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The essence and principles of collectivization

collectivization rural policy

Collectivization backgrounds

Collectivization course

Results of collectivization

Collectivization backgrounds

The collectivization of agriculture of the USSR was the process of combining small sole peasant farms into large collective through production cooperation.

Most of the leaders of the Soviet Union followed the Lenin thesis that the small-handed peasant farm "daily, hourly, spontaneously and on a massive scale" gives rise to capitalism. Therefore, they considered a long time to base the dictatorship of the proletariat on two different foundations - the state (socialist) large industry and the small individual peasant farm. The opinion of the minority that was considered after Bukharin, that the scenario peasant, including a valid (fist), can "doors" in socialism, was rejected after the boycott of 1927, the Kulak was declared the chief internal enemy of socialism and Soviet power. The economic need for collectivization was justified by the fact that the alien peasant was not able to ensure the demand of the growing urban population with food, and the industry - agricultural raw materials. Introduction In 1928, the card system in the cities strengthened this position. In the narrow circle of party-state leadership, collectivization was considered as the main lever of pumping from the village of funds for industrialization.

Forced industrialization and solid collectivization have become two sides of one course on the creation of an independent military-industrial power with the most about the state economy.

Start of continuous collectivization of 1929

By the 12th anniversary of October in the truth, Stalin published an article "Year of the Great Framer", in which he set the task to force collective farm construction, to conduct "solid collectivization". In 1928-1929, when in the conditions of "Extraordinary", the pressure was sharply intensified on the scenario, and the collective farmers were granted benefits, the number of collective farms increased 4 times - from 14.8 thousand in 1927 to 70 thousand to autumn 1929 G. The collective farms went grayling, hoping to wait for a difficult time. Collectivization was carried out by simply adding peasant means of production. The collective farms of "manufactory type" were created, not equipped with modern agricultural machinery. These were mainly tensies - the partnerships for the joint processing of the Earth, the simplest and temporary form of the collective farm. November (1929) Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party has put the main task in the village - in a short time to conduct solid collectivization. The plenum has scheduled to send 25 thousand workers to the village "For Organization" of the collective farm ("Twenty-Figures"). The teams of the factories sent to the village of their workers were obliged to take the patribution over the created collective farms. To coordinate the work of government agencies created in order to restructure agriculture (grain-grants, Kolkhozenter Center, Tractor et al.), Plenum decided to create a new Union People's Commissariat - the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, at the head of which I installed Ya.A. Yakovleva, Agrarian-Marxist, journalist. Finally, the November plenum of the Central Committee ridiculed the "prophecy" of Bukharin and his supporters (Rykov, Tomsk, Ugarov, etc.) about the inevitable hunger in the country, Bukharin, as the "head and a shotger" of the "right-hand shock" was removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee, the rest were warned With the slightest attempt to fight against the Central Committee of the Central Committee, "Orgmers" will be applied to them.

On January 5, 1930, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) adopted a resolution "On collectivization and measures of state assistance to collective farm construction." It challenged to complete the solid collectivization of grain areas in stages to the end of the five-year plan. In the main grain areas (North Caucasus, the Middle and Lower Volga), it was planned to be completed in the fall of 1930, in the remaining grain areas in a year. The ruling has identified the creation in areas of continuous collectivization of agricultural artels "as transitional to the commune of a collective farm". At the same time, the inadmissibility of admission to the collective farms of Kulakov was emphasized. The Central Committee called on to organize a socialist competition for the creation of collective farms and resolutely fight "with all sorts of attempts" to keep collective farm construction. As in November, the Central Committee did not say a word about compliance with the principle of voluntariness, encouraging the default arbitrariness.

In late January - early February 1930, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), the CEC and SCA of the USSR adopted two more decisions and instructions on the elimination of fouls. It was divided into three categories: terrorists, resisting and other. Everybody was subject to arrest or reference with property confiscation. "The degradation has become an integral part of the collectivization process.

Collectivization course

The first stage of continuous collectivization, started in November 1929, continued until the spring of 1930 by the local authorities and the "twenty-fighters" began a vigorous compulsory association of soles in the commune. We were generalized not only means of production, but also a personal subsidiary farm, property. The forces of the OGPU and the Red Army were evaluated by the "degraded" peasants, among whom all dissatisfied. By the decision of the secret commissions of the Central Committee and SNK, they were sent to the Special Council of the OGPU for work on the housekeeping, mainly on logging, in construction, mining. According to official data, more than 320 thousand farms were declared (more than 1.5 million people); According to modern historians, about 5 million people were expelled throughout the country. Dissatisfaction of the peasants resulted in a massive slaughter of livestock, escape to cities, anticolatous uprisings. If in 1929 there were more than a thousand, then in January-March 1930 - more than two thousand. Army parts and aviation participated in the suppression of the rebels. The country stood on the verge of civil war.

