Childhood. Carier start

House in Lille, where de Gaulle was born

Poland, military training sessions, family

Monument de Gavel in Warsaw

De Gaulle is exempt from captivity only after the truce November 11, 1918. From to 1921, de Gaulle is located in Poland, where the tactic theory in the former School of the Imperial Guard in Rembertov near Warsaw, and in July-August 1920, a short time fighting at the front of the Soviet-Polish war 1919-1921 in the RSFSR troops in This conflict commands, ironically, just Tucachevsky). By rejecting the proposal of a constant position in the troops of Polish and returning to the Motherland, he marries Yvonna Wandru on April 6. On December 28, the next year his son Philip is born, named after the Chef - subsequently the infamous traitor and the Antagonist de Gaulle Marshal Philippe Peten. Captain de Gaulle teaches in Saint-Sir school, then admitted to the Higher Military School. May 15, Elizabeth's daughter is born. In 1928, Anna's younger daughter was born, suffering from Down syndrome (the girl died in; Subsequently, de Gaulle was a trustee of the Children's Foundation with Down Syndrome).

Military theorist.

It was this moment that became a turning point in the biographies of De Gaulle. In the "Memoirs of Hope" he writes: "On June 18, 1940, responding to the call of his homeland, devoid of any other help to save his soul and honor, de Gaulle, one, not known for anyone, was to take responsibility for France " On this day, the BBC transmits de Gaulle's radio simulation that calls for the creation of resistance. Soon the leaflets were spread, in which the general addressed "to all French" (a tous les français) with a statement:

"France lost the battle, but she did not lose the war! Nothing is lost because this war is world. The day will come when France returns freedom and greatness ... That's why I appeal to all Frenchmen to unite me around me in the name, self-sacrifice and hope. "

The general accused the office of the loop in betrayal and stated that "with the full consciousness of the debt speaks on behalf of France." There were other appeals to de Gaulle.

So de Gaulle stood at the head of "free (later -" battle ") France" - an organization designed to resist invaders and the collaborationist regime of Vichy.

At first, he had to face considerable difficulties. "I ... at first I did not imagine anything ... in France - anyone who could vouch for me, and I did not use any fame in the country. Abroad - no confidence and justification of my activity. " The formation of the organization of "Free France" was rather protracted. Who knows how the fate of De Gaulle would have arisen if he had not enlisted the support of Prime Minister UK Winston Churchill. The desire to create an alternative to the government of Vichy led Churchill to the recognition of de Gaulle "the head of all free French" (June 28) and to help on the "promotion" of de Gaulle in international terms. Nevertheless, in his memoirs about World War II, Churchill gives a very high assessment of de Gaulle and considers his cooperation with him forced - the alternative was simply not.

Control over the colonies. Development of resistance

In militarion, the main task was to convey on the side of the French patriots of the "French Empire" - extensive colonial possessions in Africa, Indochite and Oceania. After an unsuccessful attempt to capture Dakar de Gaulle, the Council of the Defense Council of the Empire, the Manifesto on the creation of which began with the words: "We, General de Gaulle (Nous Général de Gaulle), head of free French, decree", etc. The advice includes anti-fascist tuned military governors of French (usually African) colonies: Generals Katra, Eboch, Colonel Leclerc. From that moment on, de Gaulle emphasizes the national and historical roots of their movement. He establishes the Order of the Liberation, the main sign of which the Larring cross with two crossbars becomes - ancient, ascending to the era of feudalism, a symbol of the French nation. Decree on the creation of the Order Reminds the charters of the orders of the Royal France.

The great success of the "Free France" was to establish shortly after June 22, 1941 of direct connections from the USSR (without hesitation, the Soviet leadership decided to transfer Bogomolov - his ambassador with Vichy mode - to London). For 1941-1942 The network of partisan organizations in the occupied France has grown. From October 1941, after the first mass executions of the hostages, the Germans, de Gaulle calls all the French to the total strike and the mass shares of disobedience.

Conflict with allies

Meanwhile, the actions of the "Monarch" caused irritation in the West. In the office of Roosevelt, they discovered openly about the "so-called free French", "sowing poisonous propaganda" and interfering with war management. On November 7, 1942, American troops are planted in Algeria and Morocco and go to negotiations with local French commander who supported Vichy. De Gaulle tried to convince the leaders of England and the United States that cooperation with Vichistami in Algeria would lead to the loss of moral support of allies in France. "The United States," de Gaulle spoke, are elementary feelings and complex politics in great affairs. " The contradiction between patriotic ideals de Gaulle and Roosevelt indifference in choosing supporters ("All those who help solve my problems are suitable, as he openly declared) has become one of the most important obstacles in conducting coordinated actions in North Africa.

At the head of state

"The first in France", the president did not want to rest on the laurels. He poses a question:

"I will be able to make it so that it is possible to solve the vital problem of decolonization, to start the economic and social transformation of our country in the era of science and technology, to restore the independence of our policy and our defense, turn France in the advice of the association of all European Europe, to return to France. Her halo And the influence in the world, especially in the "Third World" countries, which she used for many centuries? There is no doubt: here is the goal that I can and should achieve. "

Decolonization. From the French Empire to the Frankofon Community of Nations

At the first place de Gaulle puts the problem of decolonization. Indeed, he came to power on the wave of Algerian crisis; Now he must confirm his role as a national leader, finding a way out of it. In an attempt to implement this task, the President came out for a desperate opposition not only by Algerian commander, but also the right lobby in the government. Only on September 16, 1959, the head of state offers three options for the decision of the Algerian issue: a break with France, "Integration" with France (fully equate Algeria to the metropolis and extend to the population of its right and obligations) and "Association" (Algerian on national composition Government, based on the help of France and with a close economic and foreign policy union with the metropolis). The general clearly preferred the latest option, in which he met the support of the National Assembly. However, this even more consolidated the ultra-right, which were fed and not replaced by the military authorities of Algeria.

A special scandal broke out in Quebec (Francophone Province of Canada). President of France, completing the speech exclaimed with a huge coherence of the people: "Long live Quebec!", And then added the most famous words: "Long live free Quebec!" (Fr. Vive Le Québec Libre!). De Gaulle and his official advisers subsequently proposed a number of versions that allowed the accusation of separatism, among them - the fact that Quebec's freedom had freedom and Canada as a whole from foreign military blocks (that is, NATO again). According to another version, based on the whole context of the speech de Gaulle, he meant the Quebec comrades on the resistance, fought for freedom of the world from Nazism. One way or another, the supporters of Quebec independence were referred to this incident.

France and Europe. Special relationship with Germany and USSR

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Charles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaulle was born in Lille on November 22, 1890 and died in Colombe-le-Dzoz-Egliz on November 9, 1970. For eighty years of your life, this man was able to become the greatest hero of France after Zhanna d "Ark. He managed to head the country twice, both times taking a leadership at the peak of the national catastrophe and leaving the state in the state of economic recovery and the growth of international prestige. At the same time he wrote more than a dozen Books - memoirs and theoretical works on military art, some of which still have bestsellers to this day.

Being himself, as admitted, the authoritarian person, de Gaulle, possessing, in fact, the sovereign powerful powers, twice voluntarily refused to be retired and resigned. Moreover, this person who was afraid of allies, considering it a potential new dictator of Hitler-type, left one of the most stable political systems among European democracies, called the fifth republic, according to the constitution of which France lives today.

The mysterious, mystical hero de Gaulle is the Savior of France, the united of the French people, the liberator of Algeria and other colonies of the Empire - still remains one of the most conflicting figures in the modern history of Europe. His techniques have repeatedly used many political scene figures, his life, attitudes towards themselves, to debt, aspirations and beliefs became a model for many generations.

The halo of mysteriousness surrounds De Gaulle since, in the British radio, his voice first rang in 1940 in the territory of the Occupied Nazis of France, and for many, the French de Gaul for several years remained only a voice - the voice of freedom, twice a day who said Five-minute speeches, remained the name of the hope that participants in the resistance movement passed each other. This mystery of de Gaulle itself has repeatedly used to achieve certain political goals. However, in practice, Charles de Gaulle was not at all such a mysterious person. Ambiguous - yes. But all the "secrets" of General are hidden in his biography. After all, first of all, the figure of the Great General was the source of extraordinary circumstances in which all France turned out to be. And one of her soldiers - in particular.

Complex Zhanna D "Ark

Charles de Gaulle was born in a secured family, his parents were the Catholics of the right sense. His father, Henri de Gaulle, was a teacher of philosophy and history in the Jesuit college on Wizhirar Street. Charles got a religious education, read a lot, since childhood showed great interest in the literature, even wrote poems. Becoming the winner at the school competition of the poems, the young de Gaulle of two possible prizes - a monetary premium or publication - chose the latter. De Gaulle was fond of history, especially since the family de Gales was proud not only to their noble origin and deep roots, but also the exploits of the ancestors: on a family legend, one of the family de Galle, Zhegan, participated in the campaign of Zhanna D "Ark. Little de Gaulle listened Father's stories about the glorious past of their family with burning eyes. Many, for example, Winston Churchill, subsequently laughed over de Galend, saying that he suffers "by Zhanna D." Ark ". But the most revered French holy dream of the future general in childhood, in his sleep he fought on the side with her for the salvation of France.

As a child, in the character of de Gaulle, obsessive perseverance and the ability to manage people were manifested. So, he learned himself and forced his brothers and sister to learn the encrypted language, in which the words were read by the ass in advance. It must be said that for the French spelling, it is much more difficult to carry out than for Russian, English or German, and nevertheless, Charles could do without a stick to speak in such a long phrase. He constantly trained his memory, whose phenomenal qualities hit the surrounding later when speeches at 30-40 pages he uttered by heart, without changing any words in comparison with the text sketched on the eve.

From youth de Gaulle I was interested in the four disciplines: literature, history, philosophy and war art. The philosopher, which had the greatest influence on him, was Henri Bergson, from whom the teaching of the young man could learn the two most important points that determined not only his general worldview, but also practical actions in everyday life. The first is that Bergson considered the natural, natural division of people to a privileged estate and the oppressed people, which found the advantages of dictatorship before democracy. The second is the philosophy of intuivism, according to which human activity was a combination of instinct and mind. The principle of action on the nate after the exact calculation was used by de Galer many times when making the most important solutions that led him to the vertices, as, however, and the notices of it.

Family furnishings and hobbies have formed the attitude of de Gaulle to his homeland, to her story, to their mission. However, the thrust for the military case forced de Gaulle in practice to fulfill that debt to the homeland, which for many generations of philosophers and teachers de Galle remained pure theorem. In 1909, Charles departs to the Military Academy in Saint-Sira.

The opinion is common that the military service deprives a person's ability to think independently, teaches him only to follow orders who are not subject to discussion is preparing soldiers. There is hardly a more visual refutation of such a nonsense than the example of Charles de Gaulle. Every day the service did not pass for him. Without stopping reading, to form yourself, he carefully watched the life of the French army, noting all the shortcomings in its device. As a diligent cadet, without breaking the charter, he remained strict judge seen. Classmates at the Academy considered de Gaulle of arrogant. For high growth and character, he was painted "long asparagus". The same height, it seems, played a significant role in his self-consciousness. And that say: every day on the construction, when the Croal shouted "equally!" He was the only one who did not turn his heads - they were all equal to him.

In 1913, in the rank of younger lieutenant, he entered the service in the infantry regiment under the command of the then Colonel Philippe Peten (which was destined to raise de Gaulle to team heights, to later, in 1945, to be pardoned with his former protégé and thereby avoid death execution). At the very beginning of the war, Charles was twice wounded, after which he was captured, where he stayed until the detention of a truce and where he tried to run five times - whenever it was unsuccessful.

After the war, de Gaulle participated in the intervention to Soviet Russia as an instructor officer in Polish troops. After that, he served in the occupying troops in the Rhine region and participated in the operation on the invasion of the French troops in the RUR, in the adventure, from which he warned the authorities and which ended with a deafening failure - under pressure from Germany and allies France was forced to retreat, and its share in reparation Payments were reduced. At this time, he writes several books, among which it is worth highlighting "Discover in the Mill of the Enemy", the comment on the actions of the German army and the government during the First World War, started in captivity. The actions of the German headquarters in this work were acute criticism. De Gaulle did not stop on the objective causes of the defeat of Germany, but gave an analysis from which he had led to the defeat, almost first of all, the internal and military policy of the German government and the General Staff. I must say, at that time in France, the organization of the Military Machine of the Wehrmacht was considered a sample. De Gaulle pointed to significant miscalculations of the Germans.

The book was subsequently appreciated for many fresh ideas. For example, de Gaulle claimed that even during the war, the military administration of the state should obey the civilian. Now this statement, directly flowing out of the thesis that wars won in the rear, seems quite obvious. In the 20s of the XX century in France, it was cramole. The career military express such judgments was not helpful. De Gaulle in his views on the device of the army, the tactics and the strategy of the war were very different from the mass of the French military establishment. At that time, his former commander, winner at Verdae, Marshal Peten was in the army by an indisputable authority. In 1925, Petren paid his attention to the fact that De Gaulle did not take a worthy place in the headquarters, and appointed him with his adjutant, having ordered a report on the defensive measures in France soon.

De Gaulle prepared this report, but for the cartridge he became a surprise, because he completely dispersed with his own glances. Where the Marshal protagonists did a bet on the line of fortified defense, based on the strategic and tactical lessons made from the "positional" First World War, de Gaulle spoke of the need to create mobile tactical compounds, proved the uselessness of protective structures in the context of the modern development of technology, especially considering The fact that the borders of France were completely not protected by nature, passing most of the open plains. As a result, the relationship with the loop was spoiled, and the headquarters took the course to the infamous "Line of Mazhino." The first days of the new war proved the right point of de Gaulle.

At the same time, de Gaulle first showed himself as a politician: despite the fact that he was unofficially in opal, he managed to continue the introduction of his undertakings and at the same time career growth. First, he was the only career military who allowed himself open speeches in print. This was not welcomed by the military boss, but the popularity in the country added markedly. Secondly, faced with obstacles in the military environment, he immediately appealed to politicians, and it was not difficult at all difficult to achieve its goals to fall on its principles. In 1934, he turned to an ultra-right politics of the Rhinean field, who liked the draft reform of the army proposed by de Galer. Reyo tried to break through the project through parliament, but did not succeed in this. Then in 1936 Captain de Gaulle with the same initiative headed personally to the leader of Socialists Leon Blumu. It is difficult for us now to imagine how much this step contradicted at that time the very essence of a person of such education and habits, like de Gaulle. Nevertheless, Leon Blum, although it became interested in the projects of the captain, but practically did not resort to its capabilities in parliament to implement them.

Already at this stage, you can reveal at least two features of de Gaulle, which appeared even fuller in his management practice: this is the desire to bypass the small tactical defeats to victory in the main and passion for innovation as an administrative tool. Perseverance, energy, imbibbability of will, loyalty to convictions (however, dubious) - all these qualities are repeatedly described by historians. However, the most important components of the de Gaulle techniques, which are often overlooked, are undoubtedly the latitude of strategic design and innovation. For him was one scale - scale of France.

The efforts of de Gaulle did not disappear in vain, but the effect of them was meager: in general, in the state of the army, a minor reorganization did not affect. De Goller after promoting the staff of the career staircase, he achieved that in the rank of Colonel he was appointed to command the only tank regiment, for the formation of which he was so told. The shelf was noncomplex. Tanks were absolutely outdated. On September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland, and France and the United Kingdom declared war in Germany. In a matter of days, a significant part of the French territory was occupied.

This affected the de Gaulle career. He was immediately made to the brigade generals (this title preferred to preserve the rest of his life) and headed the 4th tank division into the ambulance hand. At the cost of incredible efforts de Gaulle, it was possible to even stop the opponent's offensive from the north and to draw individual parts to flight, but it could not affect the overall course of war. In June 1940, in the situation when the capitulation was almost inevitable, Paidly appointed him to a high position in the Ministry of Defense. But it was too late. Despite the efforts of de Gaulle, aimed at the continuation of France struggle, the Government of Reyno resigned, and the Marshal Pethene who won his place has signed the surrender.

At the time when the British negotiated with the French government who were preparing to surrender his colonies, de Gaulle first met Churchill. After the surrender de Gaulle, I flew to London, where I immediately created the organization "Free France" and demanded him to broadcast him on the British radio broadcasting in the occupied territory and in the possessions of the Vichy regime. June 18, 1940 was the first appeal de Gaulle to the nation.

Jumping French

The French say: "De Gaulle will remain in the history of France as a sacred person, as he first took the sword." However, the situation in which de Gaulle was not easy. According to the historian Gross, "Free France" fought for three fronts: against the German and Japanese enemies, against Vichy, whose spirit of the surreitioner was exposed, and against the Anglo-Americans. Sometimes it was unclear who is the main enemy. "

Churchill hoped, shelted a runaway general, to get a person in his hands, with the help of which he could influence the policies of internal resistance, on free colonies, but it was a cruel misconception. With an amazing speed of De Gaulle, almost in an empty place created a centralized, completely independent of the allies and anyone to an organization having its information headquarters, armed forces. Around himself, he collected practically not familiar to him before that. At the same time, everyone who has signed an act of joining, which meant entry into the "free France", necessarily signed the obligation to unconditionally obey de Gaulle.

"I believed, I wrote de Gaulle in the" military memoirs "that forever will be lost, the unity and independence of France, if in this world war alone France capitulate and reconcile with such an outcome. For in this case, whatever the war Regardless of whether the winning nation will be released from invaders by foreign armies or will remain enslaved, the contempt that she would inspire other nations, would have poisoned her soul and the lives of many French generations. " He was convinced: "Before you philosophize, you need to conquer the right to life, that is, to win."

From 1940 to 1942, the number of only soldiers who fought under the banners "free (later - battle) France", grew from 7 to 70 thousand. The Americans have already imprinted the occupying currency and expected to transfer the power to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Allies in Europe General Eisenhawer, but as a result of a political and military struggle at the time of D-Day, as allies called landing day in Normandy on June 7, 1944, de Gaulle achieved international recognition by submissions to him Committee of National Liberation as the Interim Government of France. Moreover, thanks to the efforts of this person, France, formally, under the leadership of the Vichy government, which was in the Union of Nazi Germany, practically the "occupied by the" allies, received the right to its own occupation zone in Germany as a winner country, and a little later - a place in the UN Security Council. Without exaggeration, such successes can be called phenomenal, if we consider that at the beginning of this struggle, it was just a deserter deserter of the French army, whom the military tribunal sentenced to the death penalty for betrayal.

