At the beginning of the XIV century. The principality of Suzdal, which since 1341 became part of the principality of Nizhny Novgorod, in terms of the size of its territory, apparently occupied a middle place between other principalities of North-Eastern Russia. It is possible to get an idea about the limits of this territory only according to the data of the 15th, and partly even the 16th century. We have to resort to such late evidence because information on the geography of the Suzdal principality for the entire 14th century, not to mention the first decades of this century, when the Suzdal principality, at least nominally, remained independent, is literally isolated. The use of a retrospective method for determining the boundaries of the Suzdal Principality during the time of its sovereignty allows us to outline these boundaries, of course, approximately. But the error should not be particularly large. In the XIV century. Suzdal princes did not enter into such conflicts with their neighbors, the consequence of which would be a significant redrawing of territories. Of course, the boundaries of the principality did not remain unchanged. During the XIV-XV centuries. they apparently expanded primarily as a result of the continued economic development of the region, and mainly to the north, but the amplitude of their fluctuations could not be very large. Therefore, a retrospective restoration of the limits of the Suzdal principality of the first three decades of the XIV century. gives, although not a detailed, but a fairly solid idea of ​​​​the territory that was under the rule of the descendants of Prince Andrei Yaroslavich.

To the south, in relative proximity to Suzdal, Vladimir was located, and to the west - Yuryev. These two ancient cities of North-Eastern Russia in the XIV century. were royal centers. The territories subject to them were formed long ago and had clear limits in the developed places. Consequently, it is possible to outline the southern border of the Suzdal Principality, which separated its territory from the territory of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir, as well as the western border, which divided the Suzdal lands and the lands of the Yuriev Principality.

Documents of the XV century. fix in the southern part of the Suzdal region a number settlements and other geographical objects, the location of which makes it possible to identify the old Suzdal-Vladimir border. So, in this letter N.D. Narbekov, compiled around 1444-1445, mentions "the meadow of the Round, going to Pechuza". The Pechuga river flows into the river. Nerl Klyazminskaya on the left side. The Krugly Meadow was located "under the settlement near Niska on the other side of the Nerl". Slobodka Low - the later Puppy Slobidka, which stood on the right bank of the Nerl not far from the confluence of the Pechuga into it. Consequently, the Krugly Meadow is located in the interfluve of the Nerl and Pechuga. The meadow was mowed by the peasants of the Chapikha settlement - the possession of the descendants of the Suzdal princes. Thus, the right-bank part of the lower reaches of the Pechuga was Suzdal. According to the data of the end of the first quarter of the 16th century, the lands on the left bank of the Pechuga belonged to Vladimir Chistushka beekeepers. The village of Chistukha survived into the 19th century. It was located three kilometers southwest of the mouth of the Pechuga. Obviously, the Pechuga in its lower reaches was the Suzdal-Vladimir border.

To the west of the Pechuzhsky mouth, down the Nerl, on its right bank, there were those mentioned in the acts of the 15th century. the villages of Mordash and Vasilkovo. The lands of these villages had a common border. The village of Mordash was an old possession of the Suzdal princes. The fact that in the middle of the XV century. the Moscow grand ducal administration did not know how to separate the Mordash lands from Vasilkovsky, and entrusted the delimitation of these lands to the people of Princess Maria, the widow of the Suzdal prince Semyon Alexandrovich, allows us to conclude that with. Vasilkovo once belonged to the Suzdal princes. Thus, it is established that the lands on the right bank of the Nerl below the confluence of the Pechuga into it have long been Suzdal.

Suzdal was also treated with. Ulola. By name, it is identified with Lol 19th century The village of Ulola was located to the west, with a slight deviation to the north, from the village. Vasilkov, about three km from it. In the XV century. the villages of Ulola and Vasilkovo were given by the Grand Dukes of Moscow to the Vladimir Nativity Monastery, and the documents of the 17th century. and a retelling of the same time of the ancient letters of this monastery testify to the belonging of both villages to the territory of the Suzdal district. The lands of the named villages, apparently, were located on the very border of the Suzdal region. So you can think because, located less than four kilometers south-west of the village. Uloly s. Borisovskoe referred to Vladimir.

Further from the Uloli to the west - northwest in a space of 12 km stood the villages of Pavlovskoye, Fedorovskoye and Turtinskoye, which are known to be Suzdal. The villages of Pavlovskoye and Turtinskoye, according to the data of the 16th century, were part of the Suzdal district. They were the property of the Suzdal bishopric and, apparently, from a fairly early time. The village of Pavlovskoye, in particular, is mentioned in a document from the 70s of the 15th century. . As regards s. Fedorovsky, then it appears in a number of acts of the 15th century, and in some - with the indication "in Suzdal". Mention in one of the letters of the third quarter of the XV century. next to the lands Fedorovsky of the Vypovskaya land and Tarbaev testifies that we are talking about the village. Fedorovsky, located to the west-north-west of the village. Uloli, since the villages of Vypovo and Tarbaevo, preserved in the 19th century. , as shown by cartographic materials, neighbored with. Fedorovsky.

Thus, the localization of the settlements and lands listed above in the south of the Suzdal region and partly in the north of the Vladimir territory makes it possible to draw an approximate border between the Suzdal Principality and the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. It turns out that this ancient border basically coincided with the later border of Suzdal and Vladimir counties.

In the same way, the western limit of the possessions of the Suzdal princes is established. There is evidence that the wife of Dmitry Donskoy, Princess Evdokia, the daughter of the Nizhny Novgorod prince (from Suzdal) Dmitry Konstantinovich, donated the village of Baskakovo to the Vladimir Nativity Monastery. The lands of this village were located along the banks of the river. Irmes, near the village. Dergaev, which belonged since the 60s of the XV century. Trinity-Sergius Monastery. According to the 17th century, p. Baskakovo belonged to Suzdal Uyezd. The testimonies given about Baskakovo allows to identify it with the village of Baskaki of the 19th century, which stood in the upper reaches of the river. Irmes, near its right bank.

