Every day school program gradually leaves our mind and many simple things can be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a compound sentence can lead an adult to a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.

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Compound sentence

A compound sentence (CSP) is one in which the parts are connected writing connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. All elements are equal and independent.

Division by the meaning of conjunctions of a compound sentence

1. Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so;
2. Dividing: or, or .. or, either, then .. that, or .. whether, not that .. not that;
3. Opposite: ah, but, yes (= but: handsome, yes stupid), but, however.

When children are only introduced to the types of sentences at school, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above stand out. However, in high school Students are divided into three groups:

1. Gradational: not only, not so much .. how much, not that .. but, not that .. but also;
2. Explanatory: namely, that is;
3. Connecting: moreover, moreover, and, too, also.

Thus, a compound sentence is distinguished with connecting unions, dividing and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational unions, explanatory and connecting.

Compound sentences: examples and schemes

After the weekend, he felt better, and he recovered completely.

Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction and shows the sequence of actions.

Every day he had to do his homework or help his mother with the housework.

Scheme: () or (). Dividing andwhether mutually exclusive events.

You now shoot something, and I'll make a fire.

Scheme: (), and (). Union a- adversative, which means that there is an opposition in the sentence.

Not only relatives admired her mind, but also complete strangers.

Schema: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure separates events by significance and importance.

His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.

Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory union that is.

We have to do it, and we have very little time.

Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesgives additional facts and information.

Punctuation in compound sentences

In SSP, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.

The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeating coordinating conjunctions:

Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be obeyed.

Scheme: (), and ().

Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.

Scheme: either (), or ().

Semicolon used when SSP elements are very common and commas are already in use:

The boy rejoiced at the new kite, ran after it and was the happiest man; and the elements are already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.

Scheme: (); a ().

A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:

I have an opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.

Scheme: (), and (); and ().

Dash is put in the event that parts of a compound sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:

Hall froze for a second – and then there was wild applause.

Scheme: () - and ().

When there are no punctuation marks

The parts of the MTP are:

1. Interrogative: When will you be in town again and do I dare to ask for a meeting?
2. Incentives: Do everything well and let you cope with everything.
3. Exclamation points: You are so good and I love it so much!
4. Denominations: Cold and wind. Dullness and heat.
5. Impersonal offers: Cold and windy. Dull and sultry.

2. BSC with separating relations (= using separating unions).

The unions of this group include OR and OR (single and repeated), THEN ... THEN, NOT THAT ... NOT THAT and THAT ... OR (repeating).

The main meaning of such proposals is mutual exclusion and alternation. Both of these meanings can be expressed using the conjunctions OR and OR. For example, the meaning of alternation is expressed in the sentence Duremar either caught leeches in the swamp, or he was drawn to collect worms on the paths. And the meaning of mutual exclusion is expressed in the sentence "Either I went crazy, or this doll came to life," thought Papa Carlo. Note that the single use of the conjunctions in question also expresses these meanings.

Only the meaning of the alternation expresses the union TO ... TO: Either Pinocchio believed the words of the fox and the cat, then he considered them scammers. The remaining two unions NOT THAT ... NOT THAT and THAT ... WHETHER express the meaning of mutual exclusion: Either Karabas did not like children at all, or he did not know how to handle them.

For NGN of the first two types, such a structural moment is also important: sentences with connecting and adversarial conjunctions are open-type sentences, they can include an almost unlimited number of parts joined using the same coordinating union. For other types of SSP, this is impossible, sentences can only consist of two predicative units (you can continue the sentences we have compiled ourselves).

3. SSP with adversarial relations (= using adversarial conjunctions).

The unions of this group include BUT, YES (=but), ZATO, HOWEVER, SAME, A, AT THE TIME AS, THEN, BETWEEN AS, IF ... THEN.

Sentences of this type may indicate the opposition or comparison of two phenomena.

The opposition is expressed by the unions BUT, YES, ZATO, HOWEVER and SAME: Pinocchio did not want to sell the alphabet, but he could not cope with the desire to go to the theater. Duremar could not find out the secret of the golden key, but he managed to catch a lot of thick and expensive leeches (the ZATO union has an additional connotation of compensation, compensation). Pinocchio wanted to slip away from the tavern without paying, however, the owner of the "Three Minnows" closely followed the visitors (in this sentence, HOWEVER is similar to BUT, but it should be borne in mind that HOWEVER is also an introductory word). Malvina really wanted to educate Pinocchio, but he only wanted to mess around (the union SAME combines the meaning of an opposing union and an intensifying particle, therefore it stands inside the second part, after the first word. Often this union is forgotten when drawing up a diagram, so the proposal according to the scheme turns out to be union-free).

Union A often expresses comparative relations, they are also expressed by the book analogues of the union A - WHEN, BETWEEN THE HOW, THEN AS and IF ... THEN. For example: Piero really wanted to find Malvina, but Pinocchio scoffed and did not want to give the address of his beautiful lover. If Pinocchio looked like Papa Carlo, then Piero was the spitting image of Giuseppe (the second part of the union is mandatory, if it is possible to remove TO, the union is considered as subordinating).

The listed book analogues of A very often cause confusion in the syntactic analysis of the sentence, many consider the sentence as a complex one. To a certain extent, this error is due to the fact that in the rules of punctuation these unions are listed in the same row as the subordinate ones. We would recommend for practice to make 10 sentences with these unions and think about the meaning.

4. BSC with affiliations (= using affiliations).

The unions of this group include YES AND, AND, AND, ALSO, TOO.

The first two of the unions listed indicate additional information: Papa Carlo decided to go in search of Pinocchio, and Giuseppe advised him to travel.

Unions ALSO and ALSO indicate that what is reported in both parts is correlated with each other. At the same time, these unions are inside the second part of the MTP, therefore, like the union of the SAME, they are often lost when analyzing the proposal and drawing up the scheme: Pierrot was happy to see Malvina, the doll with blue hair was also delighted with the boy in love with her.

5. SSP with explanatory relations (= using explanatory conjunctions).

Only two unions belong to the unions of this group - THAT IS and NAMELY.

Sentences using these unions usually refer to the book style, they are quite rare in ordinary speech, but we will still try to give an example: The old cricket predicted Pinocchio's life full of dangers, that is, he predicted in advance all the terrible adventures of Pinocchio himself and his friends.

6. SSP with gradation relations (= using gradation unions).

The alliances of this group include double alliances NOT ONLY ... BUT AND, NOT THAT THAT ... BUT: Not that Duremar was an evil person but he always acted for his own benefit. Not only was the nasty Bat on his side with Alice and Basilio, but the police dogs were on their side as well.

We have described all types of SSP. Now, before giving the task, we would like to talk about the difficulties that schoolchildren and applicants have when answering the question about the SSP.