What was the brigadier general de Gaulle with such successes? First, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a "free France" and daily broadcasting in the occupied territory. The emissars of "Free France" circled all the free French colonies and the countries of the present "third world", trying to achieve recognition of de Gaulle by the representative of the "free French". And, I must say, the methodological work of the secret agents de Gaulle in the end gave results. Secondly, de Gaulle immediately set close contact with the resistance, providing it with some small means that he had. Third, he started himself from the very beginning as equal to the allies. Often the arrogant de Gaulle took Churchill of himself. Everything went well if their positions converged, but if disagreements arose, they were taken to argue. At the same time, de Gaulle accused Churchill that he drank too much and whiskey struck him. Churchill claimed that De Gaulle imagines herself Jeanne D "ARC. Once it was hardly ended with deportation of de Gaulle from the island. However, stubbornness, acclaimed, attached to Figure de Gaulle, in the eyes of fellow citizens, helped him to defend the rights of France to the former colonies, avoid Literally their rejection.

Churchill and Roosevelt were extremely annoyed by a challenge general. Roosevelt called him a "capricious bride" and with irritation offered Churchill to send de Gavel "Governor to Madagascar." Churchill shared the dislike of Roosevelt to the "arrogant Frenchman", calling him "hidden fascist", "a bothering person, who brought himself to the Savior of France," saying that "the unbearable rudeness and incompleteness in the behavior of this person are complemented by active Anglophobia." Secret English archives recently opened, and it turned out that Churchill even sent cipher from Washington to London: "I ask my colleagues to immediately answer whether we can, without postponing this question, eliminate de golls as political force ... personally I am ready to defend this position in Parliament and I can prove to everyone that the French resistance movement, around which the legend is created about de Gaulle, and he himself - a man conceived and malicious - have nothing to do ... He hates England and sow this Hate ... Therefore, based on our life interests, which are to preserve good relations with the United States, it seems unacceptable to allow this smoking and hostile to us to continue to create evil. " Next, Churchill substantiates his attitude towards de Gaulle (it should be noted that it was Ruzwell supplied Churchill with a compromising on de Gaulle - information of American special services): Dictatorial sprues, hidden fascist trends in actions and intentions, the desire for the allies to consist with Moscow and the separath " To settle things with Germany. " Allegedly de Gaulle admitted to the USSR, and Stalin had already succeeded twice to postpone the residence from London to Moscow. However, the game Roosevelt, who settled Churchill against de Gaulle, came across the position of the English office, who answered his premiere: "It is likely that de Gaulle as a person is actually very far from the idealized mythical figure, which the French see themselves. However, you need to pay yourself The report is that any propaganda efforts from our side against de Gaulle will not kill the French that their idol - on clay legs. Moreover, we risk to allow a completely unjustified intervention in purely internal affairs of the French, and we are simply simply Accused in the desire to turn France to the Anglo-American Protectorate. "

Himself "Anglophobe with dictatorial pumps" has always emphasized his respect for Churchill. Only once he made a reservation in irritation. Having inscribed that he was not invited to the conference of three leaders in Yalta, to the question, with whom he would like to hold a weekend, replied: "Of course, with Roosevelt! Or, in the extreme case, with Stalin ..." Sude Later he said to Eisenhower: "Churchill believes that I take myself for Jeanne d" Ark. But he is mistaken. I take myself only for General de Gaulle. "

When American and British troops occupy Algeria, they attempted to remove de Gaulle from power and form the government in exile led by General Zhiro. De Gaulle acted rapidly. Based on the strength of resistance and, that is important, to Moscow, he immediately flew to Algeria, where he proposed to organize the Committee of National Liberation under the co-chart of the giro and himself. Giro agreed. Churchill with Roosevelt was forced to agree. Soon, de Gaulle pushes oil into the background, and then without any problems removes from the manual.

In general, de Gaulle constantly played against the contradictions of his allies. In particular, the occupation zone and the place in the Security Council went to France mainly due to the support of Stalin. Sympathizing Stalin de Gaulle convinced him that France would help establish the balance of forces in the UN who were increasing, rather towards the Soviets.

After coming to power in France of the Temporary Government under the leadership of de Gaulle, he proclaims the slogan in domestic politics: "order, law, justice", in the external - the greatness of France. In the task of de Gaulle, not only the restoration of the economy, but also the political restructuring of the country was included. The first de Gaulle reached: he nationalized the largest enterprises, conducted social reforms, at the same time purposefully developing the most important industries. With the second it turned worse. From the very beginning, de Gaulle resorted to the political reception "Abbreeting". He openly did not support any of the parties, including the "Hollests" - the movement of the supporters of the general, believing that, being over the political struggle, he will be able to decline the sympathies of all voters. However, despite the high personal authority among the people, he failed in the main battle - the battle for the new constitution.

The "Halft" person who was not personally, the party did not receive a majority in the elections to the Constituent Assembly, designed to develop a constitution. The Interim Parliament by compromises developed the Constitution of the fourth republic, which operated a unicameral parliament who appointed the government, and the president with limited power functions. De Gaulle until recently waited and at the end suggested its own version of the Constitution with strong executive authorities represented by the president. He calculated the massive propaganda and the effect of surprise to replay parliamentarians. But the option of the Constitution of the fourth republic proposed by Parliament on the referendum gathered 52.5% "for" and 45.5% "against". So de Gaulle himself became a victim of "asshocked arbitration", as he called him. In the elections to the National Assembly of "Hollests", only 3% of votes scored. In January 1946, de Gaul resigned, and the vacation in his political career lasted 12 years.

Solitaire is patience

To say that at the age of 68 de Gaulle again came to politics from full public non-existence, - exaggeration. Of course, in resignation, he led public activities. But still the main thing was - waiting. De Gaulle lived in a family house in Kolombe-le-Dzoz-Egliz with his wife: wrote memoirs, gave an interview, a lot walked. In 1947, he tried to organize a new political movement, using the old admission to the coalition "over the parties and movements", but the movement of success did not have, and in 1953 he completely moved away from affairs. De Gaulle loved spread solitaires. "Solitaire" in French means patience.

Many say that Colombe was for de Gaulle by the Napoleonic Elbe. In this case, we can say that the time in power is in progressive proportion in relation to time in exile. Napoleon spent a year on the Elbe, and she spent 100 days in power. De Gaulle spent 12 years in Colomba. He remained in power from 1958 to 1969, after which he voluntarily retired, deserving general respect.

In the 50s, France spread crises. In 1954, France suffered a cruel defeat in indochite from national liberation movements. De Gaulle did not comment. The unrest in Algeria and other countries of North Africa began, where the main part of the former or actual French colonies was located. Despite economic growth, the population brutally suffered from the devaluation of the franc, from inflation. Waves of strikes were rolled around the country. Governments replaced each other. De Gaulle was silent. By 1957, the situation worsened: at the same time the levo and law and law-spent strengthening in society increased. The fascizing military in Algeria, leading fighting against the rebels, threatened to the coup. On May 13, 1958, such a coup almost happened. Newspapers began to write about "the need for responsibility." In the conditions of an acute government crisis, on May 16, the President addressed de Gaulle with a proposal to take the post of Prime Minister with the approval of parliament. After that, in December 1958, de Gaulle himself was elected president with an unusually wide (for France of that time) around the authority: he could dissolve the parliament and appoint new elections in the event of an emergency and to appoint new elections, and also personally oversee the defense issues, foreign policy and the most important Domestic ministries. Interestingly, the text of the Russian Constitution, approved by citizens on a referendum in 1993, largely coincides with the De Gaulle's Constitution, which, in general opinion, Russian reformers were taken as a sample.

Despite the seeming rapidness and the ease with which De Gaulle came to power for the second time, this event was preceded by the tense work of the general itself and his supporters. De Gaulle constantly led secret negotiations through intermediaries with political leaders of ultra-right parties, with parliamentarians, organized a new "Halft" movement. Finally, choosing the moment when the threat of civil war reached apogea, de Gaulle spoke on May 15 on the radio, and the 16th before the parliament. The first of these speeches was full of fog: "The country has once in a difficult hour, so that I led her to salvation. Today, when the country is coming new tests, let it know that I am ready to take on all the powers of the republic." In the texts of both speeches, there was never even the word "Algeria". If the first was frightening, the speech in parliament could even be called courtesy. That was the method of "whip and gingerbread" - for the people and for the leaders of the socialists who had to approve his candidacy for the post of premiere in parliament, and then elect the president.

Mystery, secrecy, brevity, emotionality - this was this time de Gaulle's weapons. He relied not to certain political inclined, but on the psychology of the crowd's subordination to the mysterious charm of the leader. Politicians in the government and the presidential office replaced economists, lawyers, managers. "I am a lonely person," de Gaulle said before the parliament building, who does not mix himself with any of the parties, nor with one organization. I am a person who does not belong to anyone and belongs to everyone. " This is the whole essence of the general tactics. Considering that at that time, the rally of "Hollystov" took place in parallel with the demonstrations of the ultra-right all over Paris, which directly called the Government to resign in favor of the general, in his words there was a fair share of the decent.

In the relationship de Gaulle and "Hollestists", as in the very de Gar of the 1958 sample, one can see the similarity with Vladimir Putin and the "Unity" movement. The less such an analogy seems to be tension, considering that both and the other came to power under the acute need of society in the immediate resolution of colonial problems and with the growth of nationalist sentiment in society.

The new constitution approved on the referendum by most almost 80%, for the first time in the history of France introduced the presidential system of government. In strengthening the executive, the Parliament was limited in legislative rights. He had to work 2 sessions per year: Autumn (October-December) was dedicated to the consideration of the budget, Spring (April-June) - legislative activities. The agenda was determined by the government. The voting was carried out on the budget as a whole, when discussing the project, the deputies did not have the right to make amendments to reduce income or an increase in state expenditures.

Parliament "Punished": De Gaulle communicated directly with the people through the referendums that could be appointed independently.

Gold instead of dollars

The authority de Gaulle was quite high. Without breaking away from the permission of the internal political crisis, he took up the economy and foreign policy, where he achieved certain success. He did not problems, but a problem: how to make France the Great Power. One of the psychological measures was the denomination: de Gaulle released a new franc in a dignity of 100 old. De Gaulle did not have a central bank. Money multiplied by credit emissions. A handful of bankers fed on inflation. De Gaulle suggested French banks not to exceed a 10 percent level of lending. Frank for the first time in a long time became a solid currency.

The economy, according to the results of 1960, showed a rapid growth, the fastest for all postwar years. De Gaulle's course in foreign policy was aimed at gaining Europe independence from two superpowers: USSR and the United States. A European common market was created, but de Gaulle blocked the adoption of the UK. Apparently, the words of Churchill of Wartime, abandoned during one of the disputes about the status of France and her colonies, - "Remember, whenever I had to choose between free Europe and sea expanses, I always choose sea expanses. Whenever I had to choose between Roosevelt and you, I will choose Roosevelt! " - De Gaulle's deep breath deep, and now he refused to recognize the Islanders-British Europeans.

In 1960, in the Pacific Ocean, France successfully tested the atomic bomb. During these years, de Gaulle's administrative abilities were not manifested in all their glory - General needed a crisis to show the world to which he is really capable. He easily held a referendum on the issue of presidential elections by direct general voting, although for this he had to dissolve parliament. In 1965 he was re-elected, although this time the voting passed two round - a direct consequence of a new electoral system.

On February 4, he announces that his country from now on in international calculations proceeds to real gold. Attitude towards the dollar, as to the "green paper", de Gaulle was formed under the impression of an anecdot, told him for a long time for a long time by the Minister of Finance in the Government of Clemenceau. "The auction sells a picture of Raphael. Arab offers oil, Russian - gold, and American lays out a pack of hundred dollar banknotes and buys Rafael for $ 10,000. As a result, the American received Raphael for three dollars, because the cost of paper for one hundred dollar banknote is three cent! ".

Defallarorization of France de Gaulle called his "economic austerlitz". He stated: "We consider it necessary that international exchange is installed, as it was to the great misfortunes of the world, on an indisputable basis that does not bear some specific country. On what basis? In truth, it is difficult to imagine to be able to be Some other standard, except gold. Yes, gold does not change its nature: it can be in the ingots, bars, coins; it does not have nationality, it has long been and the whole world is taken for constant value. It is no doubt that today the cost of any Currencies are determined on the basis of direct or indirect, real or alleged links with gold. In international exchange, the highest law, the golden rule (here it is appropriate to say), the rule that should be restored is an obligation to ensure equilibrium balance of payments of different exchange zones by valid revenues and Gold costs. "

And demanded from the United States in accordance with the Bretton Agreement Live Gold: $ 35 per ounce exchange 1.5 billion dollars. In case of failure of the power argument, de Gaulle became the threat of the release of France from NATO, the elimination of all 189 NATO bases on the territory of France and the withdrawal of 35 thousand NATO soldiers. The host general suggested both other countries follow the example of France - turn dollar reserves to gold. US capitulated. General in power even in economics acted military methods. He said: "Intensity will go next."

It is impossible to edit with "but"

However, his "conduits" in the economy, which led to the crisis of 1967, and aggressive foreign policy - the opposition of NATO, Great Britain, the sharp criticism of the War in Vietnam, the support of Quebec separatists, the sympathies of the Arabs in the Middle East - undermined its position on the internal political arena. During the "revolution" in May 1968, when Paris was blocked by barricades, and the posters were hanging on the walls "13.05.58 - 13.05.68 - it's time to leave, Charles!", De Gaulle was in confusion. His faithful Prime Minister Georges Pompidu, a supporter of a softer, advisory policy of the state in the economy, the unrest was more or less easier, new social reforms were conducted, but after that de Gaulle for some reason sent pompida to resign. When the next legislative initiatives of the general were rejected by Parliament, he could not stand on April 28, 1969, ahead of time, voluntarily left his post.

Summarizing information that can be obtained from a brief analysis of the Biography of Charles de Gaulle, we see a few prerequisites, with youthfully determined his career. First of all, the brilliant education and constant thrust for knowledge, to self-improvement in intellectual terms. De Gaulle himself once said: "True school, giving the ability to command, is a common culture." As an example, he led Alexander Macedonian, whose teacher was Aristotle, and Caesar, brought up on the writings and speeches of Cicero. De Gaulle could repeat: "Driving - it means to foresee, but to foresee - it means to know a lot." Another premise is definitely - purposefulness, faith in its destination, born in childhood. In Saint-Sire, a classmate before the release told him: "Charles, I feel that you are intended for great destinies." Another on the place of de Gaulle would naturally fuck, but he answered without a shadow of smile: "Yes, I think so too." In most such people make up the clientele of a psychiatric clinic, but some of them succeed - they become de goals.

De Gaulle deserved an ironic nickname "King in Exile" from his boss in the Military Academy for dryness, to hold on and "blow up". Later, biographer describing de Gaulle in Britain in the 1940s, used the same expression without any irony, rather with admiration. Of course, to be de Galer, it was necessary to look like de Gaulle. This is what Jacques Chasena writes: "Very high growth, thin, monumental body, with a long nose over small beggars, slightly running out the chin, powerful look, it seemed much younger than fifty years old. Dressed in the shape of the khaki color and the headdress of the same color decorated Two stars of the brigade general, he always went a wide step, holding, as a rule, hands on the seams. Speaking slowly, sharply, sometimes with sarcasm. Its memory was amazing. From him just imagined the power of the monarch, and now, more than ever, he justified the epithet "King in Exile".

"Interest," said about de Gaulle. This is what he himself wrote about it in the 30s: "A person's person cannot be imagined without a fair share of selfishness, arrogance, cruelty and tricks, but all this says goodbye to him, and he even rises more than one of these qualities for committing great cases. " And later: "The true leader holds others at a distance, as there is no power without prestige, and there is no prestige without a distance." It is characteristic that de Gaulle sympathized Stalin. Although he understood that they had little in common in political, public beliefs, he believed that as leaders, as people they were among themselves.

As for the qualities of De Gaulle as a manager and politics, to the extent that political activity is art to manage people, here you can distinguish five defining features, five properties of De Gaulle, first of all allowed him to become one of the largest figures of France.

First, de Gaulle was at the same time phenomenally authoritated as a leader and beyond measure to be independent as subordinate. It is worth noting, however, that this authoritarianity touched the action. De Gaulle-boss never asked - he ordered. Independence was fully related to the region under the limits of the military charter. Orders he performed unquestionably, everything that was outside of them is at its discretion. De Gaulle did not ask the British government - he demanded and sought his own.

Secondly, de Gaulle never outdated. As for its rackets and its methods of political and military struggle, freshness and novelty were characteristic. As already mentioned, the characteristic feature of his method was innovation. He remained faithful to this principle and then, when from a promising officer, turned into a liberalodum and the oppositionist, in order to soon take one of the leading posts in the headquarters and confirm his rightness, and then, when in 1968, in a matter of days before resigning, he tried to adopt a new law on Senate, radically changing the attitude of the central and municipal authorities in the republic.

Third, de Gaulle combined the long wait for the moment of the initiative, hidden intense, painstaking work on the preparation of any serious step with a truly hussar pressure and visible ease with which he was put on the assault of each new bastion, be it the organization of the National Liberation Committee, Triumph in Paris or return to a large policy in 1958. This ease attached to him a romantic, heroic halo with a mystical tint, raised him and without that high authority, instilled faith in his power.

Fourthly, de Gaulle was distinguished by mystery and closeness, few people dedicated to their plans, making inexplicable, from the point of view of an outsider, actions, carefully listening to comrades, but never consistent and, finally, uttering exciting speeches, able to say everything and nothing .

And finally, fifthly, De Gaulle always sought to stay over the situation, giving himself the status of the "absentee arbiter": on the one hand, he never took openly someone, giving the opportunity to resolve without his intervention, on the other - I was looking for Supports at the same time in all who could only support him, and in general carefully cared for the prestige of a person rising above the bustle of this world. Even in relation to the allies, from which he completely depended on, he behaved not only as equal, but even sometimes condescending. Their goal was to win the war, it is to build France on the pedestal of greatness. In the end, this method played a bad game twice with him: during the 1946 elections and in 1968, when he himself did not find support from any political grouping.

About the merits of de Gaulle in front of the fatherland, as well as his mistakes, you can say a lot. He, being a talented theorist of military art, did not spend a single historically important battle, but managed to bring his country to victory where she was defeated from everywhere. Not being closely familiar with the economy, he successfully managed the country twice and twice brought it from a deep crisis - it seems solely due to its ability to competently organize the work of the structure entrusted to him, whether the rebel committee or the government of a multi-million state.

Charles de Gaulle quit smoking in 63 years old. He was very proud of both the very fact, and the method that helped him get rid of the bad habit. The personal secretary of General Gishar decided to follow the example of the cartridge and asked him how he succeeded. De Gaulle replied: "Very simple: tell your boss, your wife, your secretary that you do not smoke from tomorrow. This is enough."