Other possessions of the Suzdal princes were located on the same river. So, in the contract letter of 1445, Dmitry Shemyaka with the Nizhny Novgorod princes Vasily and Fedor Yuryevich mentions the "specific" Suzdal village "Slobodka Shipovskaya". A settlement with this name is known in the 19th century. It stood on the right bank of the Irmes, 7-7.5 km (in a straight line) from the village of Baskaki. Slightly higher than Shipovskaya Slobidka on the other side of the Irmes, cartographic materials of the 19th century. fix with. Shipovo. Near this village (nowadays - a village) a burial mound of the 11th-13th centuries was discovered. . Consequently, Shipovo was quite an ancient settlement. There is no doubt a genetic connection between Shipov and Shipovskaya Sloboda (the latter probably spun off from the former). But if Shipovskaya Sloboda was part of the lands of the Suzdal princes, then Shipovo, most likely, should have belonged to the same princes. Their possessions, apparently, lay on both banks of the Irmes.

An agreement concluded in the second half of 1434 between Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich and his cousins ​​Dmitry Shemyaka and Dmitry Krasny contained the following clause: “What did my sons-in-law, Prince Oleksandr Ivanovich, introduce to your father, four villages, two Gavrilovsky, yes Yaryshevo, yes Ivanovskoye , in debt of five hundred rubles, and I will send it to you by the end. From the text of the treaty, it turns out that the four villages named in it once belonged to the son-in-law of the Grand Duke. We are talking about Prince Alexander Ivanovich, married to the sister of Vasily Vasilyevich Vasilisa. Prince Alexander came from a family of Nizhny Novgorod (Suzdal) princes and his patrimonial villages of Gavrilovsky, Yaryshevo and Ivanovskoye should be considered as part of the territory of the once independent Suzdal principality.

The two villages of Gavrilovskiye by name can be identified with the later Gavrilovskiy Posad and Gavrilovskaya Sloboda, located next to each other on the left bank of the Irmes, on both sides of the mouth of the river. Waimigi (Voymigi). Regarding the location of Yarysheva M.K. Lyubavsky wrote that it stood on Irmes, but on the map attached to his study he placed s. Yaryshevo to the north of the villages of Gavrilovsky, With the latest localization by M.K. Lyubavsky agreed with I.A. Golubtsov. Indeed, for the room with. Yaryshev letters of 1434 on Waimig there is every reason. Firstly, this village is located close to the Gavrilovsky villages mentioned together with it. Secondly, it is in the XIX century. belonged to the state villages. As regards s. Ivanovsky, then, it should, apparently, be identified with p. Ivanovo of the 19th century, located 8 km north - northwest of the village. Yaryshev near a large forest.

From what has been said, it follows that the western border of the Suzdal Principality passed somewhere in the Irmes region, probably capturing its upper reaches and lands along the left bank of the river until its channel turned to the east. From this bend of the Irmes, the western Suzdal lands extended north to the neighboring village. Ivanovsky forest.

It is difficult to say how far the Suzdal lands went to the north-west of the outlined area. Perhaps they reached the upper reaches of the Nerl Klyazminskaya. This river was part of the waterway that connected the Upper Volga region with the Volga-Klyazma interfluve both in the pre-Mongolian and post-Mongolian periods. The upper reaches of the Nerl Klyazminskaya were inhabited by the Slavs in the 11th-13th centuries. . Perl Klyazminskaya was a convenient route for the distribution of the Suzdal tribute, so it seems very likely that the lands along its upper course were part of the Suzdal principality.

The northern and eastern borders of this principality are even more difficult to outline than the southern or western. On the one hand, there are facts that allow us to speak about the development only in the second half of the 15th century. lands located just 25-30 km north of Suzdal. So, in one of the letters of the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery, dating from about the middle of the 60s of the 15th century, the harvest on the Nerl of the monastery village of Stebacheva is mentioned, which were mowed down by the peasants of the Grand Duke. At the trial, these peasants showed that they were “newcomers” and that “our sovereign ordered us to plant great ones from Krasensky roads to Shatrish”. The village of Shatrishchi was located on the right bank of the Nerl Klyazminskaya at a distance of about 22 km in a straight line north of Suzdal. The village of Stebachevo stood on the other side of the Nerl, 5 kilometers (also in a straight line) north of Shatrish. Apparently, even in the second half of the XV century. this area was not populated enough, since the peasants were “called” here by the Grand Duke Ivan III.

On the other hand, the data of the XIII century. indicate the existence of a land route from Vladimir to Gorodets Radilov, passing through the village. Omutskoye, i.e. through Suzdal to the north and further to the east. If this rather long road, which in pre-Mongolian times connected the various centers of the Vladimir Grand Duchy, did not run through the territory of the Starodub Principality, but went only through the Vladimir lands, then it should have passed north of the Starodub village of Palekh. Such a long path had to be laid between some villages. And the inhabited lands in the XIII-XIV centuries. could not but be objects of state feudal exploitation. After the separation of Suzdal from the Vladimir principality in 1238, a significant part of the territory along which the road to Gorodets Radilov passed, was to be transferred to the Suzdal princes. And then the border of the Suzdal Principality should be moved far north of the previously indicated area of ​​​​the villages of Shatrish and Stebacheva.

For the concretization of the expressed thought, evidence of the 15th-16th centuries is of great importance. about belonging to the descendants of the Suzdal princes of the lands along the middle and lower reaches of the left tributary of the Klyazma river. Take away and the right tributaries of the latter - the rivers Ukhtoma (Ukhtokhma) and Vyazma, as well as lands along the upper reaches of the river. Tezy, in the area of ​​the Nikolsky Shhartom Monastery. Probably, the northern border of the Suzdal Principality during the time of its political independence crossed the upper reaches of the Vyazma, Ukhtoma, Uvod and Teza rivers, reaching the river in the east. Luh or the watershed between the rivers Teza and Luh. In any case, behind Lukh at the beginning of the 15th century. Gorodets lands were located, in 1341-1392. part of the Grand Duchy of Nizhny Novgorod.

