sections, often belonging to different scientific disciplines.

9) As a result of mastering the man of the entire surface of the planet, the development of agriculture, industry, cutting down forests, pollution of the mainland and oceans, an increasing number of plant species, mushrooms, animals disappears from the face of the earth. Disappeared view is impossible. It is a product of millions of years of evolution and has a unique gene pool.

10) At the moment, molecular biology, biotechnology and genetics are especially rapidly developing.

8. Organizational project. Choose an important event in the history of biology whose anniversary is currently or next year. Develop the evening program (contest, quiz) dedicated to this event.

Quiz:

- division into groups

- Opening Word - Description of the event, historical certificate of events, scientist

- come up with the name of the teams (on the topic of quiz)

- 1 round - simple: for example, finish the proposal: the protective reaction of plants to change the length of the daylight (leaf fall).

- 2 round - dual: for example, find a pair.

- 3 round - complicated: for example, portray the process diagram, draw a phenomenon.

From the first days of life, the child seeks to know the world around him. The older it becomes, the more interesting and the fascinating becomes his reality. The world is changing with him. So all humanity in its development does not stand still. All new discoveries capture us. The fact that yesterday was impossible, today becomes ordinary. A huge contribution to modern scientific and technological progress makes science biology. She studies all aspects of life, examines the stages of the origin and development of living organisms. It is noteworthy that in a separate industry, this science was released only in the XIX century, although humanity has accumulated knowledge during the whole development. The history of biology development is very interesting and entertaining. Many people may have a question: why do we need to study this science? It would seem, let them do scientists. How does this discipline help a simple person? But without elementary knowledge on physiology and human anatomy, it is impossible, for example, to cure even from a conventional cold. This science is capable of answering the most difficult questions. The main thing is that the Biology Light can shed - the development of life on Earth.

Science in antiquity times

Modern biology goes its roots in antiquity. It is inextricably linked with the development of civilizations in the era of antiquity in the Mediterranean space. The first discoveries in this area have made such outstanding figures as Hippocrates, Aristotle, theophrast and others. The contribution of scientists to the development of biology is invaluable. Let us dwell in more detail on each of them. An ancient Greek doctor Hippocrates (460 - approx. 370 BC. Er) gave the first detailed description of the structure of the body of man and animals. He pointed out how environmental factors and heredity can affect the development of certain diseases. Modern scientists call hippocratic by the founder of medicine. An outstanding ancient Greek thinker and philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) divided the world around four kingdoms: the world of man and animals, the world of plants, inanimate world (earthly), the world of water and air. He made many descriptions of animals, thereby putting the beginning of the systematics. His hand belongs to four biological treatises, which contain all the known information about animals at that time. At the same time, the scientist gave not only an external description of the representatives of this kingdom, but also reflected on their origin and reproduction. He was the first to describe the smallest of the shark and the presence of a special chewing apparatus at sea heroes, called today "Aristotle Lonar". Modern scientists highly appreciate the merits of an ancient thinker and believe that Aristotle is the founder of zoology. Ancient Greek philosopher Theofrast (370-ok. 280 BC. E.) studied the world of plants. He described more than 500 representatives of this kingdom. It was he who put into use many botanical terms, such as the "fruit", "spindlers", "core" and so on. Theofrast scientists consider the founder of modern nerds.

It is also worth noting the work in the development of the biology of ancient Roman scientists, such as Gai Pliny Senior (22-79) and Claudius Galen (131 years - about 200). The natural backyard of Pliny senior wrote an encyclopedia called the "Natural History", which contained all the information about living organisms at that time. Up to the time of the Middle Ages, his work, numbering 37 volumes, was the only full source of knowledge about nature. An outstanding medic, surgeon and philosopher of their time, Claudius Galen, made a huge contribution to the concept and development of such sciences as anatomy, pharmacology, physiology, neurology, etc. In their research, it has widely used the autopsy of mammals. He was first described and compared the anatomy of man and monkey. Its main purpose was the study of the central and peripheral nervous system. The fact that his work on anatomy based on pigs and monkeys, he used up to 1543, was evident about the recognition of his merit with colleagues, used until 1543, until the work of Andreas Kezalaly appeared "On the structure of the human body." Students of medical institutions studied Galen before the XIX century. And his theory that with the help of the nervous system, the brain controls movements, relevant today. It is better to understand how the emergence and study of this science occurred throughout history, the table "Development of biology" will help us. Here are its main founders.