The main problem lurks when you give examples of different SSPs. Not everyone makes sure that the invented sentence has two predicative bases. Often given as an SSP, an example turns out to be a simple sentence, because a coordinating conjunction, correctly used, connects two homogeneous members - either two predicates, or two subjects. For example: * Not only Pinocchio, but also his friends wanted to solve the mystery of the golden key. * It was dark, and cold, and scary.

Therefore, our first task will be associated with this type of error.

Exercise 1.

Below is a text that uses different coordinating conjunctions. Place punctuation marks and underline the SSP, describing the type of this SSP.

And the Goat and her relatives and all the other animals in the forest were very afraid of the wolf. They were not only afraid to leave their children at home alone, but they themselves tried not to walk through the forest alone. But life required, if not constantly, then at least occasionally to go to forest shops to purchase food. This morning either the goats didn’t eat cabbage leaves well, or the goat herself understood the need to diversify the children’s diet, but after breakfast she got up and informed the children that they were left alone while she, their mother, went to the supermarket on the opposite side of the forest.

The goats weren't upset. All children, both in ordinary families and in animal families, like to stay at home alone. What is life like with parents? No running, no hide-and-seek, no movie to watch. They saw off their mother and immediately they all began to indulge together. More precisely, the older brothers dabbled while the younger sister tried to calm them down. The noise in the house was incredible and no one paid attention to the quiet steps outside. Either the wolf was attracted by an unusual noise in the neighboring house, or he saw a goat leaving on business, but the wolf stood under the door and knocked. At first, the kids did not hear the knock, but the little sister drew their attention to incomprehensible sounds.

The kids asked the usual question in such a situation and tried to speak very strictly. The wolf introduced himself as a mother goat, but the children did not believe it. They found a forgery, that is, the voice of the speaker was too thick. Therefore, the elder goat told the uninvited guest to leave, the brothers also joined in the request. At the same time, not only were they not afraid, but they did not even realize who the guest was.

The wolf went to the forest blacksmith and he forged a new voice for him. If the voice began to look like a goat, then the predator itself did not look like a goat in any way, but the stupid kids nevertheless made a mistake and opened the door to the wolf and were immediately eaten terrible beast. The younger goat, however, hid. As her mother punished her, so did the little girl.

The goat returned and saw the door wide open and immediately understood everything. She became ill and cried. Either by some chance, or by the will of the storyteller, hunters were walking through the forest. It was they who helped solve the problem and freed the kids from the wolf's belly, and then the fairy tale ended.

The second problem arises when placing punctuation marks in the SSP. The usual rule says that a comma is placed between parts of the SSP. Exceptions are possible when using the union I.

The comma is not put if:

Both parts have a common minor member: Malvina had big gray eyes and blue curls fell to her waist. In the girl's garden, birds sang and multi-colored butterflies fluttered.

Two impersonal sentences are combined, which have synonymous members in their composition. "We must take his temperature and try to give him castor oil," both doctors agreed.

common for those connected by a coordinating union AND two parts turns out to be subordinate clause: While Pinocchio was washing, breakfast appeared on the table and smelled of freshly brewed coffee and buns.

parts of the BSC have a common introductory word. Most often, this word indicates the same source of the message for both parts: According to the inhabitants of the Land of Fools, police dogs constantly growl at them and they are afraid to go out alone into the streets. There may be a common introductory word indicating the degree of reliability of both statements (it will turn out to be the same for them): Fortunately, Pinocchio managed to hide in a jug and he was able to stir up the conversation between Karabas and Duremar.

two parts of a complex structure connected by the union And can have a common third part that unites them. It includes the meaning of both parts and is connected with them by an allied connection: It was like a miracle: a magical land turned out to be outside the door and a new puppet theater rose in the center of the fabulous city.

If two indefinitely personal sentences are parts of the SSP, then a comma is not put between them if the same producer of two actions is thought of: Puppets in this theater are tortured and do not give them the opportunity to rest between performances.

More rare cases when a comma is not put between parts of the SSP are the combination of two interrogative sentences, incentive, exclamation or nominal: "Who are you and what do you need?" - Carabas asked angrily. "Let the winter end and warm days come!" - dreamed dolls locked in cramped quarters.

So, in order to correctly place the signs in front of the "and" connecting the parts of the BSC, you need:

1. Determine what is in front of you difficult sentence, see both of its bases.

2. Consistently check if your example fits the above cases of non-placement of a comma.

3. If the proposal does not contain anything that would allow us to refuse a comma, put it.

Task 2.

Place punctuation marks between homogeneous members of the sentence and SSP. Emphasize SSP.

Grandfather planted a turnip and a large turnip grew. The huge vegetable was almost to the waist of the grandfather and protruding menacingly from the ground with its very appearance terrified the grandfather. "How can I pull it out of the ground and where will I put it then?" - the grandfather thought, waking up at night, and pushing the grandmother, he tried to discuss the problem with her. But the grandmother turned over on the other side, not understanding the problems of her husband and confident that everything would somehow manage to fall asleep.

By the end of summer, the turnip filled almost the entire garden, and thus it ruined almost the rest of the crop. While the grandmother sawed her husband and demanded to dig up a vegetable that turned out to be the only family food for next winter, the first frosts came and the turnip froze tightly to the garden. Then grandfather put on warm gloves that his wife had given him last night. New Year and went to extract a giant product from the earth. Only, even after an hour of work, the turnip did not give in and the exhausted grandfather was forced to call his wife. The grandmother, convinced, like all women, that pulling a turnip is not a woman's job, grumbled and groaned for a long time and scolded her grandfather for his male failure. But then she looked out the window and looked at her exhausted husband, took pity on him and went to help. Grandfather took the grandma's turnip for the grandfather and it became clear that the two of them could not cope.

Fortunately summer holidays not yet run out and the granddaughter who was visiting the old people had not yet left for the city. It was necessary to call her for help and it was necessary to convince the spoiled girl that her help was really needed. Grumbling, the granddaughter nevertheless came to the garden and, seeing a giant plant, was delighted. "What a beauty and how great she would look in a photograph!" - the granddaughter exclaimed for the first time in three months of rest when she saw a turnip and ran into the house for a camera. Seeing the activity of the hostess, her dog, a huge St. Bernard named Zhuchka, ran after her and, growling menacingly, tried to help in pulling the turnip out of the garden. You should have seen it: a grandfather, out of breath, holding on to a turnip and a sweaty grandmother trying to hold on to her husband, and a granddaughter in fashionable sandals grabbed her grandmother, and even Zhuchka was pulling her granddaughter by the hem at the risk of tearing off a piece of expensive chiffon. But all efforts are in vain and the turnip remains in the garden.