The lands of the Starodub Principality came out to the middle course of the Lukh, and the lower course of this river demarcated in the 15th century. Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod territories. Thus, the eastern border of the Suzdal Principality could only reach the upper and partly the middle reaches of the Lukh. From here, the Suzdal border went in a southwestern direction to the southern outskirts of the principality, sharply wedged along the river. Take me to the Starodub lands.

The possessions of the Suzdal princes of the first four decades of the XIV century. within the outlined limits were mastered and populated far from evenly. Most of all, the lands around Suzdal itself were developed along the Nerl Klyazminskaya and its right tributary. Irmes. The wooded northern and eastern parts of the principality were developed during the 15th-17th centuries. Thus, at the time of the political independence of the Suzdal Principality, at the disposal of its princes, in fact, there was a fairly limited in size inhabited and developed territory, from the population of which it was possible to collect feudal rent.

Economic weakness largely determined the political weakness of the Suzdal princes at the beginning of the 14th century. An indicator of the deterioration of their property status and the decline of power in their own principality is the purchase by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Danilovich of Moscow with. Vessky and the village of Koshcheevo. The purchase took place between the summer of 1317 and the autumn of 1322, when Yuri occupied the Grand Duke's table. The village of Vesskoe (Ves) and the village of Koshcheevo stood on the right bank of the Irmes, 7 and 14 km northwest of Suzdal. We are talking, therefore, about a grand-princely acquisition not on the outskirts of the Suzdal principality, where its lands were in contact with the grand-princely ones, but in the very center of Suzdal, in the midst of the possessions of local princes. This introduction of the Grand Duke's power into the Suzdal territory, although it was short-lived (Yuri of Moscow donated Vesskoye and Koshcheyevo to the Vladimir Nativity Monastery, which could have taken place before Yuri's death in 1325), nevertheless eloquently demonstrates the political weakness of the Suzdal princes and their certain dependence on Vladimir grand duke.

It is possible that this decline in the role and importance of the Suzdal Principality was aggravated by the fragmentation of its territory. After the death in 1309 of the Suzdal prince Vasily Mikhailovich, his two sons remained - Alexander and Konstantin. The existence of two heir princes makes it theoretically possible to divide the Suzdal principality at the end of the first decade of the 14th century. However, researchers have no data to support or refute such an assumption.

Under Prince Konstantin Vasilievich, the historical destinies of Suzdal turned out to be connected with Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets. In North-Eastern Russia, a new public education- Nizhny Novgorod principality. But in the first years of the XIV century in the Middle Volga region, the Gorodetsky principality allocated to the third son of Alexander Nevsky Andrei continued to exist. With the death of Prince Andrei Alexandrovich, who simultaneously occupied the table of the great reign of Vladimir, the Gorodets principality did not lose its independence. The fact that Prince Andrei was buried in Gorodets testifies that this city remained the center of his patrimonial lands. The existence of a special principality in the Volga region is also indirectly indicated by an annalistic record of the Nizhny Novgorod events of 1305. In the Sofia I Chronicle, under the named year, it is reported that “in Novgorod in Nizhny, black people beat the boyars; Prince Mikhailo Andreevich from the Horde arrived in Novgorod Nizhny, beat the vechnikov. Since there is a very close text in the Novgorod IV Chronicle, it becomes clear that the news of the Nizhny Novgorod events of the early XIV century. read in common source Sophia I and Novgorod IV chronicles - Novgorod-Sofia vault of the 30s of the XV century. and, apparently, went back to the all-Russian source of this code - the code of 1423 by Metropolitan Photius.

The data on the origin of the chronicle record of 1305, which is of interest to us, must be borne in mind because in some other chronicle collections, Prince Mikhail, but not Andreevich, but Yaroslavich, is named as the person who dealt with the Nizhny Novgorod vechniki. The latter circumstance gave rise to individual historians to suspect an error in the Novgorod IV and Sofia I annals and write about the Tver prince Mikhail Yaroslavich, who just in 1305 returned from the Horde with a label for the great reign of Vladimir, attributing to him the pacification of the Nizhny Novgorod uprising. If we agree with these researchers, then we will have to admit that after the death of Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich, the Gorodets principality (or at least a significant part of it - Nizhny Novgorod) came under the rule of his successor on the grand prince's table, Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tverskoy. However, the name of this prince, when describing the events of Nizhny Novgorod in 1305, appears only in the code of 1509 (in the so-called "Tsar's list") and in the Resurrection Chronicle. Of the two named monuments, the oldest is undoubtedly the Tsarskoye list, which, moreover, as it turns out, was the direct source of the Resurrection Code. An appeal to the manuscript of the Tsarsky list shows that the original patronymic of Prince Mikhail in the article of 1305 “[An]dreevich” was washed away and transferred to “Yaroslavich” in a different handwriting. Obviously, this is the result of not fully qualified editorial work of the 16th-century archers, on the basis of the entries of the Tsar’s list adjacent to the article of 1305, where Mikhail Yaroslavich was mentioned, who decided that under 1305 it was about him, and the patronymic “[ An] dreevich "- a mistake. From the Tsar's list, the incorrect amendment passed into the Resurrection Chronicle. So, in the first half of the XVI century. as a result of an unsuccessful comprehension of chronicle texts, news arose about the involvement of Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tverskoy in the events in Nizhny Novgorod.

In fact, we should be talking about Prince Mikhail Andreevich. It follows from this that in Nizhny Novgorod at the beginning of the XIV century. there was a special prince.