The mass perturbation of the peasants by violent collectivization forced the leadership of the country to temporarily weaken the pressure. Moreover, on behalf of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Central Committee in Truth on March 2, 1930, Stalin published an article "Dizziness from success", in which the "gentlemen" condemned and accused them of local authorities and workers sent to create collective farms. Following the article, "Pravda" published a decree of the Central Committee of PLC (b) dated March 14, 1930 "On the fight against the curvature of partlinia in the collective farm movement". Among the "curvature", a violation of the principle of voluntariness was delivered to the first place, then "delamination" of middle peasants and poor people, looting, livestock collectivization, jumping from the artel to the commune, closing churches, markets. After the resolution, the first echelon of local collective farms was subjected to repression. At the same time, many created collective farms were dissolved, their number decreased by the summer of 1930. Approximately twice as well, they united a little more than 1/5 peasant farms.

However, since the fall of 1930, a new, more cautious stage of solid collectivization began. From now on, only agricultural artels, allowing the existence of personal, subsidiary farms. In the summer of 1931, the Central Committee explained that "solid collectivization" cannot be understood primitively as "vigorous" that its criterion is at least 70% of farms in grain and more than 50% in the remaining areas. By that time, the collective farms had already united about 13 million peasant yards (out of 25 million), i.e. more than 50% of their total number. And in the grain areas there were almost 80% of peasants in collective farms. In January 1933, the leadership of the country declared the elimination of the exploitation and victory of socialism in the village as a result of the elimination of fouls.

In 1935, the II All-Union Congress of Kolkhozniki took place. He adopted a new approximate charter of agricultural artel (instead of the Charter of 1930). According to the Charter, the Earth fastened behind the collective farms in the "Eternal Use", the main forms of labor organization in collective farms (brigades) were established, its accounting and payment (according to workdays), the size of personal subsidiary farms (LPH). Charter of 1935 legislatively issued new production relations in the village, named by historians "Rannesocialist". With the transition of a collective farm to the new charter (1935-1936), the collective farm system in the USSR was finally developed.

Results of collectivization

By the end of the 30s. The collective farms combined more than 90% of peasants. The collective farms were serviced by agricultural machinery, which was focused on state-owned machine-tractor stations (MTS).

The creation of collective farms did not lead, contrary to expectations, to an increase in agricultural production. In 1936-1940-г. Gross agricultural products remained at 1924-1928, i.e. Prechotos village. And on the outcome of the first five-year plan, it turned out to be lower than in 1928 the production of meat-dairy products has sharply decreased, for many years it was formed, according to the figurative expression of N.S. Khrushchev, "Coleno meat". At the same time, the collective farms made it possible to significantly increase the state billets of agricultural products, especially grain. This led to the cancellation in the 1935 card system in cities and the increasing export of bread.

The course for the maximum extraction of agricultural products from the village led in 1932-1933. To mortal hunger in many agricultural regions of the country. There are no official data on the victims of artificial hunger. Modern Russian historians their number is estimated differently: from 3 to 10 million people.

Mass escape from the village exacerbated a complex socio-political situation in the country. To terminate this process, as well as to identify runaway "fists" at the turn of 1932-1933. Passport regime with registration in a certain place of residence was introduced. From now on, it was possible to move around the country only if there is a passport, or a document that is officially replaced. Passports were issued to residents of cities, urban-type settlements, employees of state farms. Collective farmers and peasants-soles of the passport were not issued. It attached them to the ground and collective farms. Since that time, it was possible to officially leave the village through a stately organized set of five-year-old construction, study, service in the Red Army, the work of mechanisters in MTS. The regulated process of formation of workers has led to a decrease in the growth rates of urban population, the number of workers and employees. According to the census of 1939, with the total population of the USSR in 176.6 million people (historians call the figure of 167.3 million), 33% of the population lived in the cities (against 18%, according to the 1926 census).