Then the granddaughter decides to take an extreme measure and brings a fat and lazy cat Vaska and demands help in harvesting. But even in such a company: grandfather and grandmother and granddaughter and Zhuchka and Vaska - they are not able to finally pull the turnip out of the ground. After half an hour of hard work, everyone was tired and grandfather announced a smoke break. Everyone sat down right on the beds despite the dirt and began to think about further actions. And only Vaska dozed off, clinging to the warm back of the Bugs and falling into a blissful state, he even rumbled. And then a mouse ran past Vaska and, feeling the cat's food, immediately woke up. True, he forgot about the nearby back of the St. Bernard and clinging to it with sharp claws caused a desperate ... th scream of the Bugs. The unfortunate woman screamed and jumped up from the garden and jumped on her granddaughter, and she, falling, grabbed the end of her grandmother's scarf and, pulling it towards herself, tied the knot around the grandmother's neck even tighter. The light dimmed before the grandmother's eyes and cursing the day when she married her grandfather, which led to the birth of her granddaughter and her arrival on vacation and to the events described with the turnip, the grandmother, with her last strength, grabbed the hand of her husband sitting next to her. From surprise, the grandfather yelled and jumped to his feet, grabbed something that was nearby and pulled it with all his might. A minute later, a turnip pulled out of the ground lay upside down in the garden, and the whole company danced around it, not believing in unexpected happiness.

The main culprit of the events, the mouse, was never found, and we think that another direct culprit of the incident, the cat Vaska, dined on it.

Task 3.

We would highly recommend that all schoolchildren try to compose a coherent text in which to combine sentences with homogeneous members, combined with the help of coordinating unions, and SSP. This will be a practice for answering the exam, and will also help you review the rules of punctuation.

§ 3. Complex sentence, its types.

A complex sentence (CSP) is a type of joint venture in which parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words.

Before talking about the types of NGN, it is necessary to define some important concepts for this type of complex sentence.

As a rule, there are two parts in NGN, they are unequal, one part turns out to be the main one, the other is dependent, traditionally it is called subordinate. From the main to the subordinate, you can ask a question, the type of the subordinate part is determined by the question. Another way to determine the type of clause would be the nature of the allied remedy used. True, the second method of verification must still be corrected by raising the question, since in some types of the subordinate clause one union can be used. For example, Pinocchio's proposal was stupid and naive, so it was not difficult for the fox and the cat to deceive him. subordinate corollary. This can only be determined by the use of the union "so", because this union is not used anywhere else. For a proposal, Pinocchio loved to be looked after, it is necessary to ask from the main part to the subordinate question (what did he love?). After all, the union "to" can be not only in the explanatory, but also in other types of subordinate clauses - goals, measures.

Parts of the NGN can be connected using subordinating conjunctions (lists can be found in various teaching aids in Russian) and with the help of allied words. In the role of allied words are relative pronouns(who, what, what, which, whose, what, how much) and relative pronominal adverbs (where, where, when, where, why, why, why, how). Unions stand between the parts, not entering into any, although they are located in the subordinate. Allied words not only connect parts, but are also members of the clause of the subordinate part. The difficulty is that some unions and allied words turn out to be homonymous (this is what, how, when, what). We will talk about the criteria for distinguishing when talking about each type of NGN.

All SPPs could be divided into two groups. There are types of clauses that refer to the entire main part, and there are those that refer to one of the words in the main part (=conditional). The adjectives include attributive clauses, explanatory clauses, some clauses of time, clauses of place, measures and degrees, modes of action, and comparative comparatives. The rest are inconsequential.

In the main part of the NGN, there may be so-called correlative (or demonstrative) words that are used in tandem with allied words and even with unions. In the role of correlative words, demonstrative pronouns are used that, everything, so much and demonstrative pronoun adverbs there, there, everywhere, nowhere, and so on. In some types of NGN, the use of correlative words is mandatory, it is a reference for attaching a subordinate clause. For example, this is necessary in pronominal-defining clauses: Everyone who spoke with Pinocchio was surprised at his lack of education. In other types of subordinate clauses, correlative words are possible, but not necessary, they can be removed from the sentence structure, for example, in the explanatory clause: Pinocchio constantly dreamed of how he would get rich.

It must also be said that the subordinate part can stand in different positions in relation to the main one. Maybe at the beginning (preposition): When Papa Carlo went to buy dinner for Pinocchio, the boy got off the table and stuck his long nose into the painted hearth. It may appear after the main part (post-position): Pinocchio pierced a hole in the hearth, because the hearth was only painted on canvas. And, finally, interposition is possible when the subordinate part is located in the middle of the main one: In the house, which was comfortably located on the edge of the forest next to a lovely pond, lived the most beautiful doll of Karabas - Malvina. For some types of clauses, no matter where the clause is located, the sentence can be changed so that the position of the clause in relation to the main one changes (this is possible, for example, for clauses of time with the union "when"). There are types of subordinate and certain groups of allied means that fix a certain position of the subordinate part in relation to the main one. For example, the use of the temporary union “as suddenly” requires the postposition of the subordinate part: Malvina was about to go outside and sit down for breakfast, when she suddenly saw Pinocchio hanging upside down on a tree.

Now let's talk about each type of accessory part. When characterizing each type of subordinate clause, we will adhere to the following plan: the question that the subordinate clause answers; is it conditional or not; the type of allied means used in the subordinate part; the place of the subordinate clause in relation to the main one, as well as the obligatory or optional use of the correlative word in the main part. We would advise schoolchildren and applicants to follow the same plan when answering a question on an oral exam.

With what cadets of the senior classes listen to the divergent good-natured uncle. (Chekhov, Lights). In compound sentences, allied words are not used. Chapter 2 2.1. Compound sentences with coordinating conjunctions. The question of the differentiation of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions on a syntactic basis Shiryaev ...

A classification of simple sentences, predicative units is constructed, in its most perfect version - the classification of structural schemes, presented in the "Russian Grammar" of 1980 (N.Yu. Shvedova). Complex sentences differ, are opposed to different grounds hence the difficulty in classifying them. Unlike a simple sentence, in a complex sentence there is no direct and obligatory connection ...

Compound sentences in Indo-European languages» Chapter 2. Compound sentences with coordinating and subordinating connections. 2.1. Types writing connection in a complex sentence. In the previous chapter, we looked at the two main types of syntactic link in a complex sentence: coordinating and subordinating. In this chapter, we will focus on the varieties of coordinating and subordinating ...

Appositive sentences of the introductory type are one of the typological features of English syntax. CHAPTER 2. DEFINITIVE SUPPLY SENTENCES AS A MEANS OF COMPLETING THE THEMATIC PART OF THE SENTENCE, Clarifying And Describing Images In O. Wylde's Novel “The Picture Of Dorian Gray” 2.1. Offers of a limiting type. These sentences are closely related to the word being defined and cannot ...

1. Relations of mutual exclusion are expressed with the help of unions or (il), or, not that ... not that, either ... or.