Charles de Gaulle (Gaulle) (1890-1970) - French political and statesman, founder and first president (1959-1969) of the Fifth Republic. In 1940, he founded in London the patriotic movement "Free France" (from 1942 "Framing France"), who joined the anti-Hitler coalition; In 1941 he became the head of the French National Committee, in the 1943 French Committee of the National Liberation established in Algeria. In 1944 - January 1946 de Gaulle - the head of the Interim Government of France. After the war, the founder and leader of the Party "Combining the French People". In 1958, Prime Minister of France. At the initiative of de Gaulle, a new Constitution was prepared (1958), expanding the rights of the president. During his presidency, France carried out plans to create their own nuclear forces, came out of the NATO military organization; Soviet-French cooperation received considerable development.

Charles de Gaulle was born on November 22, 1890, in Lille, in the aristocratic family and was brought up in the spirit of patriotism and Catholicism. In 1912 he graduated from the Saint-Sir Military School, becoming a professional military. Faced on the fields of World War II 1914-1918 (World War I), was captured, was released in 1918.

The worldview of de Gaulle was influenced by his contemporaries as Henri Bergson philosophers and Emil Boat, writer Maurice Barres, poet and publicist Charles Poggy.

Even in the interwar period, Charles became an adherent of French nationalism and a supporter of strong executive. This is confirmed by the books published by de Galer in the 1920s and 1930s - "Discost in the Enemy's country" (1924), "on the edge of the sword" (1932), "for the professional army" (1934), "France and its army" (1938). In these works dedicated to military issues, de Gaulle essentially first in France predicted the decisive role of tank troops in the future war.

The Second World War, at the beginning of which Charles de Gaulle received rank general, turned his whole life. He resolutely refused the truce concluded by Marshal Henri Philippe Petenne with fascist Germany, and flew to England to organize the struggle for the liberation of France. On June 18, 1940 de Gaulle acted on the London Radio with an appeal to his compatriots, in which he called on them not to put arms and join the "Free France" founded in the emigration (after 1942 "Framing France").

At the first stage of the war, de Gaulle directed the main efforts to establish control over the French colonies, which were under the rule of the proof of the French Government. As a result, Chad, Congo, Ubanga-Shari, Gabon, Cameroon, and later and other colonies joined the "free France". Officers and soldiers of "Free France" constantly took part in allied military operations. Relations with England, USA and the USSR de Gaulle sought to build on the basis of equality and defend the national interests of France. After disembarking the Anglo-American troops in North Africa in June 1943, the French National Liberation Committee (FCNO) was established in the city of Algeria. Charles de Gaulle was appointed by his co-chair (along with General Henri Giro), and then the sole chair.

In June 1944, FCNO was renamed the Temporary Government of the French Republic. De Gaulle became his first chapter. Under his leadership, the Government restored democratic freedoms in France, conducted socio-economic reforms. In January 1946 de Gaulle left the post of prime minister, disarming in the views on major domestic political issues with representatives of the left parties of France.

In the same year, the fourth republic was installed in France. According to the 1946 Constitution, the real power in the country belonged not to the President of the Republic (as de Gaulle offered), and the National Assembly. In 1947, de Gaulle again joined in the political life of France. He founded the unification of the French people (RPF). The main objective of the RPF was the struggle for the abolition of the 1946 Constitution and the conquest of the authorities by the parliamentary way to establish a new political regime in the spirit of De Gaulle's ideas. Originally RPF was a great success. 1 million people entered his ranks. But I could not achieve your goal of Hollyurs. In 1953, de Gaulle dismissed RPF and moved away from political activities. During this period, Hollyism finally took shape as an ideological and political course (ideas of the state and "national greatness" of France, social policy).

Algerian crisis of 1958 (struggle Algeria for independence) paved de Ga and the road to power. Under his immediate leadership, the 1958 Constitution was developed, which significantly expanded the prerogatives of the president of the country (executive) at the expense of parliament. So started its history existing and so on, the fifth republic. Charles de Gaulle was elected her first president for a seven-year term. The priority of the president and the government was the settlement of the "Algerian problem".

De Gaulle firmly conducted a course on the self-determination of Algeria, despite the most serious counterators (the rebellion of the French army and ultra-chiconialists in 1960-1961, the terrorist activities of the OAS, a number of attempted de Gaulle). Algeria was provided with independence after the signing of the Evian agreements in April 1962. In October of the same year, a major referendum adopted the most important amendment to the Constitution of 1958 - on the elections of the President of the Republic by the Universal vote. On its basis in 1965, De Gaulle was re-elected by the president for a new seven-year term.

The external policy of Charles de Gaulle sought to carry out in line with his idea of \u200b\u200bthe "National Magitia" of France. He insisted on Equality of France, USA and Great Britain within NATO. Without achieving success, the president in 1966 brought France from the NATO military organization. In relations with FRG de Gaulle, it was possible to achieve noticeable results. In 1963, a Franco-German cooperation agreement was signed. De Gaulle one of the first put forward the idea of \u200b\u200b"United Europe". He thought her as "Europe Fatherland", in which each country would preserve their political independence and national identity. De Gaulle was a supporter of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe discharge of international tension. He sent his country to the path of cooperation with the USSR, China and the countries of the Third World.

Internal politics Charles de Gaulle paid less attention than the external one. Student unrest in May 1968 testified to a serious crisis that covered French society. Soon the president nominated the project on the new administrative division of France and the reform of the Senate for a general referendum. However, the project did not receive the approval of most French. In April 1969 de Gaulle voluntarily resigned, finally refusing political activities.

In 1965, General Charles de Gaulle flew to the United States and at a meeting with American President Lindon Johnson reported that she was intended to exchange 1.5 billion paper dollars for gold at the official rate of $ 35 per ounce. Johnson reported that the French ship was loaded with dollars, located in the New York port, and a French aircraft landed on board at the airport with the same cargo on board. Johnson promised to president of France serious problems. De Gaulle in response announced evacuation from the territory of France NATO headquarters, 29 NATO military bases and the United States and the conclusion of 33 thousand servicemen of the Alliance.

In the end, both and more was done.

France for the 2 subsequent years managed to buy out more than 3 thousand tons of gold in exchange for dollars.

What happened to these dollars and gold?

De Gaulle, they say, was very impressed with one joke, who told him the former Minister of Finance in the Government of Clemenceau. At the auction for the painting of Rafael's brush, Arab offers oil, Russian - gold, and the American pulls out a pack of banknotes and buys it for 10 thousand dollars. In response to the immense question, de Gaulle, the minister explains him that the American bought a picture for only 3 dollars, because The cost of printing one 100-dollar bill is 3 cents. And de Gaulle unequivocally and finally believed in gold and only in gold. In 1965, De Gaulle decided that he was not needed these papers.

The victory of de Gaulle became Parrida. He himself lost his post. And the place of gold in the global monetary system took the dollar. Just a dollar. Without all gold content.

(November 22, 1890, Lille, - November 9, 1970, Colombe-le-Dzoz-Egliz, Upper Marne Department)

Charles de Gaulle in the studio of the BBC radio station

Biography

In 1912 he graduated from the Saint-Sira Military Academy. During the First World War, he was injured three times and was captured under Verden in 1916. In 1920-1921, the rank of Major served in Poland at the headquarters of the Military Mission General Wagan. In the period between the two world wars, de Gaulle, he taught military history in Saint-Sir school, served as an assistant to Marshal Peten, wrote several books on military strategy and tactics. In one of them, entitled "For the professional army" (1934), insisted on the mechanization of the ground forces and the use of tanks in cooperation with aviation and infantry.

In April 1940 de Gaulle received the title of a brigade general. June 6 was appointed Deputy Minister of National Defense. June 16, 1940, when Marshal Peren led negotiations on the surrender, de Gaulle flew to London, from where June 18 on the radio appealed to compatibility with the invaders. He founded in London "Free France". After disembarking the Anglo-American troops in North Africa in June 1943, the French Committee of National Liberation (FCNO) was established in Malira. De Gaulle was first appointed by his co-chair, and then the sole chair. In June 1944, FCNO was renamed the Temporary Government of the French Republic. After the liberation of France in August 1944 de Gaulle as the head of a temporary government, he returned to Paris with Triumph. However, the Halft principle of strong executive authorities at the end of 1945 was rejected by voters who preferred the Constitution, in many ways similar to the Constitution of the Third Republic. In January 1946 de Gaulle resigned.

In 1947, de Gaulle founded a new batch - the association of the French people (RPF), the main goal of which was the struggle for the abolition of the Constitution of 1946, who proclaimed the fourth republic. However, the RPF failed to achieve the desired result, and in 1955 the party was dissolved. In order to preserve the prestige of France and strengthening its national security, De Gaulle supported the European Program for the Reconstruction and the Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty. In the course of coordination of the Armed Forces of Western Europe at the end of 1948, thanks to the influence of de Gaulle, the French was transferred to the command of the land forces and the fleet. In 1953 de Gaulle, he moved away from political activities, settled in his house in Colombe-le-Dzoz-Egliz and engaged in writing his "military memoirs."

On May 13, 1958, in the Algerian capital, ultracolonialists and representatives of the French army raised the rebellion. Soon they were joined by supporters of General de Gaulle. They all acted for the preservation of Algeria in France. The general himself, with the support of his supporters, skillfully took advantage of this and achieved the consent of the National Assembly on the creation of his government at the conditions dictated. The first years after returning to power, de Gaulle was engaged in strengthening the fifth republic, the financial reform, the search for the decision of the Algerian issue. September 28, 1958 A new Constitution of the country was adopted on the referendum. December 21, 1958 de Gaulle was elected president. Under his leadership, the influence of France in the international arena has increased. Starting the settlement of the Algerian problem, de Gaulle firmly conducted a course on the self-determination of Algeria. In response, the rebellion of the French army and ultra-challenists were followed in 1960 and 1961, the terrorist activities of the Armed Secret Organization (OAS), the attempt on de Gaulle. Nevertheless, after the signing of the Evian agreements, Algeria received independence.

In September 1962 de Gaulle proposed amendment to the Constitution, according to which the election of the President of the Republic should be carried out through universal voting. At the referendum held in October, the amendment was approved by a majority vote. November elections brought the victory of the Halft Party. In 1963, De Gaulle put the veto to join the General Market of the UK, blocked the US attempt to put nuclear missiles in NATO, refused to sign an agreement on partial prohibition of nuclear weapons tests. His external policy led to the New Union of France and West Germany. In 1963 de Gaulle visited the Middle East and the Balkans, and in 1964 - Latin America.

December 21, 1965 de Gaulle was re-elected for the presidency for the next 7-year term. The long-lasting confrontation of NATO has reached the climax at the beginning of 1966, when the French president brought his country from the Military Block Organization. Elections to the National Assembly in March 1967 brought a small majority of the Halft Party and its allies, and in May 1968 student unrest began and a nationwide strike. The president again dismissed the National Assembly and appointed new elections, the victory on which Holly players won. April 28, 1969, after defeating on the referendum on April 27 on the issue of the reorganization of the Senate, de Gaulle resigned.

Titles, Awards and Prizes

* Grand Master of Release Orden

* Order of the elephant (Denmark)
* Order of Serafimov (Sweden)




* Order of the Royal House Chakri (Thailand)

Interesting Facts

The appeal of General de Gaulle to the French 18/06/1940:

"The warlords who have led by the French army for many years have formed the government.

Referring to the defeat of our armies, this government entered into negotiations with the enemy to stop the struggle.

Of course, we were suppressed and continued to suppress the mechanized ground and air forces of the enemy.

We are forced to retreat not so much the numerical superiority of the Germans, how many tanks, airplanes, their tactics. It is tanks, aircraft, the tactics of the Germans to such an extent seized our leaders by surprise, which plunged them into the situation in which they are now.

But isn't the last word? Isn't there more hope? Is the final defeat applied? Not!

Believe me, for I know what I say: nothing is lost for France. We can win in the future to win the same means that defeated us.

For France is not alone! She is not alone! She is not alone! There is an extensive empire behind it. It can unite with the British Empire, which dominates the seas and continues the struggle. She, like England, may unlimited use the powerful industry of the United States ...

I, General de Gol, currently in London, appeal to French officers and soldiers who are located in the British territory or may be there in the future, with weapons or without weapons; To engineers and workers, specialists in the production of weapons, which are located in the British territory or may be there, with the call to establish contact with me.

Whatever happens, the flame of French resistance should not go out and will not go out ... "

Documentation

* Acts of "Free France"
* Orders de Gaulle on Squadron "Normandy-Neman"

Proceedings

* Professional army (in Russian, according to the publication of 1935)
* Military Memoirs: Call 1940-1942
* Military Memoirs: Unity 1942-1944
* Military Memoirs: Rescue 1944-1946

Literature

* V. N. Pchelintsev. Special mission. Head "General de Gaulle"
* W. Churchill. The Second World War. Chapter "Tense relations with general de Galer" (relationship between "free France" and the Government of Great Britain)
* W. Churchill. The Second World War. Head "Paris" (creating a temporary government of France when the release of Paris in 1944)
* V. I. Erofeev. To the history of the 1944 agreement on the Union and mutual assistance between the USSR and France
* D. F. Kraminov. In the orbit of war. Chapter 11 (Creation of the Provisional Government of France when the liberation of Paris in 1944; De Gaulle's personality assessment)
* E. Roosevelt. His eyes. Chapter 4. Conference in Casablanca (participation F. D. Roosevelt in creating a temporary government headed by de Galer)
* ED "Asti. Gods and people. 1943-1944 (Notes of the Internal Affairs Commissioner in the Government" Fighting France ")
* N. M. Kharlamov. Difficult mission (notes of the Soviet diplomat who worked with de Galer in London during the war)
* Romen Gary. A promise at dawn (among other things - about the relationship between the writer and the pilot Romen Gary and the General de Galley)

Biography

He studied in college, where he taught his father, and then entered the Military School in Saint-Sira.

During World War I, Charles de Gaulle took part in the hostilities, was three times wounded, he was captured under the verte.

After the end of the war he returned to France, he graduated from the Higher Military School in Paris, led the military-pedagogical work.

In 1940, Charles de Gaulle received the rank of a brigade general.

During the Second World War, when Germany occupied France, Charles de Gaulle crossed in England and there he took the command of all French troops, which beyond France. They were founded by the "Free France" movement, in 1942 renamed France "fighting".

In 1941, Charles de Gaulle headed the French National Committee, and in 1943 he was attempted to the French Committee of National Liberation and formed the Interim Government of France.

In the period from 1944 to 1948, Charles de Gaulle was the country's prime minister, and in 1949 he was elected president, however, after two and a half months, he retired.

In 1959, Charles de Gaulle again becomes president of France, and in the following elections, in 1964, he again wins.

Charles de Gaulle's activities were aimed at achieving independence and independence of France in foreign policy, during his president a war was discontinued in Algeria - the former colony of France, in 1966, France came out of NATO.

In 1969, Charles de Gaul resigned from his post, and on November 9, 1970, he died in Colombo-le-Dez-Egliz.

Biography (L. Leonidov.)

Golle Charles de Gaulle (Gaulle) Charles de (11/22/1890, Lille, - 9/11/1970, Kolombe-le-de-Egliz), French State, Military and Political Actor. Rod. In the family of a teacher, studied in the Saint-Sir Military School and later - in the Higher Military School in Paris. Member of the 1st World War 1914-18. Until 1937, he was mainly engaged in military pedagogical and staff activities. In the years preceding the 1939-45 preceding the 2nd World War, G. spoke with a number of theoretical work on military strategy and tactics, which was expressed for creating a professional mechanized army and for the massive use of tanks in cooperation with aviation and infantry in the modern war. From the first days of the war, de Gaulle in the rank of Colonel commanded the 5th French Army with tank units, and in May 1940, during the battles on the river. Somme, headed the 4th Armored Division. I showed great personal courage. Was produced in brigadier generals. June 5, to the critical for France, the days when a significant part of the French army was already defeated by the fascist Germany, G. became the Deputy Minister of National Defense. After the entry of the German troops to Paris (June 14) and coming to the authorities of the Kestulyant government of Perepen (June 16), from where, from June 18, 1940 turned on the radio with a call to all French to continue the fight against fascist Germany. G. Founding in London, the movement "Free France", who joined the anti-Hitler coalition, and on September 24, 1941, the French National Committee. September 26, 1941 Soviet government recognized G. "As the head of all free French, wherever they are." In June 1943, he became one of two chairmen (since November 1943 - the only chairman) of the French Committee of National Liberation (FCNO), established in Algeria and reorganized G. In June 1944 in the Temporary Government of the French Republic (in August 1944, the government moved to Freed Paris). On December 10, 1944, he signed an agreement on the Union and mutual assistance between the USSR and France in Moscow. The name of the city is closely connected with the victory over the fascist aggressors in the 2nd World War.

Immediately after the end of the war, there was a number of measures aimed at establishing a presidential type in France. Faced with difficulties in the implementation of their plans, in January 1946 he left the head of the government. Since 1947, he led the activities of the "Association of French People" (RPF) created by him. Announced in May 1953 on the RPF dissolution, temporarily departed from active political activities. In May 1958, during the acute political crisis caused by the military office in Algeria on May 13, the bourgeois majority of parliament addressed the return to power. On June 1, 1958, the National Assembly approved the composition of the Government, headed by G. In directions and, with the participation of the city, a new Constitution of the Republic was prepared (September 1958), which narrowed the powers of the Parliament and significantly expanded the rights of the president. On December 21, 1958 he was elected president of the French Republic. December 19, 1965 he was re-elected for the presidency for a new 7-year term. The foreign policy concept of G. was distinguished by the desire to ensure independence for France in making decisions on the most important issues of European and world politics. One of the most significant steps in this regard was the exit of France from the NATO military organization in 1966. For the foreign policy of G., a realistic approach to a number of major international problems was characterized (an application for the recognition of the final character of post-war German borders, 1959; condemnation of US aggression in Vietnam; Condemnation of Israel's attack on Arab states, etc.). At the same time, continuing the implementation of plans to create their own nuclear forces, France has not signed an agreement on the prohibition of nuclear tests in the three spheres (1963). France did not sign an agreement on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (1968), stating, however, in the UN, that it will behave in this area as well as the states who have joined this Treaty on April 28,1969, after defeating on the referendum on April 27 ( On the issue of the reorganization of the Senate and the reform of the territorial administrative structure of France), reflected the dissatisfaction with the definite part of the French population by the government's policies, G. went away from the post of president. During the years of stay in the post of president, Soviet-French relations received considerable development. In 1966, visited the USSR on the official visit; As a result of negotiations and signing on June 30, 1966, the Soviet-French declaration was opened an important stage in the history of Soviet-French relations.