Medieval medicine

The contribution of scientists in the development of biology is huge in these times. Knowledge of the ancient Greek and the Ancient Roman leaders included in their practice many of the Middle Ages. It is medicine at that time received the greatest development. A significant part of the territory of the Roman Empire during this period was conquered by Arabs. Therefore, the works of Aristotle and many other ancient scientists reached us translated into Arabic. What did this era noted in the Plan of Biology Development? It was the time of the so-called golden century Islam. It is worth noting the works of such a scientist as Al-Jahiz, which then first expressed the opinion on food chains and evolution. He is also the founder of geographical determinism - science on the influence of natural conditions on the formation of a national character and spirit. And the Kurdish author Ahmad Ibn Daud Hell Dinarii did a lot for the development of Arab botany. He made a description of more than 637 species of various plants. Great interest in the world of Flora caused a tendency in medicine treatment with medicinal herbs.

Large heights in medicine reached a doctor from Persia - Muhammad Ibn Zakaria Arian. He experimentally denied the reign of Galen's theory of "four life juices". An outstanding Persian doctor Avicene created one of the most valuable books on medicine called "Canon of Medical Science", which was a textbook for European scientists until the XVII century. It is worth recognizing that during the Middle Ages a few scientists have achieved fame. It was the era of the heyday of theology and philosophy. Scientific medicine was then in decline. This state of affairs was observed until the beginning of the Renaissance. Next, the stages of biology development will be described in this time interval.

Biology in the Renaissance Epoch

In the XVI century, interest in physiology and in Europe intensified. Anatomas practiced an autopsy of human bodies after death. In 1543, the book of Nezalaly called "On the structure of the human body" was published. The history of biology development here makes a new round. Medicine treatment was common in medicine. It could not not affect the strengthening of interest in the world of Flora. Fuchs and Bruvenfels in their writings laid the beginning of a large-scale plant description. Even artists of that time showed interest in the structure of animal and human bodies. They wrote their paintings by working side by side with naturalists. Leonardo da Vinci and Albrecht Durer in the process of creating his masterpieces tried to get detailed descriptions of the anatomy of living tel. The first one, by the way, was often watching the flight of birds, told about many plants, shared information on the structure of the human body.

An equally tangible contribution to the science of that era was also made by such scientists as alchemists, encyclopedists, doctors. An example of this can be the work of Paracelles. Thus, it can be seen that the development of biology in the Dalvinovian period went extremely unevenly.

XVII century

The most important find of this time is the discovery of the second circle of blood circulation, which gave a new impetus to the development of anatomy and the emergence of teachings about microorganisms. Then the first microbiological studies were made. For the first time, a description of the cells of plants, which could be considered only under the microscope. This device, by the way, was invented by John Lippershem and Zharya Yansen in 1590 in Holland.

The device was improved all the time. And soon the artisan Antoni Van Levenguka, who was interested in microscopes, managed to see and draw red blood tales, human spermatozoa, as well as a number of very small living organisms (bacteria, infusories, and so on). The development of biology as science at this time comes to a completely new level. Much was made in the field of physiology and anatomy. The doctor from England, who opened animals and conducted research with blood circulation, made a number of important discoveries: found venous valves, proved the isolation of the right and left ventricles of the heart. His contribution to the development of biology is difficult to overestimate. He opened a naturalist from Italy, Francesco Radi, proved the impossibility of self-reliefing flies from remnants of rotten meat.

The history of biology development in the XVIII century

Next, human knowledge in the field of natural sciences expanded. The most important events of the XVIII century were the publication of the works of Charles Lynnei ("Nature System") and George Buffon ("Universal and Private Natural History"). Numerous experiences in the development of plants and embryology of animals were carried out. The discovery here made such scientists as Kaspar Friedrich Wolf, which, on the basis of the observations, proved the gradual development of the embryo from a durable admission, and Albrecht von Goller. These names are associated with the most important stages of the development of biology and embryology in the XVIII century. It is true, however, admit that these scientists defended different approaches to the study of science: Wolf - the ideas of Epigenisa (the development of the body in the embryo), and the galleri - the concept of formism (the presence of special material structures in the genital cells predetermining the development of the embryo).