1. Alternation sentences (with a repeating union that ... that) say that the events reported in the predicative parts exist in different time plans, that is, they alternate. Such sentences are used in all stylistic varieties of the literary language. For example: That dim sun shines, then a black cloud hangs (Nekrasov). Her chest either rose high, or it seemed she was holding her breath (Lermontov).

More on the topic § 88. Compound sentences with disjunctive unions:

1. 328. Syntactic relations between parts of compound sentences
2. § 87. Compound sentences with connecting unions
3. § 88. Compound sentences with divisive unions
4. § 203. Semantic relations between parts of a compound sentence
5. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF PARTS IN COMPOUND SENTENCES
6. Principles of classification of compound sentences. Structural and semantic characteristics of the types of compound sentences. The place of complex sentences with connecting and gradational unions in the system of a complex sentence. Question about compound sentences with explanatory conjunctions.

The main groups of compound sentences.

According to the unions that connect parts of a complex sentence, compound sentences are divided into three main groups:

1) deals with a slozhnosochinonnye of d e and n and m o m e n u m and unions (and, yes, no, no, too, also, 2) slozhnosochinonnye offers for s e l e and l f t s n s m and unions (or,or, it - it is not - it is not the); 3) slozhnosochinonnye deals with n p o and t and t n e s s n- m and unions ( but, but, yes, but, but, however, otherwise, not that ).

Different unions express different relationships between simple sentences that are part of a compound, for example: 1) union and can express the simultaneity of phenomena: Transparent forest one is black, and spruce through frost greens, and stream under ice glitters (AP); 2) union but expresses "the opposition: I called you, but you didn't look back. (Block.)

Various semantic relations between sentences in their composition are expressed not only unions, but often the relationship of verbal forms and lexical means, in particular pronominal words, including the second sentence.

1) The sun has just village, and a thin light scarlet lay on green vines, high stamens, on dry land. (T.) Union and expresses a sequence of events. Predicate in the first sentence (village) expressed by a perfective verb, and in the second sentence - by an imperfective verb (lying). These verb forms allow you to indicate that after a short action, a long action arose.

2) and that's why I didn't wait for dinner and went to bed. (Ars.) In this example, the second sentence in the sense of a first result; that its value is maintained pronominal adverb because.(Compare: That day I was a little unwell, and I did not wait for dinner and went to bed.)

3) Marianne not I was a child, but the directness and simplicity of feeling, she was like a child. (T.) The opposition value is supported in this example by the negative particle not with the predicate of the first sentence.

Slozhnosochinonnye deals with connecting unions.

1. Union and is ambiguous: it can refer to simultaneous actions (sitting and silent) their sequence (I jumped up and run) on the conditionality of other actions (He cried out in his sleep and woke up, i.e., woke up from a scream), etc. Therefore, in a complex sentence, he can connect parts that speak of the simultaneity of events, or of their following one after another, or of the conditionality of one event by another. Consider the examples: 1) Yielding bent ear, and Wheat wall rises, and girlfriend silver voice our resounding song sings. (OK.)(This compound sentence consists of three parts; in a complex sentence, the simultaneity of phenomena is established; simultaneity is expressed by enumerative intonation, union and and the same type of verb forms: in all three parts, the verbs of the imperfect form of the present tense are predicates.) 2) The coachman whistled and the horses galloped. (P.)(This complex sentence conveys a sequence of phenomena; the sequence is expressed by the union and, lexical meanings of verb forms; predicates are expressed by verbs of the perfect form of the past tense.) 3) Lightning flashed , and after that a sharp clap of thunder was heard.(This sentence conveys a sequence of phenomena; the sequence is expressed primarily by the combination after that, a also union i.) 4) The darkness, meanwhile, thickened more and more, and objects lost their contours. (Ch.)(The second part of the sentence has the meaning of the corollary.) 5) I don't know you, Daria Mikhailovna, and because you can not like me. (T.)(In this example, the presence of a pronominal adverb because in the second part emphasizes the meaning of the consequence.) In scientific prose, the temporal sequence is very often combined with the meaning of the consequence, for example: The Earth gradually cooled down, gave off its heat to the cold interplanetary space. Finally, her temperature approached 100°, and then the water vapor of the atmosphere began to condense into drops and rushed in the form of rain onto the hot desert surface of the earth.(Oparin.) In the second compound sentence, a simple sentence attached by the union and , which is combined with the word then, includes subsequent events that are a consequence. In scientific and business speech, there are also compound sentences with a conditional-investigative meaning, for example: Change the type of metabolism of a living body, and you will change heredity. (The first part with the predicate in the form of the imperative mood has the meaning of the condition, and the second - with the predicate in the form of the future tense - has the meaning of the consequence.)

2. Much less commonly used in literary language connecting union Yes. It is found mainly in artistic speech, for example: A hungry wolf in the wilderness groaned piercingly, Yes the wind beat and roared, playing on the river. (N.) It has an additional colloquial-everyday or folklore connotation.

3. Unions too and also close in value to the union and, but they do not stand between the parts of the sentence, but inside the second part, with them there may be an additional union and .

EXAMPLES. one) Tears dried up in my eyes, sister too stopped crying. (A.) 2) The strange old man spoke very slowly, the sound of his voice also amazed me. (T.)

4. Union neither -neither (only repeating in the modern literary language) combines two meanings: a connecting union and and amplifying particle nor, which is used in negative sentences, therefore the union no no used to link negative sentences.

Example. Neither I can't see the light of the sun neither there is no space for my roots. (Cr.)(Compare: And I can't see the light of the sun and there is no space for my roots.)

Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions.

1. Union or indicates the presence or possibility of one of two or a number of phenomena, as well as the alternation of phenomena referred to in sentences. examples . 1) Only occasionally a shy deer will run through the desert, or the playful herd of horses will anger the silence of the valley. (L.) 2) ile the plague will catch me or frost will ossify or A slow disabled person will slam a barrier in my forehead. (P.)

2. Union then-that (repeating only) indicates an alternation of phenomena.

EXAMPLE That the door creaks then the gate quietly opens, then a hunched figure weaves from house to house through the gardens.

(Kor.)

3. Union not that - not that(repeating only) indicates the difficulty of distinguishing one from two or from a series of phenomena due to the uncertainty of the impression from each

Example. Not that to whom the horses were given, not that who is new.(Danilevsky.)

Unions or, that-that stylistically neutral, sentences

they can be used in any style of speech. Unions il, not that - not that have a touch of colloquialism, designs with them are more characteristic of everyday style

Compound sentences with adversarial conjunctions.

1. Union a indicates that the second phenomenon is opposed to the first or is somewhat different from it.

EXAMPLES. one) They woke up a we are going to sleep. (T.) 2) I met a man and a woman in a swamp. He walked with a scythe a she is with a rake. (Etc.)