What branch of the Russian princes did Mikhail Andreevich belong to? There is no consensus among researchers on this matter. CM. Solovyov was inclined to think that Mikhail Andreevich was the son of Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich. Opinion of S.M. Solovyov strongly challenged A.V. Instance, following N.M. Karamzin, who believed that Prince Mikhail was the son of Alexander Nevsky's brother Andrei Yaroslavich. Both researchers were based on the genealogical paintings of the Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod princes, placed in the Nikon Chronicle. However, these genealogical paintings of the late annalistic monument, as A.E. Presnyakov, confused and contradictory. In addition, they turn out to be inserts made by the compilers of the Nikon Code in the 16th century. . Therefore, rely on them when solving genealogical issues of the XIV century. it is forbidden. If we proceed from the data of the article of 1305 itself, then two circumstances should be noted: firstly, Prince Mikhail operates in the area where Andrei Alexandrovich reigned immediately before (Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets always belonged to the same political and administrative territory); secondly, Mikhail's patronymic coincides with the name of the same Andrei Alexandrovich. The combination of both facts makes us see in Mikhail Andreevich the son of Andrei Alexandrovich. The consistency of this conclusion with the testimony of the 1303 record of the consecration of the church in Vologda under Prince Andrei Alexandrovich and his son Mikhail leads to the firm conclusion that Grand Duke Andrei had a son, Mikhail. At the same time, it becomes obvious that Mikhail got the fatherland of his father - the Gorodets principality.

Thus, the chronicle evidence of 1304 about the burial of Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich in Gorodets and 1305 about the actions of his son Mikhail in Nizhny Novgorod indicate the continued existence of an independent Gorodetsky principality in the eastern part of Russia. This was the case until 1311.

Under 1311, in some chronicles, the news was preserved that “Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Tfersky, having gathered many howls, and wants to go to Novgorod against Prince Yury, and do not bless him, Metropolitan Peter, with a table in Volodimer; he stood Volodimer for 3 weeks and disbanded the army and returned to his land. Having quoted this message, as M.D. Priselkov - from the parchment Trinity Chronicle, N.M. Karamzin considered it to be of a later time and narrate about events connected not with Novgorod Nizhny, but with Novgorod the Great. Having dated the conflict between Dmitry of Tver and Yuri of Moscow in 1312, S.M. Solovyov admitted that the prince of Tver intended to go on a campaign against Novgorod Nizhny. However, the scientist found that all the news was "difficult to explain". It turned out to be “not entirely clear” for A.V. Instance. Referring to the relevant places of the Novgorod IV, Sophia I, Nikon and Resurrection chronicles, the researcher for some reason focused his attention on the latest of them - Resurrection, where it was said that Dmitry Mikhailovich "want to go to Novgorod the Lower army and to Prince Yuri". The saving union "and" made it possible for A.V. Ekzemplyarsky to deny the presence in Nizhny Novgorod in 1311 of the Moscow prince. However, finishing his consideration of the data on the fate of Nizhny Novgorod in the first third of the 14th century, the historian was forced to draw a disappointing conclusion: and Gorodets - VC.), although it is obvious that there are fewer chances in favor of this opinion than in the opposite direction. An interesting commentary on the news of 1311 was given by A.E. Presnyakov, but the researcher passed over in complete silence the one put by A.V. An exemplary question about who owned Nizhny Novgorod at the beginning of the second decade of the XIV century. A.N. Nasonov spoke in favor of "the correctness and antiquity of the annalistic note of 1311 on the possession of the Lower Moscow Prince", but did not provide convincing arguments in favor of his point of view. Thus, in scientific literature there are various interpretations of the message of 1311, made, however, without taking into account all the testimony of the source. What indisputable can be gleaned from the chronicle cited above about the planned campaign of Dmitry Tverskoy against the Moscow prince?

First of all, the older chronicles, where the indicated message was preserved, allow us to assert that Novgorod Nizhny, and not Novgorod the Great, as N.M. Karamzin. Although Nizhny Novgorod appears in later texts, and in earlier texts simply Novgorod is indicated, the latter should be understood as Novgorod Nizhny. Dmitry of Tverskoy gathered regiments in Vladimir for the campaign, and after Metropolitan Peter actually imposed a church ban on speaking, the prince was forced to return "home" or "to his land", as it was more definitely read, apparently, in the parchment Trinity Chronicle and is read in Sofia I Chronicle. However, no matter which of the annalistic expressions may be recognized as the oldest, it is clear that Dmitry went to the Tver principality. If we assume that in 1311 a campaign against Novgorod the Great was planned, then it becomes strange why the regiments were going to Vladimir, and not in Tver, which is much closer to Novgorod the Great. This oddity makes one reject the idea of ​​N.M. Karamzin and recognize the correctness of the opinion of subsequent historians, according to which Novgorod Nizhny should be understood as Novgorod in the annalistic article of 1311. In this case, the concentration of forces near Vladimir is easily explained: convenient river and land roads went from Vladimir to Nizhny.

The oldest vaults, in contrast to the later Resurrection Chronicle, contain a completely unambiguous indication that Dmitry Mikhailovich intended to speak "to Novgorod against the prince on Yurya". This eliminates all doubts as to whether or not the Moscow prince was in Nizhny Novgorod in 1311. He was there. The difficulty lies in answering the questions in what connection and why Volga city Yuri Moskovsky.

Here much is clarified by the surviving copy of the first quarter of the 18th century. from a memorial sheet lying on the tomb of Prince Yuri's brother, Prince Boris Danilovich. The sheet indicated that Boris died "in the summer of 6828", was buried "in the Cathedral Church of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos of Golden Dome in the glorious city of Vladimir" and that he was "in Nizhny Novgorod on his own reign". The date of death of the fourth son of the founder of the Moscow dynasty and the indication of the place of his burial are accurate. They fully correspond to the annalistic record about it. But the message about the reign of Boris Danilovich in Nizhny Novgorod is unique. One can hardly doubt its authenticity, since other information about Prince Boris contained in the sheet on his tomb is correct. And there are no reasons that would force informants of the past to falsify such news.

The fact of the existence before 1320 of a special principality of Nizhny Novgorod, headed by a representative of the Moscow house, gives the key to understanding the events of 1311. Obviously, by 1311 Prince Mikhail Andreevich of Gorodets died and his principality turned out to be escheated. As such, it was to be annexed to the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. The latter at that time was owned by Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tverskoy. However, Yuri Moskovsky - Mikhail's worst enemy - fearing the strengthening of his opponent, managed to maintain the independence of the escheated principality by placing his brother on the local table. This action of Yuri caused the military preparations of the eldest son of Mikhail Yaroslavich Dmitry and the Tver and Vladimir boyars who stood behind him (Dmitry himself was then 12 years old), since Yuri’s actions seriously violated both the tradition and the grand ducal interests of Mikhail Yaroslavich with his entourage. Dmitry Tverskoy's speech was, as you know, paralyzed by Metropolitan Peter. With his help, the Moscow princes were able to gain a foothold in the Volga region, and Nizhny Novgorod became the capital city of the new dynasty instead of Gorodets. The territory of the principality, apparently, remained unchanged.