Oh.: UNE Mauvaise Rencontre, P., 1916; Histoire des Troupes du Levant, P., 1921; La Discorde Chez L "ENNEMI, 2 ED., P., 1944; Le Fil De L-Epee, P., 1946; La France Sera La France, P., 1952; La France et Son Armee, P., 1965; Discours et Messages, T. 1-5 Memoires de Guerre, P., 1968-69; Meemoires D "Espoir, t. 1-2, P., 1970-71; in rus. per. - Professional Army, M., 1935; Military memoirs, t. 1-2, M., 1957-1960.

Biography (M. Ts. Arzakanyan)

Charles de Gaulle (Gaulle) (1890-1970) - French political and statesman, founder and first president (1959-1969) of the Fifth Republic. In 1940, he founded in London the patriotic movement "Free France" (from 1942 "Framing France"), who joined the anti-Hitler coalition; In 1941 he became the head of the French National Committee, in the 1943 French Committee of the National Liberation established in Algeria. In 1944 - January 1946 de Gaulle - the head of the Interim Government of France. After the war, the founder and leader of the Party "Combining the French People". In 1958, Prime Minister of France. At the initiative of de Gaulle, a new Constitution was prepared (1958), expanding the rights of the president. During his presidency, France carried out plans to create their own nuclear forces, came out of the NATO military organization; Soviet-French cooperation received considerable development.

Origin. Formation of worldview

Charles de Gaulle was born on November 22, 1890, in Lille, in the aristocratic family and was brought up in the spirit of patriotism and Catholicism. In 1912 he graduated from the Saint-Sir Military School, becoming a professional military. Faced on the fields of the First World War 1914-1918, he was captured, was released in 1918.

The worldview of de Gaulle was influenced by his contemporaries as Henri Bergson philosophers and Emil Boat, writer Maurice Barres, poet and publicist Charles Poggy.

Even in the interwar period, Charles became an adherent of French nationalism and a supporter of strong executive. This is confirmed by the books published by de Galer in the 1920s and 1930s - "Discost in the Enemy's country" (1924), "on the edge of the sword" (1932), "for the professional army" (1934), "France and its army" (1938). In these works dedicated to military issues, de Gaulle essentially first in France predicted the decisive role of tank troops in the future war.

The Second World War

The Second World War, at the beginning of which Charles de Gaulle received rank general, turned his whole life. He resolutely refused the truce concluded by Marshal Henri Philippe Petenne with fascist Germany, and flew to England to organize the struggle for the liberation of France. On June 18, 1940 de Gaulle acted on the London Radio with an appeal to his compatriots, in which he called on them not to put arms and join the "Free France" founded in the emigration (after 1942 "Framing France").

At the first stage of the war, de Gaulle directed the main efforts to establish control over the French colonies, which were under the rule of the proof of the French Government. As a result, Chad, Congo, Ubanga-Shari, Gabon, Cameroon, and later and other colonies joined the "free France". Officers and soldiers of "Free France" constantly took part in allied military operations. Relations with England, USA and the USSR de Gaulle sought to build on the basis of equality and defend the national interests of France. After disembarking the Anglo-American troops in North Africa in June 1943, the French National Liberation Committee (FCNO) was established in the city of Algeria. Charles de Gaulle was appointed by his co-chair (along with General Henri Giro), and then the sole chair.

In June 1944, FCNO was renamed the Temporary Government of the French Republic. De Gaulle became his first chapter. Under his leadership, the Government restored democratic freedoms in France, conducted socio-economic reforms. In January 1946 de Gaulle left the post of prime minister, disarming in the views on major domestic political issues with representatives of the left parties of France.

Charles de Gaulle in the period of the fourth republic

In the same year, the fourth republic was installed in France. According to the 1946 Constitution, the real power in the country belonged not to the President of the Republic (as de Gaulle offered), and the National Assembly. In 1947, de Gaulle again joined in the political life of France. He founded the unification of the French people (RPF). The main objective of the RPF was the struggle for the abolition of the 1946 Constitution and the conquest of the authorities by the parliamentary way to establish a new political regime in the spirit of De Gaulle's ideas. Originally RPF was a great success. 1 million people entered his ranks. But I could not achieve your goal of Hollyurs. In 1953, de Gaulle dismissed RPF and moved away from political activities. During this period, Hollyism finally took shape as an ideological and political course (ideas of the state and "national greatness" of France, social policy).

Fifth Republic

Algerian crisis of 1958 (struggle Algeria for independence) paved de Ga and the road to power. Under his immediate leadership, the 1958 Constitution was developed, which significantly expanded the prerogatives of the president of the country (executive) at the expense of parliament. So started its history existing and so on, the fifth republic. Charles de Gaulle was elected her first president for a seven-year term. The priority of the president and the government was the settlement of the "Algerian problem".

De Gaulle firmly conducted a course on the self-determination of Algeria, despite the most serious counterators (the rebellion of the French army and ultra-chiconialists in 1960-1961, the terrorist activities of the OAS, a number of attempted de Gaulle). Algeria was provided with independence after the signing of the Evian agreements in April 1962. In October of the same year, a major referendum adopted the most important amendment to the Constitution of 1958 - on the elections of the President of the Republic by the Universal vote. On its basis in 1965, De Gaulle was re-elected by the president for a new seven-year term.

The external policy of Charles de Gaulle sought to carry out in line with his idea of \u200b\u200bthe "National Magitia" of France. He insisted on Equality of France, USA and Great Britain within NATO. Without achieving success, the president in 1966 brought France from the NATO military organization. In relations with FRG de Gaulle, it was possible to achieve noticeable results. In 1963, a Franco-German cooperation agreement was signed. De Gaulle one of the first put forward the idea of \u200b\u200b"United Europe". He thought her as "Europe Fatherland", in which each country would preserve their political independence and national identity. De Gaulle was a supporter of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe discharge of international tension. He sent his country to the path of cooperation with the USSR, China and the countries of the Third World.

Internal politics Charles de Gaulle paid less attention than the external one. Student unrest in May 1968 testified to a serious crisis that covered French society. Soon the president nominated the project on the new administrative division of France and the reform of the Senate for a general referendum. However, the project did not receive the approval of most French. In April 1969 de Gaulle voluntarily resigned, finally refusing political activities.

As General de Gaulle won America

In 1965, General Charles de Gaulle flew to the United States and at a meeting with American President Lindon Johnson reported that she was intended to exchange 1.5 billion paper dollars for gold at the official rate of $ 35 per ounce. Johnson reported that the French ship was loaded with dollars, located in the New York port, and a French aircraft landed on board at the airport with the same cargo on board. Johnson promised to president of France serious problems. De Gaulle in response announced evacuation from the territory of France NATO headquarters, 29 NATO military bases and the United States and the conclusion of 33 thousand servicemen of the Alliance.

In the end, both and more was done.

France for the 2 subsequent years managed to buy out more than 3 thousand tons of gold in exchange for dollars.

What happened to these dollars and gold?

De Gaulle, they say, was very impressed with one joke, who told him the former Minister of Finance in the Government of Clemenceau. At the auction for the painting of Rafael's brush, Arab offers oil, Russian - gold, and the American pulls out a pack of banknotes and buys it for 10 thousand dollars. In response to the immense question, de Gaulle, the minister explains him that the American bought a picture for only 3 dollars, because The cost of printing one 100-dollar bill is 3 cents. And de Gaulle unequivocally and finally believed in gold and only in gold. In 1965, De Gaulle decided that he was not needed these papers.

The victory of de Gaulle became Parrida. He himself lost his post. And the place of gold in the global monetary system took the dollar. Just a dollar. Without all gold content.

Biography

Charles de Gaulle (Gaulle) (November 22, 1890, Lille - November 9, 1970, Kolombe-le-Dez-Egliz), French political and statesman, founder and first president of the fifth republic.

Origin. Formation of worldview.

De Gaulle was born in the aristocratic family and brought up in the spirit of patriotism and Catholicism. In 1912 he graduated from Saint-Sir Military School, becoming a professional military. Faced on the fields of the First World War 1914-1918, he was captured, was released in 1918. On the worldview of De Gaulle, such its contemporaries as philosophers A. Bergson and E. Bochra, writer M. Barres, Poet Sh C. Poggy. Back in the interwar period, he became an adherent of French nationalism and a supporter of strong executive. This is confirmed by the books published by de Galer in the 1920s - 30s - "Discost in the Enemy's country" (1924), "on the edge of the sword" (1932), "For the Professional Army" (1934), "France and its Army" (1938). In these works dedicated to military issues, de Gaulle essentially first in France predicted the decisive role of tank troops in the future war.

The Second World War.

The Second World War, at the beginning of which de Gaulle received rank general, turned his whole life. He resolutely refused the truce concluded by Marshal by A. F. Petren with fascist Germany, and flew to England to organize the struggle for the liberation of France. On June 18, 1940, de Gaulle acted on London Radio with an appeal to his compatriots, in whom he called on them not to put arms and join the unification of the "Free France" founded in the emigration (after 1942 "Framing"). At the first stage of the war, de Gaulle directed the main efforts to establish control over the French colonies, which were under the rule of the proof of the French Government. As a result, Chad, Congo, Cabangi-Shari, Gabon, Cameroon, and later and other colonies joined the "free France". Officers and soldiers of "Free France" constantly took part in allied military operations. Relations with England, USA and the USSR de Gaulle sought to build on the basis of equality and defend the national interests of France. After disembarking the Anglo-American troops in North Africa in June 1943, the French National Liberation Committee (FCNO) was established in the city of Algeria. De Gaulle was appointed by its co-chair (along with General A. Zhiro), and then the sole chair. In June 1944, FCNO was renamed the Temporary Government of the French Republic. De Gaulle became his first chapter. Under his leadership, the Government restored democratic freedoms in France, conducted socio-economic reforms. In January 1946, De Gaulle left the post of Prime Minister, disperse in views on major domestic political issues with representatives of the left parties of France.

In the period of the fourth republic.

In the same year, the fourth republic was installed in France. According to the 1946 Constitution, the real power in the country belonged not to the President of the Republic (as de Gaulle offered), and the National Assembly. In 1947, de Gaulle is again included in the political life of France. He basses the union of the French people (RPF). The main objective of the RPF was the struggle for the abolition of the 1946 Constitution and the conquest of the authorities by the parliamentary way to establish a new political regime in the spirit of De Gaulle's ideas. Originally RPF was a great success. 1 million people joined his ranks. But I could not achieve your goal of Hollyurs. In 1953, de Gaulle dismissed RPF and moved away from political activities. During this period, hollyism finally took shape as an ideological and political course (the ideas of the state and the "national greatness" of France, social policy).

Fifth Republic.

Algerian crisis of 1958 (struggle Algeria for independence) paved de Ga and the road to power. Under his immediate leadership, the 1958 Constitution was developed, which significantly expanded the prerogatives of the president of the country (executive) at the expense of parliament. So started its history existing and so on, the fifth republic. De Gaulle was elected her first president for a seven-year term. The priority of the president and the government was the settlement of the "Algerian problem". De Gaulle firmly conducted a course on the self-determination of Algeria, despite the most serious counterators (fantasies of the French army and ultra-tracalists in 1960-1961, the terrorist activities of the OAS, a number of attempts on de Gaulle). Algeria was provided with independence after the signing of the Evian agreements in April 1962. In October of the same year, the most important referendum adopted the most important amendment to the Constitution of 1958 - on the elections of the President of the Republic by universal voting. On its basis in 1965, De Gaulle was re-elected by the president for a new seven-year term. De Gaulle's foreign policy sought to carry out in line with his idea of \u200b\u200b"national greatness" of France. He insisted on Equality of France, USA and Great Britain within NATO. Without achieving success, the President in 1966 brought France from the NATO military organization. In relations with FRG de Gaulle, it was possible to achieve noticeable results. In 1963, a Franco-German cooperation agreement was signed. De Gaulle one of the first put forward the idea of \u200b\u200b"United Europe". He thought her as "Europe Fatherland", in which each country would preserve their political independence and national identity. De Gaulle was a supporter of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe discharge of international tension. He sent his country to the path of cooperation with the USSR, China and the countries of the Third World. Internal politics de Gaulle paid less attention than external. Student unrest in May 1968 testified to a serious crisis that covered French society. Soon the president nominated the project on the new administrative division of France and the reform of the Senate for a general referendum. However, the project did not receive the approval of most French. In April 1969, de Gaulle voluntarily resigned, finally refusing political activities.

Feature of the Political Course Charles de Gaulle (Course work)

Introduction

The history of modern France is inextricably linked with the name of Charles de Gaulle - an outstanding military, political and statesman. Its influence on the course of the socio-political development of France and the whole of Europe is generally so great that is not compared. Charles de Gaulle made a great contribution to the history of the French state and international relations in the twentieth century. This explains the relevance of the topic of this course work.

The President of the Republic of the Republic began to write during life. In Russia, the first biography of de Gaulle was published by Vera Ivanovna Antyukhina-Moskvichenko. In the past two decades, the volume of the data enclosure dedicated to the Charlum de Gaulle increased dramatically.

When writing this work, a complex of sources was used, in particular the works of directly Charles de Gaulle, where the president describes and analyzes its activities and literature. Literature can be divided into the following groups: reference and encyclopedic, educational literature, periodicals, monographs. From the monograph, you can highlight the book Marina Arzakanyan "de Gaulle". This book is the most complete biography of Charles de Gaulle, which describes all the details of his life, study, participation in the first and second world wars and political activities.

The purpose of this work is to identify the feature of the Charles de Gaulle's political course.

The following tasks are set:

* consider the categorical-conceptual apparatus on the topic of the course work;
* Describe the conditions for the formation of Charles de Gaulle as a policy;
* analyze the internal policy of France;
* Determine the position of France in the system of international relations.

To explore this topic, methods of system analysis, systematization, comparative analysis were used. With the help of these methods, all the considered material on the topic of course work was systematized and analyzed, the features of the internal and foreign policy of France were identified during the Board of Charles de Gaulle.

The submitted term paper consists of two chapters. The first chapter is the theoretical part in which the basic concepts of politics are disclosed and a brief overview of the biography of General de Gaulle. The second chapter is a practical part. It is devoted to the activities of Charles de Gaulle in the political sphere.

Chapter 1. Personality in the context of political activity

1 Policy: Definition and Approaches

As part of the topic of this course work, the main directions of the internal and foreign policy of France will be considered during the Board of Charles de Gaulle. In order to better navigate in this topic, the basic concepts of political science should be characterized.

There are many definitions of the concept of "politics". From the point of view of anthropology, politics is a form of civilized communication of people on the basis of the right, a method of collective human existence. From a systemic point of view, a policy is a relatively independent system, a complex social organism, integrity, limited from the environment and is with it in continuous interaction.

In general, this phenomenon can be given the following definition: Politics is the activities of individuals and social groups associated with relations on the conquest, retention and use of power in order to implement their interests. Depending on the scale and level of policies, external and internal politics are allocated.

Domestic politics is a set of areas of state, its structures and institutions for organizational, concractive expression of the interests of the people 1) 1890-1940. - Education of Charles in the family, education, participation in the First World War.

1940 - 1958 - Participation of Charles de Gaulle in World War II and the beginning of his political career.

1958 - 1970 - Charles de Gaulle - President of the Republic.

When considering the main stages of the life of Charles de Gaulle, special attention will be paid to how De Gaulle came to politics.

De Gaulle was born in 1890 in Lille. His parents, Zhanna and Henri de Gaulle, nobleman and the believer Catholic, were just five children. The Children's years Charles took place in a large apartment near Wirchirar Street on the left bank of the Seine. Mother and father attached great importance to the patriotic education of children, they were trained to discipline from early age. During the children's games, Charles already imagined himself with a commander and always played only for the French, why it is for the French, it is easy to guess. The family reigned the spirit of patriotism and love for France, which further influenced the fate of de Gaulle and to choose a military career.

In 1896, Charles enters the elementary school of St. Thomas Aquinsky, in 1900 - to the Jesuit College of Immaculate Conception. Proud and stopping, Charles was at the same time a romantically tuned young men who can admire and deeply think about the future of their homeland.1. Much attention in the college is paid to religious disciplines, upbringing and ancient heritage. The Jesuit's serious way was made by teaching French and literature, history, geography, mathematics, German. Little de Gaulle immediately loved the story, especially his past the native country was interested. Poetry becomes a real passion of Charles in adolescence. While there is no one at home, he reads, thinks, writes, and not only poems. At the age of 14, Charles composes a small story "German campaign", where he represents himself commander of French troops, fighting against Germany.2

Charles de Gaulle rose a real patriot interested in the past of his country and thinking about her future. It is not surprising that when it came to choose a profession, Charles de Gaulle decided to become a military.

At the end of the summer of 1907, Charles, together with his brother Jacques, leaves in the small Belgian town of Antoine, where he comes to the Jesuit college Sacre Cour. The next summer, the seventeen-year-old Charles makes his first foreign trip to Germany and Switzerland with the fathers-Jesuit. At the beginning of the fall, he returns to Paris in a good mood and firmly decides to enter the Saint-Sira Military School, as it believes that "the army takes a very large place in the life of the peoples."

In the fall of 1909, an eighteen-year-old Charles de Gaulle successfully examines the exams and becomes a cadet of a military school. The first important step towards achieving the Great Goal, to become a military, made. According to the existing order before studying, all the enrolled first should hold a year in any kind of troops of the current army, where they studied the military case and were taught to a rigorous schedule and discipline. Charles chooses the infantry and goes to the city of Arras.

In October 1910, the young de Gaulle in the rank of Capral flows the threshold of the famous Military School, in which he finished brilliantly in 1912 and released the rank of younger lieutenant with excellent certification. During his studies in Saint-sire, de Gaulle was kept independently, but was always responsive and friendly. He was distinguished by a straight posture, high height. Pupils tried to follow the motto Saint-Sira - "Learn to win!". The school was adopted next routine of the day: a rise of five thirty, at six already breakfast, with seven to nine people were practiced - gymnastics, fencing, horse riding. Then until noon, the pupils were in the lessons right, history, geography, French literature. The afternoon was given exclusively to the military case. Such a routine of the day demanded from pupils of collens, discipline, large self-dedication. Charles de Gaulle immediately showed himself a man who is not terrible any difficulties. Teachers of the school highly appreciated de Gaulle:

* "Behavior - impeccable
* Abilities - Bright
* Character - direct
* Diligence - big "

According to the issue of School, Charles de Gaulle became an officer and entered the command of Colonel Philip Petin. In the autumn of 1913, de Gaulle becomes a lieutenant and continues the service in Arras. In August 1914, the First World War began. Charles de Gaulle passed all the harsh weekdays of this war. In 1916, the largest battle in the city of Verden launched on the West Front. The regiment in which he served de Gaulle and was a battalion commander, immediately moved to the offensive. The battalion was almost completely destroyed, and De Gaulle received a difficult wound, from which he lost consciousness, and he was found dead. In fact, Charles de Gaulle stayed alive. He captured, from which he tried to run five times, and all attempts ended in failure. De Gaulle was freed only in 1918 after signing a truce with Germany. It is easy to imagine what was the mental state of Charles de Gaulle. Play battle, get pronounced and not able to escape from there - it was humiliating and unacceptable.