2. Unions but, yes, but, however, indicate that the second phenomenon is opposed to the first. Union Yes, like a connecting union Yes, has an additional colloquial-everyday or folklore connotation.

EXAMPLES. one) The sun has set but it's still light in the forest. (T.)

2) I lay as if in oblivion, but sleep did not close my eyes. (Ext.) 3) A hot face sought the wind Yes there was no wind. (T.) 4) More than one stripe is visible on the sides of your hollow whip, but in the courtyards of the inns you ate plenty of oats. (N.)

3. Union same combines two meanings: an opposing union and an intensifying particle; therefore, it does not stand between parts of sentences, but after the first word in the second part of sentences (highlighting this word); it is used, as a rule, to connect sentences, and not individual words.

EXAMPLE The student himself laughed most cheerfully and loudest of all, he but most likely he stopped all of them. (M. G.)

4. Unions and that, not that match the words otherwise, otherwise; sentences with them are usually used in colloquial everyday speech.

EXAMPLES. one) You, Tisha, come quickly, otherwise mother will scold again. (Sharp). 2) Tell the truth not that you will get.

The conjunctive meaning of coordinating conjunctions.

Some coordinating conjunctions (and, yes, or, a, but, but) are used in an adjunctive sense. In this case, they add additional thoughts, which are: a) a consequence, a conclusion; b) a passing remark; c) something unexpected, suddenly came to mind. Some alliances such as yes and, have only an associated value. Before conjunctions with a connecting meaning, the voice is lowered and a pause is made.

EXAMPLES. one) We climbed another mountain, the last one, and right in front of them a large, cheerful city lit up with a bunch of lights.(Union and joins the corollary.) 2) This continues until everyone laughs together, and finally he himself. (Hound.)(Union and combined with the word finally appends the conclusion in time sequence.) 3) The snub-nosed high school student Vyacheslav Semashko came to the owner, Yes sometimes young lady Ptitsyna came in. (M. G.)(Union Yes joins a thought in a sequential statement, but which arose, as it were, after the first one.) 4) Poor Nadia has nowhere else to hear those words Yes and no one to speak them. (Ch.)(Special affiliation union Yes and attaches an additional remark of the narrator, pitying Nadenka and sympathizing with her.) 5) A hungry hut stood before my eyes, and in a hungry hut an ailing mother lies.(Neverov.) (Union a , by logical value approaching the union and , adds an additional thought, caused in the creation of the picture of the hut that arose before my eyes.) 6) V house on Polevaya Street grandfather lived no more than a year , but also During this time, the house gained a resounding reputation. (M. G,)(Union but combined with union and joins the opposite of what follows from the content of the first sentence.)

Very often, conjunctions with an attached meaning do not attach part of a complex sentence, but a new sentence, for example: 1) At every corner there are lanterns and they burn with full heat. AND the windows are lit. (K.S.)(Union and attaches a new proposal; connecting connection allows you to highlight something very surprising and very important in this moment for the narrator, who has not seen illuminated windows for a long time. Wed: There are lanterns on all corners, they burn with full heat, the windows are lit.) 2) It's time, my child, get up! .. Are you ready, beautiful? (P.)(Union Yes starts a new interrogative sentence, prompted by something unexpected; here Yes approaches in value to interrogative particles isn't it.)

explanatory sentences.

A special group close to sentences joined by coordinating unions is explanatory sentences with unions that is, viz. In these sentences, the speaker explains, concretizes the idea expressed in the first part, for example:

1) Our garden is dying, strangers are already hosting it, that is the very thing that the poor father was so afraid of happens. (Ch.) 2) The storm has a beneficial effect on nature, namely: it purifies and cools the air.

Punctuation marks in a compound sentence with coordinating conjunctions.

Between the parts of the sentence connected by coordinating unions, a comma is placed.

EXAMPLES. one) The sea murmured dully, and the waves beat furiously and angrily against the shore. (M. G.) 2) Nezhdanov was sleeping, and Marianna was sitting under the window and looking into the garden. (T.) 3) You work hard, but there is no benefit in this. (Cr.) 4) The sun had set behind the mountains, but it was still light. (L.) 5) There was a strong explosion, but the guys were not taken aback. If the word but is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas as an introductory word, for example: There was a strong explosion, the guys, however, were not taken aback.

If the connected parts are significantly common, already have commas inside them, then a dot with a semicolon is placed between them; a semicolon is also placed before such a sentence, which, although not very common, but has an additional character, is less related to the previous one in meaning. In these cases, between sentences, the voice drops and there is a pause.

EXAMPLES. one) Almost every evening they went somewhere out of town, to Oreanda or to a waterfall; and the walk was a success, the impressions were invariably beautiful and majestic every time. (Ch.) 2) I only had blue paint; but, despite this, I started to draw a hunt. (L. T.) 3) Irina again looked him straight in the face; but this time she smiled. (T.)

EXAMPLES. one) The arrow comes out of the quiver, soared, and the Cossack falls. (P.) 2) I moved to the second hut - and in the second hut not a soul. (T.) 3) I I'm in a hurry to go there - and there already the whole

town. (P.)

Note. A comma is not placed before connecting and separating unions if the sentences they connect have a common secondary member or a common subordinate clause, which determines the close semantic unity of these sentences, for example:

1) Through the streets heavy trucks were moving and cars were racing. 2) The stars have already begun to fade and the sky is gray, when the carriage drove up to the porch of the house in Vasilyevsky.(T.)

Exercise 115. Write by inserting the missing letters. Indicate the unions connecting the parts of the complex sentence, and the relationship between these parts; Explain punctuation.

1. Breathe air ... with spring aroma, and all nature comes to life .... (L.) 2) A year passes ... t, and Theodore returned to his side. (P.) 3) And the batteries fell silent, and the drums pounded. (L.) 4) Here the drums were busy - and the infidels retreated. (L.) 5) Only in some places ... they flickered, stretched out ... and immediately ... trembling reflections of stars scratched on the running jets, and sometimes a playful wave jumped ashore and ran towards us. (Kor.) 6) The nightingale finished his last songs, and the other songbirds all stopped singing. (A.) 7) He was silent for a second, and his mother looked at him in silence too. (M. G.) 8) It was dark, but I still saw trees, and water, and people. (Ch.) 9) The cart was driving straight, and for some reason the mill began to go to the left .... (Ch.) 10) He was joking, and I was spiteful. (P.) 11) Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately let me go and left me. (P.) 12) My father wished me a good journey, and my daughter saw me off to the cart. (P.) 13) His friends advised him to complain ... sya; but the caretaker thought, waved his hand and decided to step back. (P.) 14) Zala ... a brownie dog, or a breeze blows ... flatters in the leaves of a darkening oak tree, or a bird timidly flies. (Yaz.) 15) Now breathe the truth ... everything in it, then everything in it is feigned and false. To understand n...maybe, but n...love n...possible. (L.) 16) She was brought up ... but in the old way, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls, sewed with gold and n ... knew letters. (P.) 17) Fog rises faster and faster from the meadows and silver in the sunbeam, and behind it bushes rise from the ground. (M. G.) 18) Everyone knew her (Lizaveta Ivanovna), and no one ... noticed. (P.)