So, the above facts indicate that during the first two decades of the XIV century. in the Middle Volga region, a special principality functioned, first with a center in Gorodets, and from about 1311 - with a center in Nizhny Novgorod. The limits of this state formation can be outlined very schematically on the basis of some data from the second half of the 14th-15th centuries.

According to the agreement between Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich and Prince Vladimir Andreevich of Serpukhov, concluded around 1401-1402, the following volosts belonged to Gorodets: Belogorodie, Yuryevets, Koryakova Sloboda, Chernyakova, as well as Unzhinskaya tamga. In the spiritual letter of Vladimir Serpukhovsky, compiled somewhat later, in addition to the just listed Gorodets volosts, Norozdna and Sol are indicated, as well as nameless camps on the left bank of the Volga above Gorodets and on the right bank of the river below Gorodets.

Of all the named Gorodetsky volosts of the beginning of the 15th century. the location of Yuryevets is most easily determined. We are talking about Yuryevets Povolsky, who stood on the right bank of the Volga, and the territory administratively subordinated to him. As for Belogorodye, Koryakova Sloboda, Chernyakova, Porozdna and Salt, their localization is fraught with certain difficulties.

V.N. Debolsky believed that Belogorodye lay somewhere along the Volga below Gorodets, but “it cannot be precisely indicated.” Presumably, the center of the volost - ancient Belgorod - the researcher took with. Belovo, Balakhna district, Nizhny Novgorod province. Regarding Koryakova Sloboda and Chernyakova V.N. Debolsky wrote that the first of them lay 63 versts from Makaryev, Kostroma province, and the second - in the same province, 40 versts from Kineshma. The village of Porozdna V.N. Debolsky identified with the contemporary village of Porozdna, which stood 52 versts from Yuryevets Povolsky. Obviously, the localizations were made by V.N. Debolsky according to the List of populated places of the Kostroma province on the basis of the similarity of ancient names with the names of the 19th century. .

According to scribe books of the 17th century. Yu.V. Gauthier determined the position of the Koryakova Sloboda: along the left bank of the Volga against Yuryevets and upstream of the Unzha until about the confluence of the Unzha river. Her . Conclusion Yu.V. Gauthier clarified M.K. Lyubavsky. He placed the Koryakov settlement in the lower reaches of the Nei and on the right bank of the Unzha. In addition, the researcher indicated where Chernyakova was located: “between Elnady and the Volga”, and Porozdna: “south of Chernyakova”. Here M.K. Lyubavsky essentially repeated V.N. Debolsky. We should agree with the last two localizations proposed by the researchers. Chernyakova and Porozdna, identified by them, fit perfectly into the area of ​​Gorodets lands, which can be outlined according to the data of the beginning of the 15th century. True, it should be borne in mind that the localizations were made according to a very late source - the List of populated areas of the Kostroma province. Only with regard to the Koryakova Sloboda, it should be added that, according to the information of the 17th century, its territory also entered the left bank of the Unzha. Koryakova Sloboda included, in particular, the Nikolsky churchyard on the river. Vilesheme - the right tributary of the river. Kurdyugi, Pochinok (later - the village) Sobolevo on the river. Yumchishchi (Yunchishchi) - the left tributaries of the Unzha, lands along the Kurdyuga rivers - the left tributary of the Unzha, Shemakhta, Borisovka and Rodinka - the left tributaries of the river. Virgasovka, Virgasovka itself - the left tributary of the Unzha.

The location of Belogorodye, which has not yet been clarified by researchers who have studied historical geography medieval Russia, is determined on the basis of a number of evidence from fairly early sources. So, in the Tver chronicle collection, a story about an attack in 1408 on the Nizhny Novgorod lands by one of the detachments of the Horde temnik Edigei was preserved. Having captured Nizhny Novgorod, the Mongol-Tatars moved up the Volga to Gorodets, took this city, and then "wandering from Gorodets up the Vlz, fighting both countries, and going to Belogorodiya ... wanting to go to Kostroma and Vologda". From the above text, it turns out that Belogorodye was located on the Volga, or near it, above, and not below, as V.N. thought. Debolsky, Gorodets. According to the will of the Serpukhov Prince Vladimir Andreevich, Belogorodye was to go to his second son Semyon. But the lands on the left bank of the Volga above Gorodets were assigned to the third son of Prince Vladimir Yaroslav. Consequently, Belogorodye could not be higher than Gorodets on the left bank of the Volga. It was to be located on the right bank of the river northwest of Gorodets. This conclusion can be supported by another consideration. It is indicative that in 1408 a detachment of the Mongol-Tatars, who captured Belogorodye and planned to attack Kostroma and Vologda, intended to move in the north-western direction from the Volga Gorodets.

Made on the basis of data from the beginning of the 15th century. the conclusion about the location of Belogorod'e is fully confirmed by later material. According to the scribe's description of 1619 by scribes I. Zhitkov and clerk I. Dementyev, the Belogorodskaya volost of the Nizhny Novgorod district was located on the right bank of the Volga, north of the confluence of the South, further up the Volga above the village. Katunok, along the right tributaries of the Volga, the Trotse and Sanakhta (Sanakhta) rivers, as well as along the left tributary of the Trotsa river. Dorku.

Mentioned in the spiritual charter of Prince Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky "Salt on Gorodets" has also not yet been localized. A.L. Khoroshkevich even considered that “the fate of Salt on Gorodets is unknown, probably, salt was mined here in small quantities and for a short time”, from which it can be concluded that the settlement itself quickly ceased to exist. Meanwhile, there is every reason to see in Salt on Gorodets the beginning of the 15th century. later Balakhna. Balakhna was located only 18.5 km from Gorodets down the Volga, but on the opposite, right bank. And the Volga right bank below Gorodets was already inhabited by the beginning of the 15th century. Vladimir Serpukhovsky bequeathed to his son Semyon "camps on this side of the Volga, below Gorodets". Salt outcrops in the developed territory could not, of course, go unnoticed. Near them, the settlement of Sol appeared, later called Balakhna.