Bibliography

1. The history of Russia. XX century. M, RGU, 2012.

2. Munchaev S.M., Ustinov V.. History Russia. M., 2006.

3. Readings on the history of the USSR. 1861 - 1917. M., 2000.

4. Readings for domestic history. 1914 - 1945 / Ed. A.F. Kiseleva. M., 1996.

5. Reader on the history of Russia. 1917 - 1940 / Sost. M.E. Head. M.,

6. Iona I.N. Russian civilization. IX - early XX century. M, 2009.

7. Derevianko A.P., Shabelshchikova N.A. History of Russia from ancient times until the end of the XX century. M., 2010.

8. Domestic history. XX century / Ed. A.V. Ushakov. M., 1996.

nine . Hosking J. History of the Soviet Union. 1917-1991. M., 2008.

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The collectivization of agriculture is one of the most important areas of economic policy of the USSR of the 1930s.

Collectivization - the process of uniting sole peasant farms in collective farms (collective farms in the USSR)

The purpose of collectivization - the formation of socialist industrial relations in the village, the elimination of small-handed production to resolve the grain difficulties and ensuring the country with the necessary number of commercial grain.

Prerequisites
The first attempts of collectivization of peasants were undertaken soon after the revolution, when collective farms and state farms began to be hung in every way.
The further course of events was largely determined by the so-called "crisis of filing" in the late 20s. Industrialization required all larger funds that could be obtained by exporting bread. Meanwhile, the peasants did not want to pass it for a snot. 1928 - 1929. Passed in the setting of "dying" bread through various repression. Under these conditions, Stalin concludes that the only way of guaranteed bread is the accelerated combination of peasants in collective farms.
On January 5, 1930, a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) was adopted, proclaiming "solid collectivization" and "elimination of eradication as a class". The main means of coercion of peasants to the unification in the collective farms was the threat of "delaping" (according to some data, the total number of "smoked" reached 10 million).
An important role in the final victory of the regime over the peasantry was played by hunger 1932 - 1933. He was summoned by the policy of the state that had all the bread from the village (the minimum number of hunger victims is about 2.5 million people.).

Results:

· Collectivization caused the hardest blow to agricultural production (gross production of grain decreased in 1932 to 69.9 million tons against 78.3 million tons. In 1928, the number of horses decreased from 36 million to 20 million, cows - from 68 million to 30 million).

· The implementation of collectivization has become the most important step in the final approval of the totalitarian regime.

· However, some of the rural population won from collectivization. It concerned the most poor ("poor people", "Batrakov"): they got something from the "Kulatsky" property, they first took them to the party, prepared from them combiners and tractor drivers.

· During the second five-year period, the state strengthens the financing of agriculture, as a result of which some stabilization occurs, the production growth and the improvement of the position of the peasants occurs.

· But in a significant part of the collective farms due to the absence of an interest in the peasants in the peasants, poor dissection reigned, low discipline.

Most of the population of the newly formed USSR were presented mainly by peasants. The main task for the Bolsheviks was to prevent the independent agricultural activities of the peasantry, so she excluded those principles on which economic reforms of the time were based: collective responsibility and strict centralization.

Collectivization backgrounds

The collectivization of agriculture at its initial stage was very sluggish and was a few communes. The Bolshevik government supported such initiatives, but did not hurry to force the peasants to unite the farms.

The main restraining factor for the Bolshevik was that the main driving force of the revolution was precisely peasants who achieve the right to private land tenure. However, the authorities discarded their liberal politics after the rural residents began to massively organize cooperations - private associations, not controlled by the state.

Cooperations not only prevented centralization, but also the entire NEP policy. The Bolsheviks were forced to apply radical measures that were actually the violent collectivization of agriculture.

Course on collectivization

In 1927, the failure of NEP became apparent even for the ruling top of the WCP (b). In December of this year, at the 15 party congress I.V. Stalin declared a course on solid collectivization of agriculture. At that time, it was the only opportunity to replenish the empty state treasury.

The collective farms had to become a reliable stronghold for the totalitarian communist regime. Such a policy did not find the support of some of the fairly influential members of the party, which realized the consequences that violent collectivization entail.

To eliminate such "unwanted elements", Stalin personally spent the cleaning of the party ranks - 15% of the Communists - the Bolsheviks lost their partbets and were sent to Siberia.

The essence of collectivization in the USSR

Collectivization was to reform agricultural production. Farmers and private farmers were forced to unite their farms into the collective organization, controlled by the state. The most half of the manufactured products proceeded to state ownership.

The wealthy peasants who refused to conduct collective farms were deprived of all political and civil rights, went to the link, and their property was confiscated and equally distributed between the state and the baseman.