116 . Read and title the text, indicate compound sentences with conjunctions and the meaning of these sentences; write off, placing the missing punctuation marks.

The weather was fine at first. The thrushes were crying, and in the neighborhood in the swamp something alive was plaintively buzzing, as if blowing into an empty bottle. He held out one woodcock and a shot at it sounded booming and cheerful in the spring air. But when it got dark in the forest, a cold piercing wind blew inopportunely from the east, everything was silent. Ice needles stretched through the puddles and it became uncomfortable, deaf and unsociable in the forest. It smelled like winter.

(A.P. Chekhov)

117. Indicate compound sentences and their meaning; write off, placing the missing punctuation marks. Then explain the spelling of the particles not and neither.

I. 1) I was frisky and quick-tempered, but sensitive and ambitious, and everything could be achieved from me with kindness. Unfortunately, everyone interfered in my upbringing and no one knew how to take on me. (P.) 2) A dormant pond is covered with a green net of grasses, and behind the pond the village smokes and fogs rise in the distance over the fields. I enter the dark alley through the bushes, the evening beam looks and the yellow leaves rustle under timid steps. (L.) 3) Ostap had already gone about his business and had long gone to the kurens, while Andri himself, not knowing why, felt some kind of stuffiness in his heart. (G.) 4) The table and the bed were in their original places, but there were no flowers on the windows anymore and everything around showed dilapidation and neglect. (P.) 5) The days of late autumn are usually scolded, but she is dear to me, dear reader. (P.) 6) The air of the birds is not audible anymore, but far before the first winter storms, and pure and bright azure is pouring onto the resting field. (Tyutch.) 7) Sometimes again I will get drunk with harmony over fiction, shed tears and maybe my sad sunset will flash love with a farewell smile. (P.) 8) A rumor about me will spread throughout all of Great Russia and every language that exists in it will call me. (P.)

II. 1) It was spring. The sun got hotter. On the southern slopes The snow had melted on the hillocks, and the earth reddened from last year's grass at noon was already covered with a transparent lilac haze of fumes. On the mounds of mounds, from under the native stones grown into the loam, the first bright green sharp sprouts of verdigris grass appeared. The chill was exposed. From the abandoned winter roads, the rooks migrated to the threshing floor to the winter flooded with melt water. In the logs and beams, snow lay blue to the top, saturated with moisture; from there it still blew severely cold, but already thinly and melodiously rang in the ravines under the snow, spring streams invisible to the eye, and quite like spring, slightly noticeable and gently, the trunks of poplars turned green in the copses. (Shol.) 2) Soon a huge convoy stretched from the farm to the mountain. The women who went out to the drive waved their handkerchiefs for a long time, and then a snowstorm rose in the steppe and behind the snowy, boiling haze it was not visible either the carts slowly climbing the mountain or the Cossacks walking next to them. (Shol.)

118. Read, indicate complex sentences and their meaning; then specify separate members suggestions. Write with missing punctuation marks. Then explain the spelling of adjective suffixes and participles.

1) Under the clouds, flooding the air with silver sounds, the larks trembled, and above the greening arable land, the rooks swooped solidly and decorously flapping their wings. (Ch.) 2) The leaves did not move on the trees, cicadas screamed and the monotonous dull sound of the sea coming from below spoke of peace. (Ch.) 3) The distance was visible as in the daytime, but already its delicate purple color, shaded by the evening mist, disappeared and the whole steppe was hiding in the mist. (Ch.) 4) From behind a ridge of sandy mounds to the left of them, the moon appeared pouring a silver sheen on the sea. The big meek one slowly floated up through the deep vault of the sky, the bright brilliance of the stars paled and melted in its even dreamy light. (M. G.) 5) The oars fell together into the waves and the longboat rushed forward into a wide plain of illuminated water. (M. G.) 6) At night, the soft noise of his sleepy breathing floats smoothly over the sea, this immense sound pours calmness into the human soul and gently taming its evil impulses will give birth to powerful dreams in it. (M. G.)

119. Read and title the text; indicate where the coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members, where - simple sentences and where - syazhnosochinennye; then indicate the meaning of compound sentences; write off, placing the missing commas. Fill in the missing letters and explain their spelling.

The black cloud moved in completely and it became visible not the skylights, but the lightning that illuminated the entire courtyard and the collapsing house with broken porches, and thunder was already heard overhead. All the birds were quiet, but on the other hand, the leaves rustled and the wind ran up to the porch on which Nekhludoff moved his hair. One drop flew by another, drumming on the burdocks of the iron of the roof, and all the air flared up brightly; everything was quiet and before Nekhlyudov had time to count three, something terribly cracked just above his head and rolled across the sky.

(L. N. T o l s t o y.)

120. Write by opening brackets. Underline the coordinating conjunctions.

1) He [Saburov] had the most people, for (then) he had to go straight across the whole square. (K.S.) 2) By dusk we (before) walked (before) watershed. The people were very hungry, the horses (same) needed a rest. (Ars.) 3) Ahead, on a dusty field, then (same) carts were moving, and those (same) yellow sheaves were seen, and so (same) the sounds of carts, voices and songs came from afar. (L. T.) 4) Not (then) they were flashes of distant explosions, not (then) lightning flashed. 5) That popped where (then), then suddenly there was a howl, then as if someone (then) walked down the corridor. (S.-SH.) 6) A few minutes later everything fell asleep in the village, only one month (same) brilliantly and miraculously floated in the vast deserts of the luxurious Ukrainian sky. So (same) solemnly breathed in the sky ... (G.)

Navigation

COMPOUND SENTENCE (CSP)

Plan

1. The concept of BSC. Classification of the BSC by potential quantitative composition: compound sentences of open and closed structure(V.A. Beloshapkova).

2. Traditional classification of BSC in accordance with the semantic groups of conjunctions.

2.1. BSC with connecting unions of an open and closed structure.

2.2. NGN with separating unions.

2.3. NGN with opposing unions.

2.4. NGN with connecting unions.

2.5. NGN with explanatory conjunctions.

2.6. Gradational SSP.

3. Punctuation marks in the SSP.

Compound sentence(SSP) is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning. Coordinating conjunctions are not included in any of them, they are not members of the sentence.

All SSPs are divided into two types: open and closed structure.