After such a lesion, it is difficult to recover. Therefore, de Gaulle was thinking about to extend to the military career forever. However, in nature, de Gaulle was an ambitious and purposeful person, he was not used to retreat from the intended goal. And the relatives convinced Charles that he must continue their military career. Therefore, he did not leave the army. In early 1919, he was sent to an internship at Saint-Mexican Military School, where he passes.

Soon Charles de Gaulle married the daughter of the industrialist Ivonne, with whom he introduced his mother's girlfriend. Honeymoon with a young wife he spent in Italy. In 1921, Ivonna gave birth to a boy. After the birth of the child, de Gaulle decided to temporarily change the generation of the activity and settled in Saint-Sir as a teacher of history and at the same time passed an internship in different troops. History attracted the future president from childhood, in addition, his father was a historian, however, he could not completely part with a military career.

In November 1922, Charles de Gaulle became a listener of the Higher Military School. His goal was to achieve significant success in military activity, and he gradually moved step by step to her.

In September 1924, de Gaulle receives appointment to the General Staff of the French Army in the Rhine Region and leaves in Mainz. It receives an increase only in 1927. During the passage of the Military Service, Charles does not stop writing. He composes articles of military topics for periodicals and watches the situation on the Rhine. Meanwhile, France soon disbanded all the shelves occupied by Rhine, and De Gaulle was sent to Lebanon.

In 1931, Charles de Gaul returned to Paris and was appointed secretary of the Supreme Council of National Defense. In 1933 de Gaulle received rank of lieutenant colonel. From that moment on, a new stage of his military career begins. He was given a task to develop the text of the law on the organization of public services in a peaceful and wartime. You can distinguish several reasons why this task was instructed precisely de Gaulle. First, he proven himself well as a military man. Secondly, de Gaulle took part in the same war, had a huge experience of organizational and military activities. For the case, Charles de Gaulle began the most serious way.

When developing this law, Charles de Gaulle spoke out against a defensive strategy, determining that it can lead to irreparable consequences. He wrote articles "Create a professional army" and "How to create a professional army." In 1934, his main work was released - the book "For the Professional Army", in which de Gaulle declares the need to create a professional army capable of withstanding any attacks of the enemy. The exit to the light of this book did not meet the hopes of de Gaulle, but they paid attention to her in Germany. Lieutenant Colonel put forward his own military doctrine, but she did not find a response among the highest military ranks. Then de Gaulle realized that to implement his ideas, it was necessary to enlist the support of influential politicians.

At the end of 1934, de Gaulle's friend Jean Ourine introduced him to the Rhino field with the right politician. Paidly penetrating the idea of \u200b\u200bde Gaulle about creating mechanized parts of the army and decided to promote its implementation.

Having created a new office, Paul Reyno appoints De Gavel as Deputy Military Minister. One of the most important tasks of Charles de Gaulle was to meet with the UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill and to achieve military help from him. This task de Gaulle is successfully executed.

During World War II, Colonel does not leave military activities. De Gaulle was appointed commander of the 5th Army's Troops. His division at the cost of incredible efforts managed to stop the enemy under Alzas.

During this period, de Gaulle not only advanced along the military staircase of the military, but also managed to get into the political elite, he takes part in the management and organization of the country's military forces. The following qualities helped him in this: purposefulness, ambitiousness, diligence, communications.

The formation of de Gaulle as a policy began with education in the family. Parents early assigned to France's love early and brought up him in the spirit of patriotism, which affected the manifestation of de Gaulle of interest to the fate of his country. Therefore, it is not surprising that the beloved subject of Charles de Gaulle was the story that allowed him not only to recognize the past of France, but also to reflect on her future.

The final formation of the personal qualities of the future policy occurred in the process of obtaining military education and career development in this area. Strict regime of the day, which was present in a military school, taught de Gaulle to discipline and taught to reasonably organize his activities. Permanent search in the team contributed to the development of communicative skills in the future. Participation in hostilities, including the experience of staying in captivity, was ordered, taught to fight difficulties and deprivation and not retreat from the target target.

Having made a managerial position, de Gaulle manifest itself as a reformer of the army. After analyzing the weaknesses of the French military structure, it offers projects for its upgrades. However, without having received support from the government, de Gaulle puts the goal to become a politician to implement their ideas. The main desire of de Gaulle is the stabilization of the internal system of the state and raising the role of the country in the international arena.

Chapter 2. Concept of political activities Charles de Gaulle

1 internal policy de Gaulle

The political activities of Charles de Gaulle spread to the internal and foreign policy of France. This paragraph provides the development of the internal policy of the fifth republic.

De Gaulle focused on developing a new Constitution of France. According to the Constitution of the Republic of IV, the president that beat the parliament for a period of seven years has had a limited sphere of competence, it was rather lifted by the visibility of power, because he could have an impact on the adoption of laws only in some cases. In general, all power was fixed by parliament. De Gaulle sought to completely change the established order. He instructed the draft team of high-ranking officials - members of the State Council led by Debre. The State Council began its work on June 12. The project developed in parts was discussed by the Government Committee led by General de Galer himself. The Constitutional Advisory Committee felt about the crescent. By the end of July, the draft constitution was compiled.

On September 1, 1958, the third after the liberation of the referendum on constitutional issues took place in France. In October of the same year, the new Constitution of France entered into force, which established a new political order in the country.

According to this document, the powers of the president were significantly expanded. He received the right:

* to appoint the Prime Minister and individual ministers;
* Return the bills adopted by Parliament for a repeated discussion;
* transfer to a referendum on the proposal of the government or both chambers any bill regarding the organization of state authorities or approval of international agreements capable of affecting the activities of state institutions;
* dismissed the National Assembly and appoint new elections.1

The legislative power belonged to the Parliament consisting of two chambers. The First Chamber - the National Assembly - was elected direct universal voting for a period of five years. It takes laws that determine the implementation of civil rights, shipping, the tax system, the procedure of elections, the status of civil servants and nationalization. In such major areas as defense, the organization and income of local governments, education, labor law, the status of trade unions to the National Assembly should define only "General Principles". All other issues are solved by the government and the administration in the order of the administration of administrative power. The Second Chamber, which has the right of the "delaying veto" - Senate, was elected indirect vote, updating every three years one third. The National Assembly, like the Senate, could neither control or dismiss the president. It could only achieve the resignation of Government.2 Article 16 of the Constitution of 1958 gave the right to president of the republic in emergency circumstances to take full power in their hands.3

Charles de Gaulle developed a draft new constitution in such a way that almost all the power was in the hands of the president, and none of the elected chambers could affect the adoption of a particular solution. That is, in fact the Constitution legally issued the regime of the president's personal power.

Considering that the new Constitution will lead to a dangerous strengthening of the executive and will threaten the democratic freedoms, the Communist Party called on to vote against it. The draft constitution criticized also part of the socialists, left radicals and groups close to them, whose leaders were Pierre Mendez-France and Francois Miterran. However, all other political parties, including the official leadership of the Socialist Party, approved the Governmental draft law. During the referendum, 79% of voters voted for the draft Constitution. He was supported not only right, but many left voters disappointed in the political system and practical activity of the fourth republic. From a third to half of the voters who supported the draft constitution, it was believed that in the case of his deviation and resignation, the Civil War would flash in France.

Did Gaulle's personal authority was of great importance. Many French, who remembered his role in the resistance movement and his struggle against the "European Army", believed that only de Gaulle could adequately protect national interests and achieve peace in Algeria.

Thus, de Gaulle supported the wide coalition of various class forces, the participants of which were often guided by opposite objectives. The adoption of the Constitution legally issued the creation of the fifth republic. In December 1958, de Gaulle was elected president of France.

An important place in the framework of the domestic policy, the president paid an increase in the economic efficiency of the French industry and its upgrades. Of particular importance, he attached to the state plans, the fulfillment of which called the "fiery duty" of the French. The plan consisted of three elements closely interconnected. The first element is a real termination of inflation. Treatment from inflation was initially in reducing public expenditures while simultaneously increasing revenues, in order to terminate the embezzlement of national income and increase savings. In this regard, it was proposed to limit wages and salary in the public sector "immutable" four-percent residue; Reduced state subsidies to cover the deficit of nationalized enterprises and social insurance systems, reduce subsidies to food manufacturers, and at the same time increase taxes on joint-stock companies and individuals with large income. The second series of measures belonged to currency. The goal was in the approval of the franc "on a solid basis" and increasing the competitiveness of national goods in the general market. The third set of measures was directed to the liberalization of foreign trade exchange.

A whole system of state loans, subsidies and other financial and economic measures scheduled in the third (1958-1961) and the fourth (1961-1965) plans of economic and social development contributed to the accelerated development of leading industries such as science and technology. The policy of de Gaulle envisaged the transformation of France into a prosperous industrial power.2

In 1958, the fifteenth (from 1926) devaluation of the franc, which stimulated French exports. From January 1, 1960 The government introduced a new monetary unit - "heavy" franc, the cost of which is a hundred times the cost of the old, "light" franc. The franc hardness was proclaimed not only in France, but also recognized as abroad. Frank became reversible and could exchange for any solid currencies. In addition, new coins and banknotes were issued (one new franc for one hundred older) .1

In 1959 and 1961, ordinances were published about the "interest" workers in the results of the enterprise. Entrepreneurs were recommended to allocate a small part of the profits to promote workers (in the form of additional premiums or special "working stocks"). However, most entrepreneurs rejected this proposal.

Much attention from the government was given to the development of culture. The budget of the Ministry of Culture, which was headed by the famous writer, the resistance participant A. Malro, increased 3 times faster than the budgets of other ministries. Malro launched a wide campaign for the protection and spread of cultural heritage: construction of museums, libraries, youth houses and culture. The restoration of historical monuments began. The masterpieces of French architecture - Louvre, the Cathedral of the Parisian Mother of God, the Palace of Justice, Pantheon, the Triumphal Arch - again found their primary white color.

French cinema worried flourishing. World recognition won French director "New Wave" - \u200b\u200bFrancois Treiffo, Claude Shabrol and others. They updated the theme and style of cinema, refused the lush commercial films, turned to the everyday life of people, especially young people, criticized modern society and traditional public values.

After analyzing the main actions of the government headed by de Galecom in the field of internal policy, the following priorities of its concepts can be distinguished in this area:

* Normalize the internal situation in France, strengthening the political role of the president,
* focusing in the hands of the president of all the completeness of power,
* Enhance the competitiveness of the economy,
* Modernization of social policy and development of culture.

The complex of these measures allowed to stabilize the position of the French Republic after the Second World War.

2 Foreign Policy de Gaulle

Charles de Gaulle's focus was given to the area of \u200b\u200bforeign policy. In this area, a number of areas can be distinguished: Colonial (Algerian), North American (relations with the United States, Great Britain), European (Relations with Germany, EUS countries), Franco-Soviet Direction.

An dangerous position required by the immediate government intervention was in Algeria. The president was a supporter of the independence of the colony. He was convinced that in different ways, France could not follow, and he considered it senseless to hold algeria by force under the French sovereignty. However, not all members of the government shared his point of view: Algeria split French people. Part of the French sympathized with Algerian Europeans, believed that the metropolis is obliged to protect their interests. Others believed that France, carrying huge losses in the colonial war, should leave these overseas departments. 1 June 4, 1958 Charles de Gaulle flew to Algeria. He firmly conducted a course on the self-determination of Algeria, despite the most serious counterators (the rebellion of the French army and supporters of preserving colonial dependence on France 1960-1961, the terrorist activities of the OAS, a number of attempted de Gaulle) .2

Upon arrival in Algeria de Gaulle spoke in front of the big crowd of the French and Algerians. He said: "I know what happened here. I know what you wanted to do. I see that the road you opened in Algeria is the way to update and fraternity. I speak updates in all respects, including our Institutions. I declare: From today, France believes that in all Algeria there is only one category of inhabitants - full-fledged French with the same rights and obligations. "

In April 1962, the Evian agreements were signed, according to which Algeria was provided with independence, a separate section regulating the status of French colonies was introduced in the new Constitution of France. It proclaimed the creation of a community as part of the French Republic and all its overseas territories. " In one of the articles of this section, it was said that all the "overseas departments" of France could maintain their status as part of the republic, "as well as" to form separate states "if their territorial assemblies express their will no later than four months after The adoption of the Constitution.3 Algeria became "French", which was waiting for a very long time from the president of ultra colonialists.

The next component of the foreign policy de Gaulle was the elimination of the dependence of France from the "senior partners" in the North Atlantic Covenant - the United States and England. In 1959, the president brought the French fleet from NATO subordination, based on the Mediterranean Sea, and forbade the United States Rocket and Nuclear Weapons in France. Considering that only possession of their own nuclear weapons can guarantee the "greatness of the nation", the de Galle government made tremendous and expensive efforts to create nuclear strike forces. In February 1960, blowing up its first atomic bomb on one of the French polygons in Sahara, France entered the "Club of Atomic Powers" along with the USSR, USA and Great Britain. However, continuing the implementation of plans to create their own nuclear forces, France has not signed a nuclear testing agreement in three areas (1963). France has not signed the contract and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (1968), deculating, however, in the UN, that it will behave in this area as well as the states who have joined this Treaty.

De Gaulle was not an opponent of the idea of \u200b\u200bdischarge, he understood the importance of cooperation in the international sphere. Therefore, the most important direction of his foreign policy was rapprochement with Germany. In September 1958 The first meeting of de Gaulle was held with the German chancellor K. Adenauer, during which both leaders fought about their desire "forever put the end of the previous hostility." In January 1963, in Paris, they signed an agreement on cooperation in the field of foreign policy, defense, educational and education of young people. They decided to regularly consult with each other.

The European policy of France has changed significantly. Condequential plans of the military-political "integration of Europe", de Gaulle contrast the idea of \u200b\u200b"Europe of states" - an interstate union in which all its members would preserve their national sovereignty. The French government opposed the adoption of England in the "General Market", believing that the British government is too closely connected with the United States and can become a conductor of American influence in Europe. By the end of the 50s. The relations between the countries of the EOOS began to be established, and France became incorporated into the further development of integration processes in Europe. In 1959, France introduced the Roman Treaty of 1957 on the "Common Market". Economic cooperation has become developed between the UES countries.

In the Middle East, France, keeping connections with Israel, decided to pursue "friendship and cooperation" in relation to the Arab countries, where about 100 million people lived and there were 70% of world oil reserves. In June 1967, after the start of the "six-day war of Israel against Arab states, the French government joined the UN Security Council resolution demanding the withdrawal of Israeli troops from the occupied territories.1

France's relations with the Soviet Union and other socialist countries have significantly improved. In 1960, at the invitation of President de Gaulle, France visited the head of the Soviet government N.S. Khrushchev. As a result of his trip, the USSR and France agreed to expand trade and cultural ties with each other. Agreements on scientific cooperation were concluded, including the peaceful use of atomic energy. In 1966, a retaliatory visit of President de Gaulle in the USSR took place. He ended with the adoption of a joint declaration, in which the desire of the USSR and France was proclaimed to establish an "discharge atmosphere" between East and West. France and the Soviet Union agreed to hold regular political consultations in order to develop the Franco-Soviet relations "from consent to cooperation".

In the field of foreign policy, Charles de Gaulle undertook a number of actions to increase the role of France in the international arena. France became an independent strong power. De Gaulle brought the country from subordination to the United States and England, established relations with European countries and the Soviet Union. This contributed to the development of the country's economy. Thanks to the efforts of Charles de Gaulle, France became one of the great powers.

Conclusion

The time of the Board of Charles de Gaulle was called "Hollyz." Now "holism" is called a political ideology based on the ideas and actions of General de Gaulle.

The main idea of \u200b\u200b"Gallism" is the independence of France from any other states, giving it the status of the Great. Charle de Gaulle managed to bring politics France from subordination of such great powers as the United States and England. Charles de Gaulle has established relations with a number of European countries, primarily with the Federal Republic of Germany and the Soviet Union, which helped not only the development of the country itself and its economy, but also became a great contribution to the development of international relations.

For all the time of stay as President de Gavel, it was possible to produce a number of domestic political transformations in the country. A new edition of the Constitution was published, the text of which provided all the completeness of the authorities to the president. Economic sphere and social policy gained their further development. The actions of the government led to the stabilization of the domestic situation in the country and the restoration of the economy after the Second World War. Financial measures strengthened French currency by making it more competitive. In addition, the president paid attention to the preservation of cultural values \u200b\u200band support to art. All cultural monuments destroyed after the war were restored and acquired their primordial appearance.

Being a talented theorist, Charles de Gaulle twice successfully managed the country and managed to bring it out of a deep crisis twice, due to its ability to competently organize the activities entrusted to him. Having left the presidency, Charles de Gaulle left the country "on the rise."

List of used sources and literature

Sources

* 1. Speak of Charles de Gaulle [Electronic resource] - # "Justify"\u003e Appendix number 1
* 2. Charles de Gaulle - "the greatest of the French."

Appendix No. 2.

Quotes Charles de Gaulle.

* "You will live, kill only the best."
* "When I'm right, I'm usually angry. And Churchill is angry when he is wrong. So it turned out that we were very often angry with each other."
* "I respect only those who fight with me, but I do not intend to endure them."
* "The Minister should not complain about newspapers and even read them. He must write them."
* "Always choose the most difficult path - you will not meet competitors on it."
* "You can be sure that the Americans will make all the stupidity that will be able to come up with, plus a few more such as it is impossible to imagine."
* "I or chaos".
* "France only in the case is genuine France if it stands in the forefield ... France, devoid of greatness, ceases to be France"

Biography

Like all the great state figures, Charles de Gaulle (Charles de Gaulle) remained in memory of people very contradictory. Sometimes it seems that telling about him, they talk about completely different people. Regardless of subjective opinions, he is the founder of a modern French state, proudly called himself with the fifth republic. 42 years after his death, a political husk flew off the image of this man, and it became clear that this fighting general saw the future better than most of his contemporaries.

Biography

He was born in the last century, in 1890 in Lille, since childhood he dreamed of accomplishments for France's glory, so it was quite logical, chose a military career. He graduated from the Military School in Saint-Sira. Martial baptism was held at the fronts of the First World War, was seriously injured, enrolled in the dead, was in captivity. Regularly tried to run. It was concluded in the fortress, where he met the Russian lawyer Mikhail Tukhachevsky. He, in the end, fled, and de Gaulle did not succeed. It was not freedom only after the defeat of Germany, but did not go home, but remained in Poland as an instructor. There he had to participate in the reflection of the strike of the Red Army, which he led his acquaintance Tukhachevsky.