Science in the XIX century

It is worth mentioning that the development of biology as science began only in the XIX century. The word itself has already been used by scientists earlier. However, his meaning was completely different. So, for example, Karl Linney called the biologists of people who made up the bits of botany. But later this word was called science studying all living organisms. Such a topic as the development of biology in the Dalvinovsky period, we already touched. At the beginning of the XIX century, there was becoming such science as Paleontology. The discoveries in this area are associated with the name of the greatest scientist - Charles Darwin, who in the second half of the century released a book called "Origin of species." It will touch the next chapter in more detail. The emergence of cell theory, the formation of phylogenetics, the development of microscopic anatomy and cytology, the formation of teaching on the occurrence of infectious diseases by infection with a specific pathogen and much more - all this is associated with the development of science in the XIX century.

Proceedings Charles Darwin

The first book of the greatest scientist is "the travel of naturalist around the world on the ship." Further, the object of studying Darwin was the result of this was the writing and publication of four thousand labor on the physiology of animal data. This work of zoologists still enjoy. Nevertheless, the main work of Charles Darwin is the book "The origin of species", which he began to write in 1837.

The book was complemented several times and reprinted. It describes in detail the breeds of domestic animals and varieties of plants, presented his considerations about the natural selection. The concept of Darwin is the variability of species and varieties under the influence of heredity and external environmental factors, as well as their natural origin from earlier species. The scientist concluded that any plant or animal in nature tends to reproduce in geometric progression. However, the number of individuals of this species remains constant. This means that in nature the law of survival is valid. Strong organisms survive, acquiring signs, useful for all kind, and then multiply, and weak - die in adverse environmental conditions. This is called natural (natural) selection. So, for example, the cod female produces up to seven million eggs. Slives only 2% of the total number of them. But environmental conditions may change. Then it will be useful to be completely different signs in the species. As a result, the direction of natural selection is changing. External signs of individuals may change. A new appearance appears, which, while maintaining favorable factors, spreads. Later, in 1868, Charles Darwin published his second work of evolutionary orientation called "Changes in animals and plants in a domestic condition." However, this work was not widely recognized. It is worth mentioning another major work of the great scientist - the book "The origin of a person and sexual selection." In it he led many arguments in favor of the fact that a person occurred from monkey-like ancestors.

What is preparing us a century XX?

Many global discoveries in science was made in the past century. At this time, the biology of human development gives a new round. This is the era of the development of genetics. By 1920, a chromosomal theory of heredity was formed. And after World War II, molecular biology began to develop a rapid pace. The directions in the development of biology changed.

Genetics

In 1900, they were, so to speak, they are overclocked by such scientists as de Fris and others soon followed by the discovery of cytologists that the genetic material of cellular structures is contained in chromosomes. In 1910-1915, the working group of scientist based on experiments with fruit fluffy (Drozophilic) developed the so-called "Mendelian chromosomal theory of heredity." Biologists found out that the genes in chromosomes are located linearly, by the type "Beads on the thread". De Fryz is the first scientist who made the assumption of gene mutations. Next, the concept of the gene drift was given. And in 1980, the American physicist experimentator Louis Alvarez nominated the meteorite hypothesis of dinosaur extinction.

The emergence and development of biochemistry

Even more outstanding discoveries were waiting for scientists in the near future. At the beginning of the 20th century, an active study of vitamins began. A little earlier, the paths of metabolism of poisons and medicinal substances, proteins and fatty acids were opened. In 1920-1930, scientists of Karl and Gerti Corey, as well as Hans Krebs, gave a description of the conversion of carbohydrates. This marked the beginning of the study of the synthesis of porphyrins and steroids. At the end of the century, Fritz Lipman made the following discovery: adenosine trifhosphate was recognized as a universal carrier of biochemical energy in a cage, and the main energy "station" was called Mitochondria. Devices for laboratory experiments have become more complicated, new methods for obtaining knowledge appeared, such as electrophoresis and chromatography. Biochemistry, which was one of the sections of medicine, was separated into separate science.

Molecular biology

All new adjacent disciplines appeared when studying biology. Many scientists tried to establish the nature of the gene. When conducting studies, a new term "molecular biology" appeared. The object of study was viruses and bacteria. Bacteriophage was isolated - a virus that selectively hit the cells of a certain bacterium. The experiments were also carried out on the flock of drosophilas, with bread mold, corn and so on. The history of biology development is such that new discoveries were committed with the advent of completely new equipment for research. So, the electron microscope and high-speed centrifuge was invented soon. These devices allowed scientists to open the following: Genetic material in chromosomes is presented DNA, and not protein, as previously thought; DNA structure was restored in the form of a double helix known to us today.