The main indicator of the efficiency of the collective farms was the level of grain, which the peasants handed over the state annually. To show their collective farm from the best side, the local authorities began to forcibly select bread from the peasants. Other products were taken together with grain: vegetables, fruits, cereals.

The Supreme Power Heading with Stalin perfectly understood how officials operate in places, but did not prevent this - the country needed money for the coming industrialization.

The result of the robbing policy of the Bolsheviks was a large-scale hunger and millions of repressed, innocent "states of state". The official completion of the collectivization process is considered to be 1937, at that time more than 21 million peasant farms were collectivized, which became more than 95% of their total numbers.

The collectivization of agriculture is one of the most important events of the Bolshevik leadership of the totalitarian period. The collectivization dealer was the centralization of agriculture management, control over the products and budget, overcoming the consequences of the NEPOV's crisis. The most important feature of collectivization was the unification of the forms of collective farms (collective farms), which the state gave a certain amount of land and in which most of the product produced was carried out. Another feature of the collective farms was the strict subordination of all collective farms in the center, the collective farms were created directively on the basis of the decisions of the Central Committee of the Party and the Council of People's Commissar.

The beginning of the continuous collectivization of agriculture in the USSR was 1929. In the famous article I. V. Stalin "Year of the Great Framer", forced collective farm construction was recognized as the main task, the decision of which after three years will make the country "one of the crucible, if not the biggest country in the world." The choice was made - in favor of the elimination of the sole farms, the decking, the defeat of the bread market, the actual population of the village economy. What stood for a decision on the start of collectivization? On the one hand, fastening the conviction that the economy always follows politics, and the political feasibility of higher economic laws. It is these conclusions that made the management of the WCP (b) from the experience of resolving bike preparatory crises 1926-1929. The essence of the crisis of films was that the soles peasants reduced the supply of pH to the state and disappeared the planned indicators: solid purchasing prices were too low, and systematic attacks on the "village Mirohedov" did not have to expand the sowing areas, an increase in yield. Economic in the nature of the problem of the party and the state assessed as political. The proposed solutions were appropriate: the ban on free trade of bread, the confiscation of grain reserves, the excitement of the poor against the wealthy part of the village. The results were convinced of the effectiveness of violent measures. On the other hand, colossal investment has begun forced industrialization. The main source was recognized as the village, which was supposed to, according to the developers of the new general line, is uninterrupted to supply the industry with raw materials, and cities are practically free food. Collectivization policy was carried out in two main areas: uniting sole farms in the collective farms and delegation.

Plans and Methods Collectivization policy implied the abolition of land rental, banned labor and delegation, i.e., confiscation from the wealthy peasants (fists) of land and property. The fists themselves, if not shot, went to Siberia or at Solovki. So, only in Ukraine in 1929, more than 33 thousand kulaks were given to court, their property was fully confiscated and sold out. In 1930-1931 In the course of the decking into certain areas of the country, approximately 381 thousand "Kulatsky" families were evicted. In total, more than 3.5 m and man are evicted during the delaping. The cattle confiscated in cattle fists was also directed to the collective farms, but the lack of control and means for the content of animals led to a pederation of livestock. From 1928 to 1934, the livestock livestock decreased almost twice. The lack of public boobies, specialists and techniques for the processing of large, areas led to a decrease in bilboovers, which caused hunger in the Caucasus, in the Volga region, Kazakhstan, in Ukraine (3-5 million people died).

Measures to collectivization met the mass resistance of the peasants. The passive resistance of the peasants and the relocation to the city was broken by the introduction in 1932 the passport system attached the peasants to the ground. Failures to join the collective farm were regarded as a sabotage and undermining Soviet men, those who resisted the violent inclusion in the collective farm, equated to cams. In order to interest the peasants, the creation of a subsidiary farm was allowed on a small indention plot of land, led to the garden, housing and economic buildings. The sale of products received from a personal subsidiary farm was permitted.

Results of collectivization of agriculture As a result of collectivization policies by 1932, 221 thousand collective farms were created, which amounted to approximately 61% of peasant farms. By 1937-1938 Collectivization has been completed. Over the years, over 5,000 machinery and tractor stations (MTS) are built, which provided the village of the technique necessary for landing, cleaning and processing bread. Sowing areas in the direction of increasing technical crops (potatoes, sugar beets, sunflower, cotton, buckwheat, etc.).