The behavior of Marshal Peten, who passed France by the Germans, de Gaulle regarded as betrayal. From this point on, the new life of General Charles de Gaulle begins - the leader of the struggle for the liberation of the birthplace from the occupiers. Acquired in this role a huge moral authority caused that at the end of the war, France was among the winners of Nazism. The struggle was not only a military, but also political, so the public figure, which blinked the French (often against their will) in order to bring France to the first row of world powers.

Although he was the head of the Provisional Government of France since 1944, but after the adoption of the Constitution of the fourth republic in 1946, left him due to disagreements with left-wing politicians. To him, a convinced supporter of a strong centralized government seemed to give the government to the collective authority to give power in the country to the National Assembly. Time has shown that he was right. When Algerian crisis came in 1958, Charles de Gaulle returns to politics, his party wins the election, holds a referendum on the new Constitution, and he becomes its first president, endowed with all powers.

And first of all, de Gaulle completes the war in Algeria. It his act earned him thanks to many French, but the hatred of those who were forced to leave this colony, and for her many others. On de Gaulle, 15 attempts were organized, but he happily escaped death. His indisputable merit was the technical jerk, perfect by France in the postwar years. The French independently mastered nuclear technology and equipped their army with atomic weapons, and the energy seal - nuclear power plants.

Charles's opinion on American monetary expansion was then surprised by many. Back in 1965, during an official visit to America, he brought Lindon Johnson a whole ship, brown with dollars to the top, and demanded their exchange at the official exchange rate of $ 35 per ounce of gold. Johnson tried to frighten an old soldier with trouble, but did not attack. De Gaulle threatened to get out of the NATO block, which soon did, despite the fact that the exchange was produced. After this episode, America completely refused the gold standard, the fruits of this we all reorganize. The wise president of France saw this danger long ago.

His name ...

France appreciated his general shortly after his death. Today, in the eyes of the French, de Gaulle was almost equal to Napoleon I. His name was named the flagship of the French military fleet, the first atomic aircraft carrier, built outside the United States and without their help, the largest vessel from the water in France in 1994. Today it is the most combat-ready ship in Europe.

Many thousands of France guests stepped on her land at Ruissi Airport - Charles de Gaulle. The ultra-modern design, which is combined with a fantastic technical equipment, makes this airport by a real masterpiece of architecture and technology.

One of the central squares of Paris - D'Etoile, the star of the star, wears the name de Gaulle now. Only knowing the desire of the French in every way to keep any details of the story, you can understand how much it means in their eyes. On the square there is a monument to the general (by the way, the French most often mention him as "General de Gaulle"). Another area called him by name is in Moscow, in front of the hotel "Cosmos".

You can still talk a lot about this extraordinary person. But it particularly touches the fact that he bequeathed to bury himself next to the early deceased daughter, disabled from birth. It turns out that he was also capable of deep and tender love, this soldier and politician who was not afraid of anyone and nothing ...

Biography (ru.wikipedia.org.)

Childhood. Carier start

Charles de Gaulle was born on November 22, 1890 in a patriotic family of Catholics. Although the genus de Gales is noble, DE in the surnames - not traditional for France "particle" of noble surnames, and the Flemish form of articles. Charles, like his three brothers and sister, was born in Lille in the house of her grandmother, where the mother came every time before childbirth, although the family lived in Paris. His father Henri de Gaulle was a professor of philosophy and literature at the School of Jesuits, which greatly influenced Charles. From early childhood, he loved to read. The story struck him so much that he had almost a mystical concept of serving France.

In the "military memoirs" de Gaulle wrote: "My father, a person educated and thinking, brought up in certain traditions, was filled with faith in the high mission of France. He first introduced me to her story. My mother fell to his homeland a sense of infinite love, which can be compared only with its piety. My three brothers, sister, I myself - we all proud of our homeland. This pride, to which the feeling of anxiety for her fate was admitted, was our second kind. " Jacques Shaba-Delmas, the hero of liberation, then the permanent chairman of the National Assembly in the years of the general presidency, recalls that this "second nature" surprised not only people of the younger generation, to which Shaba-Delmas himself belonged to both the peers of De Gaulle. Subsequently, de Gaulle recalled his youth: "I believed that the meaning of life is to accomplish in the name of France outstanding feat, and that the day will come when I will have such an opportunity."

Already a boy he showed great interest in the military business. After a year of preparatory teachings in the Paris College, Stanislas is admitted to a special military school in Saint-Cyr. He chooses the infantry for his own troops: it is more "military", since the closer to the combat actions. After graduating from Saint-Sire in 1912 by the 13th under the academic performance, de Gaulle serves in the 33rd infantry shelf under the command of the then colonel of the loop.

World War I

From the beginning of the First World War on August 12, 1914, Lieutenant de Gaulle takes part in hostilities as part of the 5th Army of the Charles of Lancar Placed in the Northeast. Already on August 15, in Dinan, he receives the first injury, returns to operation after treatment it is only in October. On March 10, 1915, in the battle of Menil-Le-Yurly, he was wounded the second time. Returns to the 33rd regiment he is in the rank of captain and becomes commander of the company. In the Verden battle at the village of Duomon in 1916, he was injured for the third time. Left on the battlefield, he is already posthumous - gets honorable from the army. However, Charles remains alive, captures the Germans; He is treated in the Mayenian hospital and hold in different fortresses.

De Gaulle makes six attempts to run. Together with him, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the future Marshal of the Red Army, was in captivity; Communication is tied between them, including military-theoretical topics. Captive de Gaulle reads German authors, learns more about Germany, this further helped him in a military command. It was then that he writes his first book "Discost in the Mill of the Enemy" (published in 1916).

Poland, military training sessions, family

De Gaulle is exempt from captivity only after the truce November 11, 1918. From 1919 to 1921, de Gaulle is in Poland, where the tactic theory teaches in the former School of the Imperial Guard in Rebbertov near Warsaw, and in July - August 1920, a short time fighting at the front of the Soviet-Polish war 1919-1921 in the RSFSR troops In this conflict, commands, ironically, just Tukhachevsky). Rejointing the proposal to take a permanent position in the troops of Polish and returning to the Motherland, he marries Yvonna Vandra on April 6, 1921. On December 28, 1921, his son Philip is born, named after the Chef - subsequently the notorious collaborators and antagonist de Gaulle Marshal Philippe Peten. Captain de Gaulle teaches Saint-Sir at school, then in 1922 admitted to the Higher Military School. May 15, 1924, the daughter of Elizabeth is born. In 1928, Anna's younger daughter was born, suffering from Down syndrome (Anna died in 1948; afterwards de Gaulle was a trustee of the Foundation for children with Down syndrome).

Military theorist.

In the 1930s, Lieutenant Colonel, and then Colonel de Gaulle becomes widely known as the author of military-theoretical works, such as "for the professional army", "on the edge of the sword", "France and its army". In his books, de Gaulle, in particular, indicated the need for the comprehensive development of tank troops as the main weapons of the future war. In this, his work is brought together with the works of the leading military theorist of Germany - Geinz Guderian. However, de Gaulle's proposals did not cause an understanding of the Military Command of France and in political circles. In 1935, the National Assembly rejected the draft law on the reform of the army, prepared by the future Prime Minister of the Reyno, according to the plans of de Gaulle, as "useless, unwanted and contrary to logic and history."

In 1932-1936, the Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Defense. In 1937-1939, the commander of the tank regiment.

The Second World War. Leader of resistance

The beginning of the war. Before leaving to London

By the beginning of the Second World De Gaulle had the rank of colonel. The day before the start of the war (August 31, 1939) was appointed commander of tank troops in Saare, wrote about this: "On my share there was a role in a terrible hoax ... Several dozen light tanks I am commanded - this is just a dust. We will lose the war in the most pathetic way if we do not act. "

In January 1940 de Gaulle, wrote the article "The Phenomenon of Mechanized Forces", in which the importance of the interaction of heterogeneous land forces, primarily tank, and the Air Force, emphasized.

On May 14, 1940, he was instructed by the command of the emerging 4th tank division (initially 5,000 soldiers and 85 tanks). From June 1, he temporarily performed the responsibilities of a brigade general (it was not enough for him to approve it in this rank, and after the war he received only a pension of the colonel from the fourth republic). On June 6, the Prime Minister Paul Reyno appointed de Gaulle Deputy Military Minister. The general tried to counteract the plans for the truce, to which the leaders of the France military department were inclined and first of all Minister Philippe Peten. June 14 de Gaulle went to London for negotiations on the courts to evacuate the French government to Africa; At the same time, he proved Prime Minister Uinston Churchill, "What a dramatic step is required to provide Raisno support to him in order to encourage the government to continue the war." However, on the same day, Paino resigned, after which the government headed the loop; Negotiations began immediately with Germany about the truce. On June 17, 1940 de Gaulle flew out of Bordeaux, where the evacuated government was based, not wanting to participate in this process, and again arrived in London. According to Churchill, "on this aircraft de Gaulle took the honor of France with him."

First declarations

It was this moment that became a turning point in the biographies of De Gaulle. In the "Memoirs of Hope" he writes: "On June 18, 1940, responding to the call of his homeland, devoid of any other help to save his soul and honor, de Gaulle, one, not known for anyone, was to take responsibility for France " On this day, the BBC transmits de Gaulle radio simulation - speech on June 18, calling for the creation of French resistance. Soon the leaflets were spread, in which the general addressed "to all French" (a tous les francais) with a statement: France lost the battle, but she did not lose the war! Nothing is lost because this war is world. The day will come when France returns freedom and greatness ... That's why I appeal to all the French to unite me in the name of action, self-sacrifice and hope.

The general accused the office of the loop in betrayal and stated that "with the full consciousness of the debt speaks on behalf of France." There were other appeals to de Gaulle.

So de Gaulle stood at the head of "free (later -" battle ") France" - an organization designed to resist invaders and the collaborationist regime of Vichy. The legitimacy of this organization was based, in his eyes, in the following principle: "The legality of power is based on those feelings that she inspires, on its ability to provide national unity and continuity when the Motherland is in danger."

At first, he had to face considerable difficulties. "I ... at first I did not imagine anything ... in France - anyone who could vouch for me, and I did not use any fame in the country. Abroad - no confidence and justification of my activity. " The formation of the organization of "Free France" was rather protracted. De Gavel managed to enlist the support of Churchill. On June 24, 1940, Churchill reported General G. L. Immey: "It seems extremely important to create now, while the trap has not yet slammed, the organization that would allow French officers and soldiers, as well as prominent professionals who wish to continue to fight, break into various ports. It is necessary to create a kind of "underground railway" ... I have no doubt that there will be a continuous flow of performed by the determination of people - and we need to get everything you can, - for the defense of the French colonies. The naval ministry and air force must cooperate. General de Gaulle and his committee will, of course, the operational authority. " The desire to create an alternative to the Government of Vichy led Churchill not only to the military, but also to a political decision: the recognition of de Gaulle "the head of all free French" (June 28, 1940) and to help to strengthen the position of de Gaulle in international terms.

Control over the colonies. Development of resistance

In militarion, the main task was to convey on the side of the French patriots of the "French Empire" - extensive colonial possessions in Africa, Indochite and Oceania. After an unsuccessful attempt to seize Dakar de Gaulle, the Council of the Defense Council of the Empire, the Manifesto on the creation of which began with the words: "We, General de Gaulle (Nous General de Gaulle), head of free French, decree", etc. The advice includes anti-fascist tuned military governors of French (usually African) colonies: Generals Katra, Eboch, Colonel Leclerc. From that moment on, de Gaulle emphasizes the national and historical roots of their movement. He establishes the Order of the Liberation, the main sign of which the Larring cross with two crossbars becomes - ancient, ascending to the era of feudalism, a symbol of the French nation. At the same time, there was also a follow-up to the constitutional traditions of the French Republic, so, the "Organic Declaration" (the guidelines of the political regime of the "Fighting France"), published in Brazavil, argued the illegitimacy of the Vichy regime, referring to the fact that he expelled "from his quasi-constitutional acts The word "republic", providing the chapter that "French state" unlimited power, such a power of an unlimited monarch. "

The great success of the "free France" was to establish shortly after June 22, 1941 of direct connections from the USSR (without hesitation, the Soviet leadership decided to translate A. E. Bogomolov - his elephant under the mode of Vichy - to London). For 1941-1942 The network of partisan organizations in the occupied France has grown. From October 1941, after the first mass executions of the hostages, the Germans, de Gaulle calls all the French to the total strike and the mass shares of disobedience.

Conflict with allies

Meanwhile, the actions of the "Monarch" caused irritation in the West. In the office of Roosevelt, they discovered openly about the "so-called free French", "sowing poisonous propaganda" and interfering with war management. On November 7, 1942, American troops are planted in Algeria and Morocco and go to negotiations with local French commander who supported Vichy. De Gaulle tried to convince the leaders of England and the United States that cooperation with Vichistami in Algeria would lead to the loss of moral support of allies in France. "The United States," de Gaulle spoke, are elementary feelings and complex politics in great affairs. "

Head of Algeria, Admiral Francois Darlan, by that time had already passed on the side of the Allies, was killed on December 24, 1942 by the 20-year-old Frenchman Fernal Boné De La Chapel, who after the rapid court was shot the next day. The leadership of the Allies appoints the "civil and military commander-in-chief" Algeria General of the Army Henri Zhiro. In January 1943, the Conference in Casablanc de Gaulle is becoming a well-known plan of allies: replace the leadership of the "Fighting France" by the Committee led by Zhiro, which was planned to include a large number of persons who supported the Government of the Peten. In Casablanc de Gaulle exhibits quite understandable inappropriateness in relation to this plan. He insists on the unconditional observance of the national interests of the country (in the sense, as they were understood in the "fighting France"). This leads to a split "Fighting France" by two wings: nationalist, led by de Galer (supported by the Great Britain, headed by W. Churchill), and pro-American, grouping around Henri Zhiro.

On May 27, 1943, the National Council of Resistance, which (under the auspices de Gaulle) takes on the organization of the internal struggle in the occupied country to the constituent conspiracy meeting in Paris. The situation de Gaulle was more and more strengthened, and the girost is forced to compromise: almost synchronously with the opening of the NSS, he invites general to the ruling structures of Algeria. He requires immediate submission to the Giro (commander of the troops) of civil authorities. The situation is glowing. Finally, on June 3, 1943, the French Committee of National Liberation is formed, at the head of which de Gaulle and Zhiro become equal. The majority in it, however, receive Hallers, and some adherents of his opponent (including KuV de Murville - the future Prime Minister of the Republic of Fifth) - go to the side of de Gaulle. In November 1943, Zhiro was derived from the Committee.

On June 4, 1944, de Gaulle was called Churchill to London. The British Prime Minister announced the upcoming landing of the Allied Troops in Normandy and, at the same time, - about the full support of the Roosevelt line to the full dictate of the Will US. De Gaulle was given to understand that in his services do not need. In the draft appeal, written by General Dwight Eisenhower, the French people were ordered to fulfill all the prescriptions of the Union Command "to the elections of legal authorities"; In Washington, the Degollevsky Committee was not considered as such. A sharp protest de Gaulle forced Churchill to provide him with the right to speak to the French on the radio separately (and not to join the Eisenhauer text). In circulation, the general declared about the legitimacy of the government formed by the "Fighting France", and resolutely opposed the plans to subordinate to his American command.

Liberation of France

On June 6, 1944, allied troops carry out a successful landing in Normandy, thereby opening the second front in Europe. De Gaulle after a short stay on the liberated French land again headed to Washington for negotiations with President Roosevelt, the purpose of which is still the same - to return the independence and greatness of France (a key expression in the political lexicone of the general). "Listening to the American president, I finally made sure that in business relations between the two states, the logic and feeling mean very little in comparison with the real force that the one who knows how to grab and hold the captured; And if France wants to take the oldest place, she should only count on himself, "writes de Gaulle.

After the resistance rebels, headed by Colonel, the Tangi Tang's Tank Troops opens the tank troops of the Military Governor Chad Philippe de Otraq (in the history of the lecturen under the name), the path to Paris, de Gaulle arrives in the liberated capital. A grand presentation is happening - the solemn procession of de Gaulle along the streets of Paris, with a huge crowd of the people, who is devoted to a lot of space in the "military memoirs" of the general. The procession passes by the historical places of the capital, the consecrated heroic history of France; De Gaulle later spoke of these moments: "With every step that I do, stepping on the most famous places in the world, it seems to me that the glory of the past seems to be joined by the glory of today."

Post-war government

From August 1944 de Gaulle - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of France (Interim Government). Its short, one-and-and-half-friendly activity in this post it subsequently characterizes as "salvation". France was "saving" from plans of the Anglo-American block: partial remilitarization of Germany, excluding France from among the great powers. And in Dumbarton Oks, at the conference of the great powers on the creation of the UN, and at the Yalta Conference in January 1945, representatives of France are absent. Shortly before the Yalta meeting, De Gaulle goes to Moscow to conclude the Union from the USSR in front of the Anglo-American Danger. General for the first time visited the USSR from 2 to 10 December 1944, arriving in Moscow through Baku.

On the last day of this visit in the Kremlin Stalin and de Gaulle signed an agreement on "Union and Military Assistance". The meaning of this act was, first of all, in the return of France of the status of the Great Power and recognition of it among the states of the winners. French General de Latre de Tassigny, together with the commander of the Allied Powers, takes in Karlshorst on the night from May 8 to May 9, 1945 the surrender of the German Armed Forces. Occupation zones in Germany and Austria are assigned to France.

After the war, a low standard of living was preserved, unemployment grew. It was not possible to even properly determine the political structure of the country. Elections to the Constituent Assembly did not give the advantages of any party (the relative majority of the Communists received, Maurice Torez became the Deputy Prime Minister), the draft constitution was repeatedly rejected. After one of the next conflicts about the expansion of the de Gaulle's military budget, January 20, 1946 leaves the post of head of government and is removed in Colombe-les-des-Des-Deux-Eglises), a small estate in Champagne (Department of Upper Marne ). He himself compares his position with the expulsion of Napoleon. But, unlike the idol of his youth, de Gaulle has the opportunity to observe French politics from the part - not without hope to return to it.