Genetic Engineering

The development of modern biology does not stand still. Genetic engineering is another "by-product" study of this discipline. It is this science that we are obliged to the emergence of some medicines, such as insulin and threonine. Despite the fact that it is at this time at the stage of development and study, in the near future we may already be able to "taste" its fruits. These are new vaccines against the most dangerous diseases, and varieties of cultural plants that are not subjected to drought, cold, diseases, pests. Many scientists believe that with the help of achievements of this science, we will be able to forget about the use of harmful pesticides and herbicides. However, the development of this discipline causes an ambiguous assessment from modern society. Many people do not fear without reason that the result of the research may be the emergence of antibiotics and other drugs of pathogens of the most dangerous diseases of human and animals.

Newest discovery in biology and medicine

Science continues to evolve. A lot of riddles waiting for our scientists in the future. The school today is studied by a brief history of biology development. The first lesson on this topic we get in grade 6. Let's see what to learn to our children in the near future. Here is a list of discoveries that managed to make in the new century.

1. Project "Man's Genome". Work on it was conducted since 1990. At this time, the US Congress was highlighted a significant amount of money for research. In 1999, more than 2 dozen genes were decrypted. In 2001, the first "sketch" of the human genome was made. In 2006, the work was completed.
2. Nanomedicine - treatment with special microfusion.
3. The methods of "growing" human organs (liver tissues, hair, heart valves, muscle cells, and so on) are being developed.
4. The creation of artificial human organs, which in their characteristics will not give up natural (synthetic muscles and so on).

The period when the history of biology development is being studied in more detail, - 10th grade. At this stage, students receive knowledge of biochemistry, cytology, reproduction of organisms. This information may be useful to students in the future.

We reviewed periods of development of biology as a separate science, and also revealed its main directions.

Biology. General biology. Grade 10. Basic level of Sivozyzov Vladislav Ivanovich

1. Brief history of biology development

Remember!

What achievements of modern biology are you known?

What academic biologists do you know?

Modern biology is rooted in deep antiquity, we find her origins in the civilizations of past millennia: in ancient Egypt, ancient Greece.

The first scientist who created a scientific medical school was an ancient Greek doctor Hippocrates (OK 460 - OK. 370 BC. E.). He believed that every disease had natural reasons and they can be found by studying the structure and vital activity of the human body. From ancient times, to this day, doctors solemnly pronounce the Hippocratic oath, promising to keep a medical secret and under no circumstances to leave a patient without medical care.

Great Encyclopedic Antiquity Aristotle (384-322 BC) became one of the founders of biology as science, for the first time to summarize the biological knowledge accumulated by mankind. He developed the systematics of animals by determining the place in it and the person he called the "public animal endowed with the mind." Many things of Aristotle were devoted to the origin of life.

Ancient Roman scientist and doctor Claudius Galen. (OK 130 - OK. 200), studying the structure of mammals, laid the foundations of human anatomy. Over the next fifteen centuries, his works were the main source of knowledge by anatomy.

In the Middle Ages, the period of stagnation in all areas of knowledge reigned in Europe. At this time, the traditions of ancient authors found their continuation in the countries of the Front and Central Asia, where such outstanding scientists lived and worked Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (OK 980-1037) and Abu Reichan Mohammed Ibn Ahmet Al-Biruni (973 - OK. 1050). From that time in modern anatomical nomenclature, many Arab terms have survived.

The offensive of the Renaissance marked the beginning of a new period in the development of biology.

Increased interest in biology in the era of great geographical discoveries (XV century). The opening of new lands, the establishment of trade relations between states expanded information about animals and plants. Botany and Zoologists described a lot of new, unknown species of organisms belonging to various kingdoms of wildlife.

One of the outstanding people of this era - Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - described many plants, studied the structure of the human body, the activity of the heart and the visual function.

After the church ban on the opening of the human body was removed, brilliant successes reached the human anatomy that was reflected in classical labor Andreas Vesalya (1514-1564) "The structure of the human body" (Fig. 1). The greatest scientific achievement is the discovery of blood circulation - made in the XVII century. English doctor and biologist William Geringa (1578–1657).

The new era in the development of biology marked the invention at the end of the XVI century. microscope. Already in the middle of the XVII century. The cell was opened, and the world of microscopic beings - the simplest and bacteria was found, the development of insects and the principle structure of spermatozoa was studied.