So, the localization of those mentioned in the sources of the beginning of the 15th century. Gorodets volosts shows that the ancient Gorodets included lands along the lower reaches of the Utka, including, apparently, the city of Unzha itself, the right tributary of the Unzha river. Nee, the left Unzhinsk tributaries to the Kurdyuga and Virgasovka rivers, lands on the right bank of the Volga from the river. Elpati up to and including Balakhna, in the west, most likely limited by the course of the Lukh, as well as lands along the left bank of the Volga from the Unzhinsk mouth to Gorodets. Perhaps they extended further along the Volga left bank beyond the river. Uzolu. The fact is that in the XVI century. the Zauzolskaya volost is known, located on the left bank of the Uzola. The name and location of the volost show that it was settled from Gorodets: it was for the inhabitants of Gorodets that the lands along the left bank of the Uzola were “beyond the Uzola”. However, there are no solid facts to establish whether the lands adjacent to Uzola were developed at the beginning of the 14th century. or later. Hopes here have to be pinned almost exclusively on archaeology.

The lands belonging, according to the data of the 15th century, to Gorodets constituted only part of the territory of the Gorodetsky (somewhat later - Nizhny Novgorod) principality of the beginning of the 14th century. Another part of this territory was the land adjacent to Nizhny Novgorod. The dimensions of the latter at the beginning of the XIV century. were apparently small.

Judging by the acts of the late XIV-XV centuries, the westernmost Nizhny Novgorod volost was Gorokhovetskaya. So, in a tarkhan and non-judgmental charter issued around 1418-1419. Prince Alexander Ivanovich of Nizhny Novgorod to the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery, several villages were named "in my patrimony, in the Novgorod principality, in Gorokhovets". According to a grant letter of 22 December 1485 from Grand Duke Ivan III, the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery received a number of new ones “in the Nizhny Novgorod district, in the Gorokhovskaya volost” to its former lands. Finally, according to the letter of commendation from Metropolitan Simon dated January 15, 1496, tax exemptions were granted to the church of Basil of Caesarea in the monastery of the same name "on Gorokhovets in the tithe of Lower Iovagrad". This material shows that in the XV century. both secular and ecclesiastical administrative divisions attributed Gorokhovets and its volost to Nizhny Novgorod. It is characteristic that the oldest (Koptsa of the XIV - early XV century) of the surviving charters for the Gorokhovets lands was issued by the Nizhny Novgorod prince Daniil Borisovich. All this gives certain, although not indisputable, grounds for believing that at the beginning of the XIV century. Gorokhovets was from Nizhny Novgorod.

In the XV century. Gorokhovets lands included two lakes of Sala and the mouth of the river. Klyazma. On the maps of the XVIII-XIX centuries. lake Salo is shown in the floodplain left bank of the Klyazma, about 2 km from the confluence of the Lukha. Since fishermen of the Vladimir Yaropolch volost stood on Lukha, it becomes obvious that the border between Yaropolch and Gorokhovets passed along Lukha. The lands along the Klyazma below the Lukhov mouth up to the confluence of the Klyazma into the Oka were Gorokhovets.

How far extended at the beginning of the XIV century. these lands to the north and south of the lower reaches of the Klyazma, it is difficult to say. In any case, in the XV century. the Klyazma left bank was developed no more than 10 km from the river. Probably, the right bank of the lower Klyazma was developed for a slightly longer distance. But in general, the inhabited Gorokhovets lands at the beginning of the XIV century. stretched, most likely, in a narrow ribbon along the banks of the Klyazma. It is possible that considerable desert spaces adjoined the ecumene, along which the borders of principalities and volosts passed, that is, the state territory exceeded the developed one. However, it is impossible to insist on this categorically due to the lack of accurate data.

The "ribbon" view of the Nizhny Novgorod territory apparently did not change as we approached Nizhny Novgorod. Even from the information that can be erected at the earliest by the end of the 15th century, it follows that the lands from the Oka to the lake. Pyrsky (north of the Oka) and to the river. The Vorsma (the right tributary of the Oka) were poorly developed. “Mansion, red and black ramen and firewood forest” grew here. It is clear that at the beginning of the XIV century. the territory controlled from Nizhny Novgorod stretched along the Oka. Only near the city itself, this territory may have expanded somewhat to the south.

Down the Volga, the Nizhny Novgorod lands at the indicated time apparently reached the right tributary of the Volga, the river. Sundoviti, or Sundovika, as it is now called. In 1958 A.N. Nasonov published a chronicle text, which reported on the purchase of six villages by the Nizhny Novgorod guest Tarasy Petrov from Prince Muranchik. Tarasy Petrov, according to the same source, lived during the time of the Nizhny Novgorod princes Konstantin Vasilyevich and Dmitry Konstantinovich, that is, between 1341 and 1383. “And how did Novgorod launch from the Tatars”, Tarasy moved to Moscow. During the specified period of time, the Mongol-Tatars managed to capture Nizhny twice: on August 5, 1377 and on July 24, 1378. Obviously, after these attacks, Tarasy Petrov left Nizhny Novgorod. In this case, his purchases should date from the time between the beginning of the 40s and the end of the 70s of the XIV century, most likely - the 60-70s of the XIV century, when the eastern policy of the Nizhny Novgorod principality became more active. Tarasy Petrov acquired the villages of Salovo, Gorodishche, Khrepovskoye, Zaprudnoye, Khalyapchikovo and Munar from Prince Muranchik. Of these, three villages survived into the 19th century. The villages of Salovo and Gorodishche stood on the right bank of the Sundovik, the village of Munar (Munari) - on the river. Munark, the right tributary of the Supdovik. Judging by the name, the former owner of these villages, Prince Muranchik, belonged to the local Mordovian princes. If until the 60s of the XIV century. the lands on the right bank of the Sundovik were owned by the Mordovian feudal lord, there is good reason to believe that at the beginning of the 14th century. the territory controlled by Nizhny Novgorod did not cross Sundovik. For that time, this river can be considered a border.