Parts of compound sentences open structures represent an open series, they are built of the same type. Means of communication - proper connecting and separating unions, which can be repeated. Such sentences can have an unlimited number of parts and can always be extended. For instance: Yes somewhere a night bird was screaming... Let's try to continue this proposal. A trickle of water splashed softly Yes somewhere a night bird screamed, Yes something white stirred in the bushes(Korolenko). There can be more than two predicative units (PU) in the open structure BSC: That a long bough will suddenly hook her by the neck, then gold earrings will be pulled out of the ears by force; then in the fragile snow, a wet shoe will get stuck from a sweet little foot; then she drops her handkerchief...(P.).

In offers closed the structure of the part is a closed series, it is always two parts, structurally and semantically interdependent, connected. The second part in them closes the row and does not imply the presence of a third. For instance: Need brings people together a wealth separates them; He wanted to say something to him but the fat man is already gone(G.). Means of communication - non-repeating unions: but, but, however, yes and; not only but and etc.

By conjunctions and by meaning, compound sentences are divided into six groups.

3.1. COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH CONNECTIVE UNIONS.

List of connecting unions (single and repeated): and, yes, also, also, also; like... so and, yes... yes, and... and.

Compound sentences with connecting unions can have an open and closed structure.

2.1.1. SSP open structure

Such BSCs reflect different semantic relationships between PUs ( P reductive e units). Unions AND (AND ... AND), NI ... NI, YES (YES ... YES).

In such SSPs, predicative parts express connective-enumerative relations; they report on:

a) simultaneity of events and phenomena: Neither [Kaluna not grows between them], neither [grass not turns green] (I. Turgenev); AND [ sunshine], and [ the grass is greener], and [ the birds are singing in spring]. As a rule, in this case, the relations between the parts of the SSP are autosemantic, i.e. they can act as independent simple sentences: (see the first sentence) Kalina does not grow between them. The grass is not green.

b) about their succession one after another, the sequence: [Upplidtwo-three large drops rain], and [suddenly flashed lightning] ( I. Goncharov ). [Door across the street in a brightly lit shop slammed], and [from it a citizen appeared] (M. Bulgakov). This meaning can be specified by the words then, then, after.

Connecting SSPs of an open structure (homogeneous composition) can consist of two, three or more PUs.

Such SSPs may have a common secondary member of the sentence or a common subordinate clause-determinants (in this case, a comma is not put between the parts of the SSP):

away dark and groves are strict(I. Bunin): union And connected impersonal one-part PE Dark and two-part Groves are strict. Determinant (common member of the BSC) away clearly shows that homogeneous facts are enumerated.

(When the sun came up), [the dew dried up]and [grass turns green] Subordinate clause When the sun came up refers immediately to both PUs connected by connecting relations, therefore, a comma is not placed before the union AND.

The simultaneity and sequence of the enumerated facts is often emphasized by means of the correspondence of the aspectual-temporal forms of predicates in different PUs (as a rule, predicates are expressed by verbs of the same type): At that very moment [above the hill took off straightaway dozens of rockets] and [in a frenzied patter flooded machine guns] (Sedykh). In both parts of the SSP, the verbs are predicates of the perfect form. Common member of the sentence (time circumstance) at the same moment emphasizes the relationship of simultaneity and prevents the setting of a comma between PEs.

2.1.2. SSP closed structure

The predicative parts are connected here by non-repeating unions AND, YES, ALSO, ALSO, which are accompanied by words specifying meanings. They consist only from two PEs. Relations between the parts of the SSP are synsemantic, that is, one sentence is semantically related to another, especially if there are concretizing words.

stands out six types SSP closed structure.

1. Sentences with meaning consequences - conclusion, condition-consequence, result, quick change of events. They often use words that concretize the meaning therefore, hence, hence, consequently(specifiers are words and phrases that are connected to the union and clarify its meaning). The second part reports on the result, consequence, conclusion arising from the content of the first part: We were starving and[That's why] mother finally decided to send me and my sister to the village(V. Kaverin). He is not your fiancé now, you are strangers, and therefore you can't live in the same house(A. Ostrovsky). Manage to create the appropriate conditions, and you will lengthen the life of plants(conditional-effect relations: If you manage to create conditions, then lengthen ...). The artist lifted the bow, and everything fell silent instantly.

2. SSP with spreading meaning: the second part has the character of adding to what is said in the first part. In the second part, concretizing words are often used - anaphoric pronouns and adverbs (stand at the beginning of 2 PU), indicating a person, sign, object, situation, which are mentioned in the first part of the SSP: Now it's completely dark outside, and it it was great(V. Kaverin). At the beginning of 2 PUs, there may also be synonyms or a repetition of the same word as in part 1 of the SSP: Introduced new charts, and this is an innovation significantly increased labor productivity.

3. SSP with connective-adversative meaning with union AND: parts contradict each other on the real content. Possible specifiers anyway, anyway, anyway, despite this, nevertheless etc.: a) The Germans reached Moscow, and after all they were driven away(V. Nekrasov). b) I tried to sculpt it and it didn't work..

4. SSP with identification value(conjunctions ALSO, ALSO), parts of which report two similar, identical events occurring simultaneously: People are very hungry, horses too needed a rest(Arseniev). The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sounds of his voice also amazed me(Turgenev).

5. NGN with connecting additional value ( unions YES, I): the second part contains additional information. In the role of concretizing words are in addition, moreover, besides, besides, besides and under.: Compare you to men, yeah more and old grievances will be remembered(Sholokhov).

6. NGN with connecting restrictive value. The event of the second part limits the completeness of the manifestation of the event named in the first part. Concretizing words just and under.: The same yard, the same laughter, and only you miss a little(L. Oshanin). There were no visible injuries on his body, and only small scratch on the chin(A.N. Tolstoy). The words only can serve as unions.

COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH DIVISION UNIONS.

List of dividing unions: or, or, but that, not that, but not that; or ... or, either ... or; whether ... whether, whether ... or, at least ... at least, what ... what, be it ... or; otherwise, not ... so, if (and) not ... then; not that ... not that, either ... or; then ... then;union analogues : and maybe (be), and maybe (be) and; maybe (be) ... maybe (be), maybe (be) ...:

These are open structure proposals. The main relations between PUs in the BSC with divisive unions are the relations of mutual exclusion and alternation:

1. Relationship mutual exclusion: unions or, or, not that ... not that; either ... or: Or pan, or gone. Whether winter, either Spring, either autumn(K. Simonov). Either the plague will pick me up, or the frost will ossify, Or the barrier will slam into my forehead(A. Pushkin). I won't come back to you, or maybe I'll stay with you(City 312).

2. In separating SSPs with the value alternation a sequence of successive events that do not coincide in time is reported: That the sun shines dimly, then a black cloud hangs(Nekrasov).