In the XVIII century Swedish naturalist Karl Linny (1707-1778) suggested a system of classification of wildlife and introduced a binary (double) nomenclature for the name of species.

Karl Ernst Bed (Karl Maksimovich B.) (1792-1876), Professor of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, studying intrauterine development, found that embryos of all animals in the early stages of development similar, formulated the law of germs similarity and entered the history of science as the founder of embryology.

The first biologist who tried to create a slim and holistic theory of the evolution of the living world was the French scientist Jean Batist Lamark (1774-1829). Paleontology, science on fossil animals and plants, created a French zoologist Georges Cuwier (1769–1832).

A huge role in the understanding of the unity of the organic world played the cellular theory of zoo Theodora Schwanna (1810-1882) and Botany Mattias Jacob Shleiden (1804–1881).

Fig. 1. The title page of the book A. Zezaly "The structure of the human body" printed by the Johann People's Pubonina in 1543

The largest achievement of the XIX century. Evolutionary doctrine has become Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), which was determined in the formation of a modern natural-scientific picture of the world (Fig. 2).

The founder of genetics, the science of heredity and variability, became Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884), whose work was so outdated to the time that they were not understood by contemporaries and re-open 35 years.

German scientist became one of the founders of modern microbiology Robert Koh (1843-1910), and works Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) identified the emergence of immunology.

The development of physiology is associated with the names of the Great Russian scientists. Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov (1829-1905), which laid the foundation of the study of the highest nervous activity, and Ivan Petrovich Pavlova (1849-1936) who created the doctrine of conditional reflexes.

XX century marked by the rapid development of biology. Mutational theory Gogo de Freiza (1848-1935), chromosomal theory of heredity Thomas Khanta Morgana (1866-1945), the doctrine of factors of evolution Ivan Ivanovich Shmalgausen (1884-1963), the doctrine of the biosphere Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945), opening antibiotics Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), establishing the structure of DNA James Watson (r. 1928) and Francis Cryk. (1916-2004) - It is impossible to list all those who have created their dedicated labor to the modern biology, which is currently one of the most rapidly developing areas of human knowledge.

System of biological sciences. Modern biology is a totality of natural sciences studying life as a special form of matter. Some of the first in biology were complex sciences: zoology, botany, anatomy and physiology. Later inside of them, narrower disciplines were formed, for example, ichthyology appeared inside the zoology (science of fish), entomology (about insects), the arachnologists (about spiders), etc. The diversity of organisms is studied by systematics, the history of the living world - Paleontology. The various properties of the living are the subject of study of such sciences as genetics (patterns of variability and heredity), Etology (behavior), embryology (individual development), evolutionary teaching (historical development).

Fig. 2. Title page of books Ch. Darwin "The origin of the species by natural selection, or the preservation of conducive breeds in the struggle for life" (Edition 1859)

In the middle of the XX century The methods and ideas of other natural sciences began to actively penetrate the biology. On the boundaries of adjacent disciplines, new biological directions arose: biochemistry, biophysics, biogeography, molecular biology, cosmic biology and many others. The widespread introduction of mathematics in biology caused the birth of biometrics. The successes of ecology, as well as increasingly relevant problems of nature protection contributed to the development of the environmental approach in most branches of biology.

At the turn of the XX and XXI centuries. At a huge speed, biotechnology began to develop - the direction that the future undoubtedly belongs. The latest achievements in this area are relevant prospects for creating biologically active substances and new drugs, for the treatment of hereditary diseases and selection at the cellular level.

Currently, biology has become a real productive strength, on the development of which can be judged by the overall level of human society.

Questions for repetition and task

1. Tell us about the contribution to the development of the biology of the ancient Greek and the ancient Roman philosophers and doctors.

2. Describe the features of the visible nature in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance Epoch.

3. Using the knowledge gained in the lessons of history, explain why the average century in Europe has occurred a period of stagnation in all areas of knowledge.

4. What is the invention XVII century. Did you get to open and describe the cell?

5. What is the value for biological science of work L. Pasteur and I. I. Mechnikov?

6. List the main discoveries made in biology in the XX century.

7. Name the natural sciences that are known to you, which make up biology. Which of them arose at the end of the XX century??

Think! Perform!

1. Analyze the changes that have occurred in science in the XVII-XVIII centuries. What opportunities did they discover before scientists?