Thus, based on the evidence of the second half of the XIV-XV centuries. the approximate borders of the Gorodetsky (since 1311 - Nizhny Novgorod) principality of the beginning of the 14th century are outlined retrospectively. The territory of the principality included lands on both banks of the lower reaches of the Unzha along with the city of Unzha, lands along the right tributary of the Unzha river. Ney, the left Unzhinsk tributaries of the Kurdyuga and Virgasovka rivers, the right-bank and left-bank Volga lands approximately from the mouth of the Elnat to the mouth of the Sundovik, the lower reaches of the Klyazma and Oka rivers. In the west, the lands of the principality probably reached Lukh.

After the death in 1320 of Prince Boris Danilovich, the Principality of Nizhny Novgorod was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. This continued until 1328, when the Nizhny Novgorod lands, as an integral part of Vladimir, were given by Khan Uzbek to the politically insignificant Suzdal prince Alexander Vasilyevich. For the first time, both Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod with Gorodets were under the rule of a representative of the Suzdal house. However, 1328 cannot be recognized as “the moment of formation of the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Principality”, as A.E. Presnyakov. A.N. Nasonov correctly noted that in 1328 the Nizhny Novgorod territory was not separated from the Vladimir one. Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets were received by Alexander of Suzdal along with Vladimir and Pereyaslavl. After the death of Alexander in 1331, these centers attached to Suzdal were withdrawn from the possessions of the Suzdal princes and given by Khan Uzbek to Ivan Kalita. Having reunited, thus, in his hands the entire territory of the Vladimir Grand Duchy, Ivan Kalita ruled it with the help of governors. They could be his sons. So, I think, one should interpret the annalistic indication under 1340 about the stay in Nizhny Novgorod of the eldest son of Ivan Kalita Simeon the Proud, probably due to some local events, who did not even get to the funeral of his father. The fact that Simeon Ivanovich was in Nizhny Novgorod cannot be considered accidental, as A.E. tried to do. Presnyakov, nor to see in it evidence of the reign of Simeon in Nizhny Novgorod, which P.I. Melnikov and N.I. Khramtsovsky. Rights A.N. Nasonov, believing that the Nizhny Novgorod lands (as part of Vladimir) were under his rule until the death of Ivan Kalita. And the surviving news about Simeon for the 30s of the XIV century. they paint him not as an independent prince of Nizhny Novgorod, but as a faithful assistant to his father, his successor on the Moscow and, under favorable conditions, Vladimir tables.

The Grand Duchy of Nizhny Novgorod was formed after the death of Ivan Kalita and as a result of the direct influence of the Horde. In 1341, the Suzdal prince Konstantin Vasilyevich received a label for Nizhny Novgorod. So in North-Eastern Russia, a new state formation arose with a vast territory formed from the lands of the former Suzdal and former Nizhny Novgorod (formerly Gorodetsky) principalities. Nizhny Novgorod became the capital of the fourth northeastern Russian Grand Duchy.

The transfer of the capital here by Konstantin Vasilyevich from the patrimonial Suzdal, the concentration of the feudal apparatus of power in Nizhny Novgorod, the accumulation of the nobility contributed to the rise of the city. Data on the Nizhny Novgorod craft and trade in the 40-70s of the XIV century. carefully collected and analyzed by A.M. Sakharov. The picture he got is very eloquent. Among the Nizhny Novgorod artisans were representatives of such complex medieval professions as bell casters, copper gilders, architects and masons. An chronicle story from 1366 mentions eastern merchants trading in Nizhny Novgorod. Of particular note is the fact that Nizhny Novgorod was the second city of North-Eastern Russia after Moscow, where the construction of a stone Kremlin began. In the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral of the Savior under Konstantin Vasilyevich, chronicle records began to be kept. The new principality and its capital became one of the most significant in the Russian Northeast, and the Nizhny Novgorod prince began to play a major political role not only in Russia, but throughout Eastern Europe. Konstantin Vasilievich managed to intermarry with the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd. The daughters of Konstantin were married to Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tverskoy and Andrei Fedorovich of Rostov, who later became the grand dukes of their principalities. In 1347, the prince of Nizhny Novgorod achieved the establishment of a special Suzdal bishopric. In 1354, when he died Grand Duke Simeon the Proud, Konstantin Vasilievich made an attempt to establish himself on the table of the great reign of Vladimir, but the Horde did not support his claims, preferring Simeon's brother, Moscow Prince Ivan Ivanovich Krasny.

After the death in 1355 of Prince Konstantin, four of his sons remained: Andrei, Dmitry (in the baptism of Thomas), Boris and another Dmitry, nicknamed the Nail. All of them received inheritances, apparently, according to their father's will. In any case, the news of the late 50-70s of the XIV century. fix the destinies of each of the brothers. The very possibility of allocating to each Konstantinovich a part in the common fatherland, obviously, was a definite result of the economic upsurge of the Nizhny Novgorod principality, which was mentioned above. What kind of destinies did the brothers own?

The eldest, Andrey, inherited the Nizhny Novgorod table. The Rogozhsky chronicler testifies that after Konstantin Vasilyevich "his son, Prince Andrei, is sitting on the reign." However, Andrei had to seek the approval of his father's rights in the Horde. Apparently, in the winter, at the beginning of 1356, he "came from the Horde ... and sat down to reign in Novgorod in Nizhnem."

Dmitry-Foma received Suzdal. Under 1362, the chronicle noted that Dmitry "packs fled from Volodimer to his city of Suzhdal, to his fatherland."