TASKS FOR SELF-ANALYSIS (checking at the lecture)

Exercise 1. Give a description of compound sentences of an open structure in terms of their structure and semantics. Specify shades of values. For instance: Either you are stupid or you are deceiving me. This SSP consists of 2 PUs: 1 PU You are stupid and 2 PE You're lying. The formal means of communication is a repeated disjunctive union or either. Mutual exclusion relations between the parts of the BSC.

1. During the night, the sea calmed down a little, the wind died down, and the fog began to dissipate.

2. Let either he leave, or we will leave.

3. Not a single insect buzzes in the grass, not a single bird chirps in a tree.

4. The pines parted, and Margarita quietly rode up through the air to a chalk cliff (Bulg.)

Task 2. Describe the BSC with the union AND, indicating the structural type (open or closed structure), structural-semantic category (relationships between parts of the BSC) and shades of meaning (semantic varieties). For instance: The shells thunderedand the bullets whistled, / And the machine gun scribbled loudly, / And the girl Masha infrozen overcoat / Leads all the fighters to the attack. This is an open structure SSP, since there are more than 2 PUs and others can be added. Structural-semantic category: NGN with self-connecting relations. The connotation of meaning is the meaning of simultaneity.

1. He was given an apartment, and he settled in a fortress (Lerm.).

2. The night was windy, rainy, and this contributed to the success.

3. Silence reigned all around, and only at the top, on the rifts, the water rustled dully.

4. One jump - and the lion is already on the buffalo's head.

5. The river was completely covered with fins, and, therefore, everywhere it was possible to freely move from one bank to another.

6. They gave six fur coats for Nadia, and the cheapest of them, according to her grandmother, cost three hundred rubles (A.P. Chekhov)

7. I have a wife, two girls, and, moreover, my wife is an unhealthy lady (A.P. Chekhov)

Task number 3. Make a complete parsing of the SSP.

Parsing sample.

And the sluggish grass smells, crystal hoarfrost, and, barely distinguishable, the sad star shines(V. Tushnova)

1. According to the purpose of the statement - narrative.

2. By emotional coloring - non-exclamatory.

3. Complex, because consists of 2 PU: 1 PU: AND[sluggish grass smells, crystal frost]. 2 PE - and[hardly distinguishable, the sad star shines]. PEs are interconnected by a coordinating union And, therefore, this is a compound sentence (CSP). Union AND connecting, therefore, in the most general form, relations in the BSC can be characterized as connecting. The parts of the SSP are an open series, i.e., a sentence of an open structure: it can be continued by adding other PUs with the same grammatical meaning (enumerative). Relationships are autosemantic. The situations reflected in the PE are thought by the speaker as simultaneous. The grammatical means of expressing simultaneity are the forms of the non-syn. type of verbs-predicates: smells - shines.

Scheme: and , and .

4. Analysis of each PU.

1 PE: And the sluggish grass smells, from crystal hoarfrost.

grass smells

b) Complete.

c) Common: grass (what?) sluggish

from frost crystal, expressed by an adjective with dependent words.

2 PE: and, barely visible, the star shines sadly.

a) A two-part sentence. Subject star expressed by a noun in I.p. Simple verbal predicate glitters expressed conjugated verb present temp. inconsistent in

b) Complete.

c) Common: star (what?) sad - an agreed definition expressed by an adjective.

d) Complicated by widespread separate definition barely visible, expressed participle turnover.

Suggestions for parsing

1. I don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, muddy and unclear, like a dream (A. Serafimovich).

2. The kick is short - and the ball is in the goal.

2.3. COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH OPPOSITIONAL UNIONS.

Compound sentences of closed structure With adversarial unions: ah but yes(= but), however, but, but, yes(in meaning but).

According to the structural features and basic grammatical meanings, all compound sentences with adversative conjunctions are divided into two groups: 1) comparative and 2) adversative sentences.

Comparative relations characteristic of BSC with interchangeable unions and (meanwhile)(conjunction-particle), where phenomena that are dissimilar in some way are compared, but with all the dissimilarity they do not cancel each other, but seem to coexist: Need brings people together a wealth separates them(Need brings people together, wealth same separates them). His comrades treated him with hostility, while his comrades loved him.(Kuprin). Often relationships are based on antithesis (antonymy). Hence the presence in the predicative parts of comparative sentences of typed lexical elements - comparable words of one thematic group.

The most common among such sentences are sentences with the broadest meaning and stylistically neutral union. a. For instance: The bottom of the tower was stone, and the top was wooden...(Chekhov); He is already over forty, and she is thirty ...(Chekhov).

Union same, associated in origin with the amplifying particle same, retains its excretory-enhancing value; the origin of this union determines its position; it does not stand between the predicative parts, but after the first word of the second part, highlighting it. Such sentences are called comparative-excretory sentences. For instance: Comrades treated him hostilely, the soldiers same truly loved(Kuprin); From our battery Salty will go on a barge, we same with a combat unit(Chekhov).

Offers from adversarial relationship according to semantics (i.e., according to the nature of the relationship between the parts of the BSC) are based on the inconsistency of the events referred to in the predicative parts, and are divided into four groups.

1) antagonistic-restrictive sentences (unions however, but, yes), in which the phenomenon of the second part limits the possibility of implementation, effectiveness or completeness of the manifestation of the phenomenon named in the first part. This is most clearly grammatical meaning can be traced in constructions with the forms of the subjunctive or "invalid" (with the particle It was) inclinations, with auxiliary verbs want, wish and under.: Perhaps I would have eaten some snow, but on Sukharevka the snow was dirty(V. Kaverin). He began to pour her tea but she stopped(V. Kaverin). In other cases, restrictive relations are drawn up lexical means: A good flower, but a sharp spike.

These SSPs are close in semantics to sentences with a connective-restrictive meaning, where the word only performs the union function: The flower is good, only the thorn is sharp.

Unions and that, not that match the words otherwise, otherwise; sentences with them are usually used in colloquial everyday speech: 1) You, Tisha, come quickly,otherwise mother will scold again(Sharp).2) Tell the truthnot that you will get.

2) In the opposite-concessive The SSP, the adversative meaning is complicated by the concessive one (such an SSP can be replaced by a complex sentence, in the subordinate part of which there are unions although, despite the fact that ): [I had my own room in the house], but[I lived in the yard in a hut](A.P. Chekhov ). – (Though I had my own room in the house), [I lived in the yard in a hut] . Possible specifiers nevertheless, nevertheless, in spite of this, meanwhile, in spite of this and etc.: The bird has told you nonsense but anyway he is a good person(N. Ostrovsky) .

3) B adversative-compensatory SSP (unions but, but yes) events are assessed: positive in one part, negative in the other: Cannons rust in the arsenals, but shako sparkle(K. Simonov). A shako is a solid high headdress of some military units.

4) B adversarial The SSP second part complements the first. As in connective-distributive sentences, in the second part there is a concretizing word it: I turned my back on him, but it seems to heighten his suspicions(V. Kaverin).