In opposition

The further political career of the general is associated with the "union of the French people" (in the French abbreviation RPF), with the help of which de Gaulle plans to come to power by the parliamentary way. RPF is satisfied with a noisy campaign. The slogans are the same: nationalism (fight against the influence of the United States), compliance with the traditions of resistance (the RPF emblem becomes the Larring Cross, which has once shown in the middle of the "Order of Liberation"), the struggle with a significant communist faction in the National Assembly. Success seemingly accompanying de Gaulle. In the fall of 1947, RPF wins the municipal elections. In 1951, 118 seats in the National Assembly are already at the disposal of Hollests. But before the triumph, which De Gaulle dreamed, far. The absolute majority of these elections RPF were not given, the Communists had further strengthened their positions, and most importantly - the bad fruits brought the de Gaulle electoral strategy. Famous English analyst Alexander Vert writes: "He was not a born demagogue. At the same time, in 1947, it became an impression that he decided to behave like demagogue and go to all demagogic tricks and tricks. It was hard to people who, in the past, produced a great impression of the severe dignity of de Gaulle. " Indeed, the general announces the war of the fourth republic, constantly notes his right to power in the country due to the fact that he and only he led her to liberation, pays a significant part of the speeches of the sharp criticism of the Communists, and so on to de Gavel adjoins a large number of careerists , people who have proven themselves not in the best way during the Vichy regime. In the walls of the National Assembly, they are included in the parliamentary "mouse", giving their votes to the extreme right. Finally, the full collapse of RPF comes - in the same municipal elections, as in those with which the history of his ascent began. On May 6, 1953, the general dissolves his party.

The least open period of the life of De Gaulle is coming - the so-called "transition through the desert". For five years, he spends in solitude in Colomba, working on the famous "military memoirs" in three volumes ("Call", "Unity" and "Salvation"). The general does not simply set out the event that has become the history of the event, but also seeks to find a response to the question of them: what led him to, no one driven by a brigade general, for the role of the national leader? Only a deep conviction is that "our country in the face of other countries should strive for great goals and not be incurred before, for otherwise it may be in mortal danger."

Return to power

The years 1957-1958 became the years in the deep political crisis of the Republic of IV. The tightening war in Algeria, unsuccessful attempts to form the Council of Ministers, finally - the economic crisis. According to the later evaluation of De Gaulle, "Many regime managers were conscious that the problem requires a cardinal solution. But to accept the hard solutions that this problem required, to demolish all the obstacles to their implementation ... It was higher for the strength of unstable governments ... The regime was limited to the fact that with the help of soldiers, weapons and money supported the struggle thatrew throughout the territory of Algeria and along the borders. It was very expensive that it was very expensive, for the armed forces had to keep there with a total number of 500 thousand people; This was expensive and from the point of view of foreign policy, for the whole world condemned the hopeless drama. As he felt, finally, the authority of the state, it was literally destructive. "

Activate t. N. "Ultiply" military groups that have strong pressure on Algerian military leadership. On May 10, 1958, four Algerian generals turn to the President of Rene Coti with an ultimatimative essentially demanding to prevent Algeria. On May 13, the armed formations of Ultra capture the building of the colonial administration in the city of Algeria; The generals will telegram in Paris with a requirement addressed to Charlet de Gaulle, "break silence" and make an appeal to the citizens of the country in order to create a "government of public confidence".

On May 15, 1958, information agencies extend the appeal de Gaulle:
... For 12 years now, how France tries to solve problems, unbearable for the parties mode, and goes to a catastrophe. Once in a hard hour, the country tried me so that I led her to salvation. Today, when new tests are coming the country, let it know that I am ready to take on all the powers of the republic.

If the statement would have sounded a year ago, in the height of the economic crisis, it would be perceived as a call for the state coup. Now, in the face of the serious danger of the coup, the de Gaulle is imposed on the hopes and Pflimlenna Centralists, and the moderate Socialists Gi Mole, and - above all - Algerian rebels, whom he did not directly condemn. The scales bowl leans towards de Gaulle, after the ticks in a matter of hours capture Corsica Island. They circulate rumors about landing in Paris of the parachute-landing shelf. At this time, the general confidently appeals to the rebels demanding to obey their command. On May 27, the "Ghost Government" Pierre Pflimlenna resigns. President Rene Koti, contacting the National Assembly, requires the election of the premier de Gaulle and transfer to him extreme authority to form the government and revising the Constitution. On June 1, 329, de Gaulle was approved as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

Resolute opponents of the parish to power de Gaulle were: radicals under the leadership of Mendez-França, left socialists (including the future president of Francois Mitteraran) and the Communists led by Torez and Dukelo. They insisted on the unconditional observance of the democratic states of the state, which de Gaulle wanted to revise in the sooner time.

Constitutional reform. Fifth Republic

Already in August, the project of the Prime Minister lays the draft of the new Constitution, in which France lives to the present. Parliament's powers were significantly limited. The principal responsibility of the government to the National Assembly remained (it can declare a vote of distrust, but the president, assigning the premiere, should not make it a candidacy for approval to parliament). The president, according to Article 16, in the case when "the independence of the republic, the integrity of its territory or the fulfillment of its international obligations is under a serious and immediate threat, and the normal functioning of state institutions is discontinued" (which to bring under this concept - not stipulated) may temporarily take In their own hands a completely unlimited power.

The principle of election of the president also changed. From now on, the head of state was not elected at a meeting of the parliament, but the electoral collegium, which consisted of 80 thousand people's alone (since 1962, after the adoption of constitutional amendments to the referendum - direct and universal voting of the French people).

On September 28, 1958, the twelve-year-old history of the Republic of IV was completed. The French people supported the Constitution of more than 79% of the vote. It was a direct vote of confidence General. If all his claims, starting in 1940, were dictated to the post "chapter of free French", the results of the referendum were eloquently confirmed: yes, the people recognized de Gaulle as their leader, it was in him who sees a way out of the current situation.

On December 21, 1958, less than three months, 76 thousand selectors in all cities of France elect the president. 75.5% of the electors gave their votes to Prime Minister. On January 8, 1959, the solemn inauguration de Gaulle occurs.

The post of Prime Minister of France in the period of the presidency of de Gaulle occupied such figures of the Hallest Movement, as "Knight of Gallism" Michel Debre (1959-1962), "Dofin" Georges Pompidou (1962-1968) and his permanent foreign minister (1958-1968) Maurice Ku de Murville (1968-1969).

At the head of state

"The first in France", the president did not want to rest on the laurels. He poses a question:
Do I have to make it so that it is possible to solve the vital problem of decolonization, to start the economic and social transformation of our country in the era of science and technology, to restore the independence of our policy and our defense, to turn France in the advocacy of the merger of all of Europe, to return to France. Her halo and influence In the world, especially in the "Third World" countries, which she used for many centuries? There is no doubt: here is the goal that I can and should achieve.

Decolonization. From the French Empire to the Frankofon Community of Nations

At the first place de Gaulle puts the problem of decolonization. Indeed, he came to power on the wave of Algerian crisis; Now he must confirm his role as a national leader, finding a way out of it. In an attempt to implement this task, the President came out for a desperate opposition not only by Algerian commander, but also the right lobby in the government. Only on September 16, 1959, the head of state offers three options for solving Algerian issues: a break with France, "Integration" with France (fully equate Algeria to the metropolis and extend to the population of its law and obligations) and "Association" (Algerian to nationalize the government Announced for the help of France and with a close economic and foreign policy union with the metropolis). The general clearly preferred the latest option, in which he met the support of the National Assembly. However, this even more consolidated the ultra-right, which were fed and not replaced by the military authorities of Algeria.

On September 8, 1961, an attempt was attempted to de Gaulle - the first of the fifteen, organized by the right "organization of the secret army" (Organization De L'Armee Secrete) - abbreviated OAS (OAS). The history of the attempts on de Gaulle was based on the famous book Frederick Forsight "Jackal Day".

The war in Algeria ended after the signing of bilateral agreements in Evian (March 18, 1962), which led to the referendum and the formation of an independent Algerian state. A significant statement de Gaulle: "The era of organized continents replaces the colonial era."

De Gaulle became the founder of the new policy of France in the postcolonial space: policies of cultural ties between Francophone (that is, French-speaking) states and territories. Algeria was not the only country that left the French empire for which de Gaulle fought for forties. For the 1960s ("Year of Africa") gained independence of more than two dozen African states. Vietnam and Cambodia also became independent. All these countries have remained thousands of French who do not want to lose touch with the metropolis. The main goal was to ensure the influence of France in the world, two poles of which - the United States and the USSR - have already been determined.

Gap with USA and NATO

In 1959, the president translates under the French command of the air defense, missile troops and troops excreted from Algeria. The decision taken unilaterally could not not cause friction with Eisenhower, and then with his successor Kennedy. De Gaulle approves repeatedly the right of France to do everything "as a hostess of his policy and on its own as well." The first test of nuclear weapons, held in February 1960 in the Sahara desert, marked the beginning of a number of French nuclear explosions, discontinued during Mittera and a briefly resumed shirac. De Gaulle repeatedly visited atomic objects, paying great attention to both peaceful and military development of the newest technologies.

1965 - the year of re-election de Gaulle for the second presidential period - became the year of two blows on the policy of the NATO block. On February 4, the general announces the refusal to use the dollar in international calculations and on the transition to a single gold standard. In the spring of 1965, the French ship delivered 750 million US dollars in the United States - the first tranche of 1.5 billion, which France intended to exchange for gold. [Source not specified 436 days] On September 9, the president reports that France does not consider itself related obligations to the North Atlantic block. . On February 21, 1966, France came out of the NATO military organization, and the headquarters of the organization was urgently translated from Paris to Brussels. In the official note, the Pompidu government announced the evacuation of 29 bases with 33 thousand people of personnel from the country.

From this time, the official position of France in international politics becomes sharply anti-American. The general condemns Israel's actions in the six-day war in 1967, and then the Vietnamese War.

In 1967, during a visit to Quebec (Francophone Province of Canada), de Gaulle completing the speech with a huge coherence of the people, exclaimed: "Long live Quebec!", And then added instantly who became famous words: "Long live free Quebec!" (FR. Vive Le Quebec Libre!). Scandal broke out. De Gaulle and his official advisers subsequently suggested a number of versions that allowed the accusation of separatism, among them - what was due to the freedom of Quebec and Canada as a whole from foreign military units (that is, again, NATO). According to another version, based on the whole context of the speech de Gaulle, he meant the Quebec comrades on the resistance, fought for freedom of the world from Nazism. One way or another, the supporters of Quebec independence were referred to this incident.

France and Europe. Special relationship with Germany and USSR

At the beginning of his rule, on November 23, 1959, de Gaulle made a famous speech about "Europe from the Atlantic to Urals". In the upcoming political union of Europe countries (the integration of the UES was connected then mainly with the economic side of the question), the president saw an alternative to the "Anglo-Saxon" NATO (in His concept of Europe, the United Kingdom was not included). In its activities on the creation of European unity, he went to a number of compromises who have determined the further peculiarity of France's foreign policy to the present.

The first compromise de Gaulle concerns the Federal Republic of Germany formed in 1949. She quickly restored its economic and military potential, in dire need of, nevertheless, in the political legalization of his state by the contract with the USSR. Deenauer took an obligation from the Adenauer Chancellor to oppose the English plan of the European Free Trade Zone, intercepting the de Gaulle initiative, in exchange for intermediary services in relations with the USSR. De Gaulle's visit to the FRG on September 4-9, 1962 shocked the world community with open support for Germany by a person, in two wars who fought against her; But it was the first step in reconciling countries and creating European unity.

The second compromise was associated with the fact that in the fight against NATO, the general was naturally enlisted with the support of the USSR - the country, which he considered not as much as the "Communist Totalitarian Empire", as like "eternal Russia" (cf. establishing diplomatic relations between "free France" and the leadership of the USSR in 1941-1942, a visit to 1944, pursuing one goal - to exclude the usurpation of power in the post-war France by the Americans). Personal dislike de Gaulle to communism [clarify] went to the background for the sake of national interests of the country. In 1964, two countries conclude a trade agreement, then an agreement on scientific and technical cooperation. In 1966, at the invitation of the President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR N. V. Podgorny de Gaulle applies an official visit to the USSR (June 20 - July 1, 1966). The president visited, in addition to the capital, Leningrad, Kiev, Volgograd and Novosibirsk, in which he visited the Siberian Scientific Center - Novosibirsk Academgorodok. Political success of the visit included the conclusion of an agreement on the expansion of political, economic and cultural ties. Both sides convicted American intervention in the internal affairs of Vietnam, founded a special political Franco-Russian Commission. An agreement was even concluded on the creation of a straight line between the Kremlin and the Elysees Palace.

Crisis De Gaulle administration. 1968 year

The seven-year presidential term de Gaulle expired at the end of 1965. According to the Constitution of the Republic of the Republic, new elections on the expanded electoral collegium were supposed to be held. But the president, who was going to run for the second term, insisted on the nationwide election of the head of state, and the relevant amendments were adopted on a referendum on October 28, 1962, for which de Gaulle had to take advantage of his authority and dissolve the National Assembly. Elections-1965 became the second direct election of the French president: the first to have occurred more than a century ago, in 1848, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte defeated them, future Napoleon III. Victory in the first round (December 5, 1965), for which the general was so expected. The second place took, having received 31%, which represented a wide opposition unit Socialist Francois Mitteraran, who performed with consistent criticism of the fifth republic as a "permanent public coup". Although in the second round on December 19, 1965 de Gaulle and took over Mitteran (54% against 45%), these elections were the first alarming signal.

The government monopoly on television and radio was unpopular (only printed media were free). An important reason for the loss of confidence in de Gaulle was his socio-economic policy. The growth of the influence of domestic monopolies, the agricultural reform, expressed in the elimination of a large number of peasant farms, finally, the arms race led to the fact that the standard of living in the country was not only not increased, but it became largely lower (the government called for self-restriction since 1963). Finally, more and more irritation gradually caused the identity of de Gaulle himself - he begins to seem to many, especially young people, inadequately an authoritarian and incompetent politician. The fall of the De Gaulle administration leads May events in France in 1968.

On May 2, 1968, in the Latin Quarter - the Paris district, where many institutes are found, the faculties of the University of Paris, student hostels - a student rebellion flashes. Students demand to open the Faculty of Sociology in the Paris suburb of the Nanterter, closed after similar unrest caused by the old, "mechanical" methods of education and a number of household conflicts with the administration. Starts of cars. Barricades are built around sorbonna. Police detachments are urgently caused, in which several hundred students are injured in the fight against which several hundred students are injured. The liberation of their arrested colleagues and the conclusion of police from the quarters is added to the requirements of rebels. The government does not solve these requirements to satisfy. Trade unions declare a daily strike. The position of de Gaulle is rigid: with the rebels of negotiations can not be. Prime Minister Georges Pompidu offers to open sorbonna and meet the requirements of students. But the moment is already lost.

On May 13, trade unions go on a grand demonstration that passed throughout Paris. Ten years have passed since the day, on the wave of Algerian rebellion, de Gaulle declared his readiness to take power. Now slogans are flying over the columns of the manifestations: "De Gaulle - in the archive!", "Goodbye, de Gaulle!", "13.05.58-13.05.68 - it's time to leave, Charles!" Anarchiving students fill sorbonna. The strike not only does not stop, but develops into an indefinite. 10 million people are beaten throughout the country. The economy of the country is paralyzed. Everyone has already forgotten about students from whom everything began. Workers require a forty-hour working week and raising the minimum salary up to 1000 francs. On May 24, the President performs on television. He suggests that "the country is on the verge of civil war" and that the president must be provided to, through a referendum, broad powers for the "update" (Fr. Rennouveau), and the latter concept was not specified. Confidence in de Gaulle was not. May 29 Pompidu holds a meeting of his office. De Gaulle is expected at the meeting, but the shocked prime minister learns that the president, taking the archives from the Champs Elysées palace, loss in Colombe. In the evening, the ministers learn that the helicopter with General in Colomba did not land. The President went to the Occupational troops of France in Germany, to Baden-Baden, and almost immediately returned to Paris. The absurdity of the situation speaks at least that Pompidou was forced to seek the chef with the help of air defense.

On May 30, de Gaulle in the Champs Elysée Palace reads the next radio. He declares that he will not leave his post, dismisses the National Assembly and appoints early elections. The last time in the life of de Gaulle uses a chance of solid hand to put an end to "renewed". Parliament elections are considered as a statement of confidence in their vote. Elections June 23-30, 1968 brought Hillists (UNR, "Union in support of the republic") 73.8% of places in the National Assembly. This meant that for the first time one party received an absolute majority in the lower chamber, and the overwhelming majority of the French expressed confidence General de Gaulle.

Resignation and death

The fate of the general is predetermined. The short-lived "passage" does not bring any fruits, in addition to replacing Pompidou on Maurice KuV de Murville and proclaimed plans for the reorganization of the Senate - the Upper House of Parliament - to the economic and social body representing the interests of entrepreneurs and trade unions. In February 1969, the general makes this reform on a referendum, declaring in advance that in the event of a loss it would take. On the eve of the referendum de Gaulle with all documents, it is relocked from Paris in Colomba and waiting for the results of the voting, regarding which does not feed, perhaps, no illusions. After at 10 o'clock in the evening on April 27, 1969, the defeat becomes obvious, after midnight on April 28, the president of the telephone reports the following document by phone: "I stop fulfilling the duties of the President of the Republic. This decision comes into force today at noon. "

After the resignation of De Gaulle and his wife went to Ireland, then rested in Spain, worked in Colomba over the "MEMUMARS OF HOPE" (not completed, reach 1962). Criticized the new authorities as "committed" with the greatness of France.

On November 9, 1970, at seven o'clock in the evening, Charles de Gaulle died suddenly in Colombe-le-des-Egliz from the aortic rupture. At the funeral on November 12 (at the village cemetery in Colombe near the daughter Anna) were present, according to the general will, only the nearest relatives and resistance comrades.

Heritage

After the resignation and death of De Gaulle, his temporary unpopularity remained in the past, he is aware of primarily as a large historical figure, the national leader, in one row with such figures, as Napoleon I. More often than during his presidency, the French associate his name with activities During the Second World War, calling him usually "General de Gaulle", and not just named and the last name. The rejection of the figure of de Gaulle in our time is characteristic mainly for the extreme left.

The Party "Association in support of the republic", created by de Gaulle, after a number of reorganization and rename continues to remain influential force in France. The party called now "Union for the Presidential Most", or, with the same abbreviation, "Union for People's Movement" (UMP), represents the former President of Nicolas Sarkozy, in his inaugural speech in 2007 she said: "[Getting Started by the Functions of the President Republic], I think about the general de Gaul, who saved the republic twice, returned independence to France, and the state is its prestige. " For supporters of this right centered course, the name of the Hollests was entrenched during the life of the general. Retreats from the principles of Hallism (in particular, towards the restoration of relations with NATO) were characteristic of the government of the Socialists under Francois Mittera (1981-1995); In such an "Atlantation" of the course, Critics were often accused of Sarkozy.