In many indicators, collectivization results did not correspond to the planned. So, for example, the growth of gross product in 1928-1934. amounted to 8%, instead of the planned 50%. The level of efficiency of the collective farms can be judged by the growth of government grain blanks, increased from 10.8 (1928) to 29.6% (1935). However, the share of subsidiary farms accounted for 60 to 40% of the production of total potatoes, vegetables, fruits, meat, oil, milk and eggs. The collective farms played a leading role only in breadcrumbs and some industrial crops, while the main part of food consumed by the country was carried out by private household farms. Heavy was the impact of collectivization on the agricultural sector. The livestock of cattle, horses, pigs, goats and sheep in 1929-1932. decreased by almost a third. The effectiveness of agricultural labor remained rather low due to the application of command and administrative management methods and the lack of the material interest of peasants in collective farm labor. As a result of solid collectivization, the transfer of financial, material, labor resources from agriculture to the industry was established. Agrarian development was due to the needs of industry and providing its technical raw materials, therefore the industrial leap was the main result of collectivization.

During the formation and development of the Soviet state, the beginning of the history of which laid the victory of the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution, there were many large-scale economic projects, the implementation of which was carried out with rigid forced measures. One of them is a solid collectivization of agriculture, goals, essence, results and methods of which were the subject of this article.

What is collectivization and what is its goal?

A continuous collectivization of agriculture can briefly be defined as a widespread process of merging small sole farms in large collective associations, abbreviated by collective farms. In 1927, he took another on which the course was taken to implement this program, carried out on the main part of the country to

Solid collectivization, according to the party leadership, was supposed to allow the country to solve the acute food problem by the reorganization of small farms belonging to the peasants and the poor, in large collective agricultural complexes. At the same time, the total elimination of rural cells declared by the enemy of socialist transformations was assumed.

Causes of collectivization

Collectivization initiators have seen the main problem of agriculture in its fragmentation. Numerous minor manufacturers, devoid of opportunities to acquire modern techniques, for the most part used in the fields ineffective and low-performance manual work, which did not allow them to receive high yields. The consequence of this was an increasing deficit of food and industrial raw materials.

To solve this vital problem, a continuous collectivization of agriculture was deployed. The date began to be implemented, and it is considered to be considered December 19, 1927 - the day of completion of the XV Congress of the WCP (b), became a turning point in the life of the village. The violent breaking of the former, the centuries of the well-established way of life began.

Do something - I do not know what

Unlike the agrarian reforms previously conducted in Russia, such as Alexander II and in 1906, the Collastivization conducted by the Communists did not have a clearly developed program, nor concretely designated ways to implement it.

The party congress was given an indication of a radical change of policies against agriculture, and then the local leaders were obliged themselves, at their own peril and risk, to perform it. Even their attempts to appeal to the central authorities for clarification.

The process went

Nevertheless, the process, the beginning of which was laid by the party congress, went and has reached a significant part of the country for the next year. Despite the fact that officially joining the collective farms was announced voluntary, in most cases their creation was carried out by administrative and compulsory measures.

In the spring of 1929, agroopoles appeared in the USSR - officials who left for places and as representatives of the highest state power carried out the control over the progress of collectivization. They were preparing numerous Komsomol detachments, also mobilized to reorganize the life of the village.

Stalin about the "great fracture" in the life of the peasants

On the day of the next 12th anniversary of the revolution - November 7, 1928, the newspaper "True" published the article Stalin, in which he stated that the "Great Fracture" began in the life of the village. According to him, the country managed to make a historical transition from small-handed agricultural production to advanced farming, put on the collective basis.

It also made many specific indicators (most of their Ducts), showing that solid collectivization everywhere brought a tangible economic effect. From this day, the advanced articles of most Soviet newspapers were filled with the praises of the "victorious collectivization transition".

The reaction of peasants to violent collectivization

The real picture was fundamentally different from the one that the propaganda authorities tried to submit. The violent seizure of grain among the peasants, accompanied by the widespread arrests and ruins of farms, in fact, injected the country into the state of the New Civil War. At the time, when Stalin spoke of the victory of the socialist reorganization of the village, in many parts of the country, peasant uprisings were hampered, by the end of 1929 hundreds calculated.

At the same time, the real production of agricultural products, contrary to the statements of the party leadership, did not increase, and disastrically fell. It was caused by the fact that many peasants, fearing to be filmed to the cams, not wanting to give their own property to the collective farm, deliberately reduced the crops and cut the cattle. Thus, solid collectivization is primarily a painful process that has rejected by most rural residents, but carried out by the methods of administrative coercion.