2. How do you understand the expression "Applied Biology"?

3. Solving what problems of humanity depends on the level of biological knowledge?

4. Analyze the article of the paragraph. Make a chronological table of major achievements in the field of biology. Which countries in what time periods were the main "suppliers" of new ideas and discoveries? Take the conclusion about the connection between the development of science and other characteristics of the state and society.

5. Give examples of modern disciplines that have arisen at the junction of biology and other sciences not mentioned in the paragraph. What is the subject of their study? Try to assume which biology sections may arise in the future.

6. Tell information about the system of biological sciences and imagine it in the form of a complex hierarchical scheme. Compare the scheme created by you, with the results that your classmates turned out. Are your schemes equal? If not, explain what their fundamental differences are.

8. Organizational project. Choose an important event in the history of biology whose anniversary is currently or next year. Develop the evening program (contest, quiz) dedicated to this event.

Work with computer

Contact your electronic application. Explore the material and follow the tasks.

Repeat and remember!

Botany

Currently, the botanical science was divided into a number of independent, but at the same time interrelated disciplines.

Morphology In the broad sense of the word - this is the science of the structure of plants, in a narrow sense - the science of the external structure. Anatomy Explore the inner structure of plants. From the anatomy of plants allocated cytologystudying the structure of the cell. In the invention of the electron microscope, the possibility of cytological studies has significantly expanded. Of particular importance acquired embryology of plantsstudying the early stages of the development of plant organisms. Physiology of plants Explore the processes occurring inside the vegetable organism. Paleobotany It is studied by fossil remains of plants, which allows you to restore the history of the plant world. Geobotany - Science on the vegetation cover of the Earth, the spread and patterns of placement of plant communities. Often, geobotants include plant geography.

Currently, applied branches of botany are actively developing: crop production, forestry, pharmacology and perfumery industry. The role of botany in increasing the productivity of cultivated plants, in solving the world food problem. Tasks such as the rational use and preservation of plant world, plant protection from adverse factors come to the fore.

Zoology

Zoology is a complex science consisting of a variety of scientific disciplines. Some of them are studying individual groups of animals, others explore their structure, development, livelihoods.

To the first group of zoological disciplines include such sciences, such as, for example, entomology - science studying insects arachnology - science about spiders, malacology - science about mollusks, herpetology - Science of amphibians and reptiles and others. And all these sciences are combined into two sections: vertebrate zoology, which studies just one type - chordovy, and the zoology of invertebrates, exploring all other types of animals. Such a division in zoology has arisen in the time of Aristotle and established in the life of Jean Batista Lamarck.

The second group of zoological disciplines is no less diverse. Morphology and anatomy Learn the external and internal structure of animals, histology explore fabrics and object cytology are individual cells. Physiology Lives the life of animals. Embryology Explore individual development. Ethology - This is the science of animal behavior. Paleozoology - Science of mineral animals, it studies their structure, geological distribution, historical development, origin, relationship with modern organisms.

In the middle of the XX century The methods and ideas of other natural sciences began to actively penetrate the zoology. On the boundaries of adjacent disciplines, new biological directions arose, for example, the biochemistry of animals studies the chemical processes occurring in the animal organism.

Science about man

The primitive scientific knowledge about a person arose in the depths of ancient philosophy. Gradually, during the millennium, the accumulated knowledge of the various parties of human existence was in the holistic system of public, humanitarian, natural and technical sciences. Among them, one of the most ancient and honorary places rightly occupies medicine.

Medicine - Science and practical activity aimed at preserving and promoting health. In medicine allocate theoretical and practical, or clinical, medicine. Theoretical medicine studies the human body, its structure and work in the norm and with pathologies, diseases and disturbances of the state, methods of their diagnosis, correction and treatment from a theoretical point of view. Practical medicine (medical practice) is the use of all accumulated medical science knowledge for the treatment and prevention of diseases and pathological states of the human body.

Anatomy - This is the science of the structure of the body, its systems and organs. Anatomy examines the structure of the human body in different periods of life, starting with embryonic development and to senile age, studies the genital and individual characteristics of the body.

Physiology - This is the science of the functions of the body, its organs and systems, about the processes occurring in the body, and the methods of their regulation.

Psychology He studies human behavior, patterns and mechanisms of mental processes.

Hygiene - This is one of the most ancient sections of medicine. It studies the impact of the environment, living conditions and labor on the human body.