Reporting about the death of de Gaulle on television, his successor pompi said: "General de Gaulle died, France widowel." In his honor, Paris Airport (Fr. Roissy-Charles-de-Gaulle, Charles de Gaulle International Airport), Paris Square of the Star and a number of other memorable places, as well as the nuclear aircraft carrier of the French Navy. Near the Elysee fields in Paris, the General erected a monument. In 1990, he was named Square in front of the hotel "Cosmos" in Moscow, and in 2005, a monument to de Gaulle was established in the presence of Jacques Chirac.

Awards

* Grand Master of the Order of the Honorary Legion (as president of France)
* Big Cross Order Merit (France)
* Grand Master of the Order of Liberation (as the founder of the Order)
* Military Cross 1939-1945 (France)
* Order of the elephant (Denmark)
* Order of Serafimov (Sweden)
* Big Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (United Kingdom)
* Big Cross, decorated ribbon Order "For Merit to the Italian Republic"
* Big Cross Order "For Military Merit" (Poland)
* Big Cross of the Order of St. Olaf (Norway)
* Order of the Royal House Chakri (Thailand)
* Big Cross of the Order of the White Rose (Finland)

Notes
1. Sh. De Gaulle. Military memoirs. Call. 1940-1942. M.: Publishing House of Foreign Literature, 1957, p. 29.
2. Moscow - Paris. Collection interview. M.: Izvestia, 1989.
3. Military memoirs, p. 31.
4. N. N. Molchanov. General de Gaulle, M.: International Relations, 1980, p. 108.
5. Molchanov, p. 118.
6. K. Shant. Tanks: illustrated encyclopedia, p. 21, ISBN 5-465-00378-2
7. 1 2 3 Winston Churchill. The Second World War. Part 2, ch. 10.
8. 1 2 Memoirs of Hope, p. 220.
9. Molchanov, p. 147-149; from. 148 (reproduction of de Gaulle leaflets in French).
10. Military memoirs, p. 331-333 (documents "Documents").
11. Memoirs of Hope, p. 212.
12. Military memoirs, p. 110.
13. Military memoirs, p. 371-374 (document text).
14. Military memoirs, p. 416-417 (document text).
15. Military memoirs, p. 383-388 (document text).
16. In 1941-1943 Bogomolov was a police station of the USSR with allied governments in London, and in 1943-1944 - with the French Committee of National Liberation (Algeria); I. S. Ivanov. Essays of the history of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. 1802-2002: In 3 t. T. 2.
17. Molchanov, p. 177.
18. Molchanov, p. 203.
19. Molchanov, p. 239.
20. Molchanov, p. 249.
21. Molchanov, p. 298-299.
22. Military memoirs, p. 29.
23. Memoirs of Hope, p. 217, 218.
24. Molchanov, p. 357.
25. Molchanov, p. 359.
26. More The provisions of the Constitution are covered by Molchanova (p. 374-377) and M. Ts. Arzakanyan "General de Gaulle on the road to power."
27. Molchanov, p. 401.
28. Molchanov, p. 435.
29. Molchanov, p. 475.
30. Molchanov, p. 491.
31. Molchanov, p. 494.
32. PREMIER DISCOURS OFFICIEL DU PRESIDENT DE LA REPUBLIQUE.

Literature

* Goller sh. De. Military Memoirs T. 1: Call 1940-1942 / Per. With Fr. A. A. Anfilofyeva, Yu. B. Arzumanova, V. G. Gak and others - M.: Ast-Astrel, 2003. - 814 p. - (Military Historical Library). - ISBN 5-17-016112-3.
* Goller sh. De. Military memoirs. T. 2: Unity 1942-1944 / Per. With Fr. B. S. Weisman, H. M. Zharkova, N. I. Nemchinova, A. B. Autumn. - M.: Act, 2003. - 814 p. - (Military Historical Library). - ISBN 5-17-016113-1.
* Goller sh. De. Military memoirs. - T. 3: Rescue 1944-1946 / Per with Fr. I. V. Ionova, D. D. Litvinova, A. I. Shchedrov. - M.: AST, 2003. - 799 p. - (Military Historical Library). - ISBN 5-17-016114.
* Goller sh. De. De Gaulle Sh. Memoirs hopes // New and the newest story. - 1993. - № 5.
* Goller sh. De. On the tip of the sword. - M.: Europe, 2006. - (ideology). - ISBN 5-9739-0033-9. - 240 s.
* Arzakanyan M. Ts. De Gaulle and Hollysts on the road to power. - M.: Higher School, 1990 (reissue 2001 called "General de Gaulle on the way to power", ISBN 5-89826-075-7).
* Arzakanyan M. Ts. De Gaulle. - M.: Young Guard, 2007. - 302 p. - (Life of wonderful people). - 5000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-235-02972-9
* Arzakanyan M. Ts. Great de Gaulle: "France is me!". - M.: Yauza, Eksmo, 2012. - 512 p., 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-699-54522-3.
* Gordienko A. N. Commanders of the Second World War. - T. 1. - MN, 1997. - ISBN 985-437-268-5.
* Zalessky K. A. Who was who in World War II. Allies of the USSR. - M.: AST, 2004. - T. 1. - 702 p. - ISBN 5-17-025106-8
* Molchanov N. N. General de Gaulle. - M.: International Relations, 1973 (2nd ed. 1980, 3rd ed. 1988; the newest reissue of 2003 called "de Gaulle", ISBN 5-699-02678-9).
* Molchanov N. N. Unknown de Gaulle: The last great Frenchman. - M.: Eksmo, 2011. - 448 p. - (genius and villains). - ISBN 978-5-699-53020-5.
* Peyrefit A. So was de Gaulle / Sost. and per. V. I. Bozovic. - M.: Moscow School of Political Studies, 2002. - 695 p. - ISBN 5-93895-033-3.

Charles de Gaulle was born on November 22, 1890 in a patriotic family of Catholics. Although the genus de Gales is noble, DE in the surnames - not traditional for France "particle" of noble surnames, and the Flemish form of articles. Charles, like his three brothers and sister, was born in Lille in the house grandmother, where the mother came every time before childbirth, although the family lived in Paris. His father Henri de Gaulle was a professor of philosophy and literature at the School of Jesuits, which greatly influenced Charles. From early childhood, he loved to read. The story struck him so much that he had almost a mystical concept of serving France.

Already a boy he showed great interest in the military business. After a year of preparatory exercises in the Paris College Stanislav, he is accepted into a special military school in Saint-Cyr. He chooses the infantry for his own troops: it is more "military", since the closer to the combat actions. Study took place in the 33rd infantry shelf under the command of the then colonel loop. Military college he graduated from 1912 in 13 rank.

World War I

From the beginning of the First World War on August 12, 1914, Lieutenant de Gaulle takes part in hostilities as part of the 5th Army of the Charles of Lancar Placed in the Northeast. Already on August 15, in Dinan, he receives the first injury, returns to operation after treatment it is only in October. On March 10, 1915, in the battle of Menil-Le-Yurly, he was wounded the second time. Returns to the 33rd regiment he is in the rank of captain and becomes commander of the company. In the Verden battle at the village of Duomon in 1916, he was injured for the third time. Left on the battlefield, he is already posthumous - gets honorable from the army. However, Charles remains alive, captures the Germans; He is treated in the Mayenian hospital and hold in different fortresses.

De Gaulle makes five attempts to run. Together with him, M. N. Tukhachevsky, the future marshal of the Red Army was in captivity; Communication is tied between them, including military-theoretical topics. Captive de Gaulle reads German authors, learns more about Germany, this further helped him in a military command. It was then that he writes his first book "Discost in the Mill of the Enemy" (published in 1916).

1920s. A family

De Gaulle is exempt from captivity only after the truce November 11, 1918. From 1919 to 1921, de Gaulle is in Poland, where he teaches the theory of tactics in the former School of the Imperial Guard in Rebbertov near Warsaw, and in July-August 1920, a short time fighting at the front of the Soviet-Polish war 1919-1921 in Major's rank (RSFSR troops In this conflict, commands, ironically, just Tukhachevsky). Rejointing the proposal of a permanent position in the troops of Polish and returning to their homeland, he marries Yvonna Vandra on April 6, 1921. On December 28, the next year his son Philip is born, named after the Chef - subsequently the infamous traitor and the Antagonist de Gaulle Marshal Philippe Peten. Captain de Gaulle teaches in Saint-Sir school, then in 1922 admitted to the Higher Military School. May 15, 1924, Elizabeth daughter is born. In 1928, Anna's younger daughter was born, suffering from Down syndrome (the girl died in 1948; afterwards de Gaulle was a trustee of the Foundation for children with Down syndrome).

Military theorist.

In the 1930s, Lieutenant Colonel, and then Colonel de Gaulle becomes widely known as the author of military-theoretical works, such as "for the professional army", "on the edge of the sword", "France and its army". In his books, de Gaulle, in particular, indicated the need for the comprehensive development of tank troops as the main weapons of the future war. In this, his work is brought together with the works of the leading military theorist of Germany - Guderian. However, de Gaulle's proposals did not cause sympathy from the Military Command of France.

Best days

The Second World War. Leader of resistance

First declarations

By the beginning of the Second World De Gaulle had the rank of colonel. On May 14, 1940, he was instructed by the command of the new 4th regiment (5,000 soldiers and 85 tanks). From June 1, he temporarily performed the responsibilities of a brigade general (it was not enough for him to approve it in this rank, and after the war he received only a pension of the colonel from the fourth republic). On June 6, Prime Minister Paul Reyno appointed de Gavel Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs during the war. The general delayed by this post did not accept the conditions of the truce, and on June 15, after the transition of power to Marshal Perenu, emigrated to the UK.

It was this moment that became a turning point in the biographies of De Gaulle. In the "Memoirs of Hope" he writes: "On June 18, 1940, responding to the call of his homeland, devoid of any other help to save his soul and honor, de Gaulle, one, not known for anyone, was to take responsibility for France " On this day, the BBC transmits de Gaulle's radio simulation that calls for the creation of resistance. Soon the leaflets were spread, in which the general addressed "to all French" (a tous les français) with a statement:

"France lost the battle, but she did not lose the war! Nothing is lost because this war is world. The day will come when France returns freedom and greatness ... That's why I appeal to all Frenchmen to unite me around me in the name, self-sacrifice and hope. "

The general accused the office of the loop in betrayal and stated that "with the full consciousness of the debt speaks on behalf of France." There were other appeals to de Gaulle.

So de Gaulle stood at the head of "free (later -" battle ") France" - an organization designed to resist invaders and the collaborationist regime of Vichy.

At first, he had to face considerable difficulties. "I ... at first I did not imagine anything ... in France - anyone who could vouch for me, and I did not use any fame in the country. Abroad - no confidence and justification of my activity. " The formation of the organization of "Free France" was rather protracted. Who knows how the fate of De Gaulle would have arisen if he had not enlisted the support of Prime Minister UK Winston Churchill. The desire to create an alternative to the Government of Vichy led Churchill to the recognition of de Gaulle "the head of all free French" (June 28, 1940) and to help on the "promotion" de Gaulle in international terms. Nevertheless, in his memoirs about World War II, Churchill gives a very high evaluation of de Gaulle, and considers his cooperation with him forced - another alternative was simply not.

Control over the colonies. Development of resistance

In militarion, the main task was to convey on the side of the French patriots of the "French Empire" - extensive colonial possessions in Africa, Indochite and Oceania. After an unsuccessful attempt to capture Dakar de Gaulle, the Council of the Defense Council of the Empire, the Manifesto on the creation of which began with the words: "We, General de Gaulle (Nous Général de Gaulle), head of free French, decree", etc. The advice includes anti-fascist tuned military governors of French (usually African) colonies: Generals Katra, Eboch, Colonel Leclerc. From that moment on, de Gaulle emphasizes the national and historical roots of their movement. He establishes the Order of the Liberation, the main sign of which the Larring cross with two crossbars becomes - ancient, ascending to the era of feudalism, a symbol of the French nation. Decree on the creation of the Order Reminds the charters of the orders of the Royal France.

The great success of the "free France" was to establish shortly after June 22, 1941 of direct connections from the USSR (without hesitation, the Soviet leadership decided to translate Bogomolov - his ambassador with the mode of Vichy to London). For 1941-1942 The network of partisan organizations in the occupied France has grown. From October 1941, after the first mass executions of the hostages, the Germans, de Gaulle calls all the French to the total strike and the mass shares of disobedience.

Conflict with allies

Meanwhile, the actions of the "Monarch" caused irritation in the West. In the office of Roosevelt, they discovered openly about the "so-called free French", "sowing poisonous propaganda" and interfering with war management. On November 7, 1942, American troops are planted in Algeria and Morocco and go to negotiations with local French commander who supported Vichy. De Gaulle tried to convince the leaders of England and the United States that cooperation with Vichistami in Algeria would lead to the loss of moral support of allies in France. "The United States," de Gaulle spoke, are elementary feelings and complex politics in great affairs. " The contradiction between patriotic ideals de Gaulle and Roosevelt indifference in choosing supporters ("All those who help solve my problems are suitable, as he openly declared) has become one of the most important obstacles in conducting coordinated actions in North Africa.

The head of Algeria, Admiral Darlan, by that time the allied on the side of the Allies, was killed on December 24, 1942 20-year-old French Fernal Bonia de la Chapel. Suspiciously rapid investigation ended with hasty shooting La Chapels only every other day after the murder of Darlan. The leadership of the Allies appoints the "civil and military commander-in-chief" Algeria General of the Army Henri Zhiro. In January 1943, the Conference in Casablanc de Gaulle becomes a well-known plan of allies: replace the leadership of the "Fighting France" by the Committee led by Zhiro, which was planned to include a large number of persons who had supported the Government of Peten. In Casablanc de Gaulle exhibits quite understandable inappropriateness in relation to this plan. He insists on the unconditional observance of the national interests of the country (in the sense, as they were understood in the "fighting France"). This leads to a split "Fighting France" by two wings: nationalist, led by de Galer (supported by the Great Britain, headed by W. Churchill), and pro-American, grouping around Henri Zhiro.

On May 27, 1943, the National Council of Resistance Council, which (under the auspices de Gaulle) takes on the organization of the internal struggle in the occupied country to the constituent conspiracy meeting in Paris. The position of de Gaulle was increasingly strengthened, and the zhiro is forced to compromise: almost synchronously with the opening of the NSS, he invites general to the ruling structures of Algeria. He requires immediate submission to the Giro (commander of the troops) of civil authorities. The situation is glowing. Finally, on June 3, 1943, the French Committee of National Liberation is formed, at the head of which de Gaulle and Zhiro become equal. The majority in it, however, receive Hallers, and some adherents of his opponent (including KuV de Murville - the future Prime Minister of the Republic of Fifth) - go to the side of de Gaulle. In November 1943, Zhiro was derived from the Committee. The story with Zhiro is precisely the moment when the warlord de Gaulle becomes a politician. For the first time in front of him there is a matter of political struggle: "Or I, or he." For the first time de Gaulle applies effective political means of struggle, not a declaration.

On June 4, 1944, de Gaulle was called Churchill to London. The British Prime Minister announced the upcoming landing of the Allied Troops in Normandy and, at the same time, - about the full support of the Roosevelt line to the full dictate of the Will US. De Gaulle was given to understand that in his services do not need. In the draft handling written by the gene. D. D. Eisenhower The French people were ordered to fulfill all the prescriptions of the Union Command to the elections of legal authorities. It is clear that the Degollevsky Committee was not considered in Washington. A sharp protest de Gaulle forced Churchill to provide him with the right to speak to the French on the radio separately (and not to join the Eisenhauer text). In circulation, the general declared about the legitimacy of the government formed by the "Fighting France", and resolutely opposed the plans to subordinate to his American command.

Liberation of France

On June 6, 1944, the Allied Forces carry out a successful landing in Normandy, discovering, thereby, the second front in Europe. De Gaulle after a short stay on the liberated French land again headed to Washington to negotiations with President Roosevelt, the purpose of which is still the same - to return the independence and greatness of France (the key expression in the political lexicon general). "Listening to the American president, I finally made sure that in business relations between the two states, the logic and feeling mean very little in comparison with the real force that the one who knows how to grab and hold the captured; And if France wants to take the oldest place, she should only count on himself, "writes de Gaulle.

After the resistance rebels, headed by Colonel, the Tangi's role open to the tank troops of one of the most famous companions de Gaulle, the Military Governor Chad Philippe de Oppuls (in the history of the lecture on the name), the path to Paris, de Gaulle arrives in the liberated capital. A grand presentation is happening - the solemn procession of de Gaulle along the streets of Paris, with a huge crowd of the people, who is devoted to a lot of space in the "military memoirs" of the general. The procession passes by the historical places of the capital, the consecrated heroic history of France, and the general recognizes: "With every step that I am doing, stepping on the most famous places in the world, it seems to me that the glory of the past seems to be joined by the glory of today." De Gaulle never considered himself a politician only his time, did not put himself in a row with such figures as Churchill or Roosevelt, but aware of his importance, his mission in the context of centuries-old French history.

Post-war government

From August 1944 de Gaulle - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of France (Interim Government). Its short, one-and-and-half-friendly activity in this post it subsequently characterizes as "salvation". France was "saving" from plans of the Anglo-American block: partial remilitarization of Germany, excluding France from among the great powers. And in Dumbarton Oks, at the conference of the great powers on the creation of the UN, and at the Yalta Conference in January 1945, representatives of France are absent. Shortly before the Yalta meeting, De Gaulle goes to Moscow to conclude the Union from the USSR in front of the Anglo-American Danger. General first visited Moscow from 2 to 10 December 1944 on the last day of this visit in the Kremlin I. V. Stalin and de Gaulle signed an agreement on "Union and Military Assistance". The importance of this act was primarily in the return of France of the status of the Great Power and recognition of it among the winning States. French General Deratr de Tassigny, together with the commander of the Allied Powers, takes in Karlshorst on the night from May 8 to May 9, 1945. The capitulation of the German Armed Forces. Occupation zones in Germany and Austria are assigned to France.

This period was marked by the exacerbated contradiction between the foreign policy "value" of the country and not the best internal position. After the war, a low standard of living was preserved, unemployment grew against the background of a strengthened MIC. It was not possible to even properly determine the political structure of the country. Elections to the Constituent Assembly did not give the advantages of a single party (the relative majority - that eloquently testifies to the situation - they received the Communists, Maurice Torez became a deputy prime minister), the draft constitution has repeatedly rejected. After one of the next conflicts about the expansion of the de Gaulle's military budget, January 20, 1946 leaves the post of head of government and removes the colombey-le-deux-églis (Colombey-les-Deux-églises), a small estate in Champagne (Marn Top Department). He himself compares his position with the expulsion of Napoleon. But, unlike the idol of his youth, de Gaulle has the opportunity to observe French politics from the part - not without hope to return to it.