Attempts to speed up the process

At the same time, in November 1929, it was decided to enhance the developed process of reorganization of agriculture to send 25 thousand of the most conscious and active workers to lead the collective farm created there. This episode entered the history of the country as the movement of the "twenty-fades". Subsequently, when collectivization took even greater scope, the number of urban envoy increased almost three times.

The additional impetus to the process of the host of peasant farms was given by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of January 5, 1930. It specified specific deadlines in which solid collectivization should have been completed at the main arable territories of the country. The directive prescribed the final translation to their collective form of management by the fall of 1932.

Despite the categorithics of the decree, in it, as before, there were no specific explanations on the methods of involvement in the collective farms of the peasant masses and did not even be given to the exact definition of the fact that in the end it should have been a collective economy. As a result, each local chief was guided by his own idea about this, unprecedented before, form of organization of labor and life.

Self-government local authorities

Such a state of affairs was the cause of numerous facts of local governments. One of these examples can serve Siberia, where local officials, instead of collective farms, began to create some communes with non-livestock, inventory and arable land, but also in general, including personal belongings.

At the same time, local executives competing among themselves in achieving the highest percentage of collectivization were not shy to apply brutal repressive measures against those who tried to avoid participation in the starting process. This caused a new explosion of discontent, in many areas of the open remedy.

Hunger, which became a consequence of a new agrarian policy

Nevertheless, each separately taken area received a specific plan for collecting agricultural products, designed for both the domestic market and for export, for the implementation of which local leadership was personal responsibility. Each misappropriation was considered as a manifestation of sabotage and could have tragic consequences.

For this reason, the situation was formed, in which the heads of districts, fearing responsibility, forced collective farmers to give the state all those had the presence of grain, including the sowing fund. The same picture was observed in animal husbandry, where all tribal livestock was sent to slaughter. Aggravated the complexity and extreme incompetence of the leaders of the collective farms, most of them who came to the village of the party call and did not have ideas about agriculture.

As a result, the continuous collectivization of agriculture is carried out in such a way led to interruptions in the food supply of cities, and in the villages - to widespread hunger. Especially destructive he was in the winter of 1932 and in the spring of 1933. At the same time, despite the obvious miscalculations of the leadership, the official bodies pinned guilt in what was happening on some enemies trying to prevent the development of the national economy.

Liquidation of the best part of the peasantry

An essential role in the actual failure of the policy has played the elimination of the so-called class of Kulakov - wealthy peasants who managed to create strong farms during the NEP period and produced a significant part of all agricultural products. Naturally, it did not make sense to join the collective farms and voluntarily deprive of their property.

Since such an example did not fit into the overall concept of the settlement of rustic life, and they themselves, according to the party leadership of the country, prevented the involvement in the collective farms of the poor and middle peasants, was taken a course on their liquidation.

The corresponding Directive immediately came out, on the basis of which Kulatsky farms were eliminated, all the property was transferred to the property of collective farms, and they themselves were enforced to the areas of the Far North and the Far East. Thus, continuous collectivization in the grain areas of the USSR occurred in the situation of the total terror against the most successful representatives of the peasantry that made up the main employment potential of the country.

Subsequently, a number of measures taken to exit the established situation allowed partly to normalize the situation in the villages and significantly increase the production of agricultural products. This allowed Stalin at the party plenum held in January 1933, declare the full victory of socialist relations in the collective farm sector. It is believed that on this solid collectivization of agriculture ended.

What urged collectivization turned out?

The statistical data made in the years of restructuring are evident about this. They are striking even taking into account what are apparently incomplete. It appears that the solid collectivization of agriculture ended with the following results: for its period, over 2 million peasants were deported, and the peak of this process falls on 1930-1931. When about 1 million 800 thousand rural residents underwent a violent resettlement. They were not fists, but for one or another reasons were disagree on native land. In addition, 6 million people became victims of hunger in the villages.

As mentioned above, the policy of enforcing households has led to mass performances among rural residents. According to the data preserved in the Archives of the OGPU, only in March 1930 there were about 6,500 uprisings, and for the suppression of 800 of them, the power was applied by weapons.

In general, it is known that in that year more than 14 thousand popular speeches were recorded in the country, in which about 2 million peasants took part. In this regard, it is often necessary to hear the opinion that the solid collectivization carried out in such a way can be equated to the genocide of its own people.