His youngest brother and namesake Dmitry, nicknamed the Nail, is mentioned in the annals with the definition "Suzhdalsky". From this we can conclude that Nail also had possessions in Suzdal. The foregoing is confirmed by the analysis of Marina's well-known "given" blueberry. At present, it can be considered established that this document should be dated not from the 13th century, as previously thought, but from 1453. A special analysis of the “given” confirms what A.V. An exemplary guess that the prince Dmitry Konstantinovich mentioned in the charter is Dmitry Nogot. According to the text of the “given”, Dmitry owned the villages of Mininskoye, Romanovskoye and the “purchased” meadow of Lyuboscha “near the Nerl River”, near the “Vasilkovsky wetness”. The village of Mininskoe, in the XVI century. turned into a wasteland, was located two miles south of Suzdal, to the left of the road Suzdal - Vladimir. The village of Romanovskoe is identified by name with the later village. Romanov, who stood on the Irmes, six miles north of Suzdal. Lug Lyuboscha was located on the right bank of the Nerl Klyazminskaya, below the village. Vasilkov, near the Suzdal-Vladimir border. Thus, the villages of Prince Dmitry Nogt indicated in the “given” blueberry of the Marina were concentrated around Suzdal. Only the “purchased” meadow of Lyuboscha was removed from Suzdal by about 16 km.

Other possessions of the younger Dmitry Konstantinovich are determined, though in part, but by the fatherlands of his descendants. Villages, villages, various lands that belonged to the princes of the Nogtevs are mentioned in some letters of the 15th-16th centuries. So, Prince Andrei Andreevich in the 40s of the XV century. belonged to Cowshedding "in the old days and with judgment." The village was the "wonder" of the owner. I.A. Golubtsov, who published the document, first identified Prince Andrei Andreevich with the great-great-great-great-grandson or great-great-great-grandson of Prince Dmitry Nogt Andrei, the son of Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Nogtev. However, then the researcher made an amendment, indicating that this Andrei Andreevich was the father of Vasily Nogt, that is, the great-grandson of Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich the Younger. The last opinion of I.A. Golubtsova is absolutely correct. The great-grandson of Dmitry Nogt, Prince Andrei Andreevich, is included in one of the oldest genealogies in terms of composition, preserved in the list of the 40s of the 16th century. and discovered a few years ago by the author of these lines. The former patrimony of Prince Andrei Andreevich with. Cow farming survived into the 19th century. It was located on the northwestern outskirts of Suzdal.

The charter of Ivan III to the authorities of the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery dated October 17, 1472 calls those belonging to Prince Andrei Andreevich Nogtev "in Suzdal ... the land of the Bear Corner and with wasteland on the river on Uvota". We are talking about the same person who owned and s. cowshed. Bear's Corner was also a village. I.A. Golubtsov, who published the earliest documents dealing with s. Bear Corner, presumably identified this village with the one that existed in the 19th century. village of Medvezhye, Kovrov district. The identification turns out to be wrong. Accurately localize with. Bear Corner allows the data of the 1678 census book of the Suzdal district. There are mentioned s. Bear Corner and the Church of the Ascension in it. And in the List of populated places of the Vladimir province, there is a state-owned (usually former monastery) village "Voznesenie, which is in the Bear Corner". It becomes obvious that Ascension is the second name of c. Bear Corner, received by him from the local church. This village stood on the right bank of the Uvod, in its lower reaches.

Other possessions of the princes of the Nogtevs also approached the same river. Compiled around 1500-1515 has survived. a separate charter of the grandchildren of Prince A.A. Nogtev princes Semyon, Ivan and Andrey Vasilyevich Nogtev to the patrimony of their father - Lyamtsynsky Corner. The charter indicates the boundaries of the lands of the youngest of the brothers - Andrei. They consisted of three separate sections. The rivers Ukhtakhma with the Pochevinsky Ez, Sagalenka, Vyazma, Yuryevka, Sheresh, Chernaya, Uvod, near which was the “island” Singor, were named as landmarks; swamps Sagalinskoye, Bologovskoye, Yuryevskoye, Kozinskoye, Berezovo, floating Rveveevsky; Dolgaya backwater, Ineulskoye mouth, Kordovsky ravine, Malkov meadow; the villages and settlements of Maslovskaya, Old and New Lyamtsyno, Selyshki, Bologovo, Zmeinskoye, Yakovlya (Yakovlskoye), Stroikovo, Selyshko Krugloye, Shchitnikovo (Shchitniche), Bushmanovo, Sheresh, Borshchovo, Maloye Golubtsovo. I.A. Golubtsov believed that Lyamtsynsky Corner got its name from the village of Lyamtsyno, in the 19th century. listed in the Nerekhotsky district of the Kostroma province. The possessions of Prince A.V. He localized Nogtev much to the south of this Lyamtsyn, in the lower reaches of the Uvod and Vyazma rivers. Indeed, the main array of the possessions of Prince A.V. Nogteva stretched from standing on the right bank of the Ukhtoma (Ukhtakhma), in its lower reaches, the village of Maslovskaya to the river located on the left bank. Vyazma d. Bologovo, then down the Vyazma, from it back to the east to the Kozinsky swamp, then to the villages of Yakovle (Yakovlsky), Shchitnikov (Shchitnich) and to the river. Ukhtome (Ukhtahme), where he was "hammered" without the peasants of the village of Pochevina. The second section of the possessions of Prince Andrei Vasilyevich was located below the first along the river. Vyazma and not on the left, but on the right bank of this river. In a separate charter, the village of Bushmanovo and the river are mentioned. Sheresh. The map of 1812 shows the village of Bushmakovo, which stood on the right bank of the Vyazma, and to the south of it the right tributary of the Vyazma river. Averesh. Despite some difference in the names (it is possible that there are just typos in the names on the map), it becomes obvious that the speech in the letter of the beginning of the 16th century. we are talking about a property located in the area recorded by a source of the 19th century. d. Bushmakovo and r. Averesh. Finally, the third section of Prince A.V. Nogteva - "an island on the river on Uvoti Singor" - I.A. Golubtsov correctly placed on the river. Singori, which flows from the left into the river. Take away, 12-13 km from the mouth of the latter. Thus, the possessions of Prince A.V. Nogtev were located along the lower reaches of the Uvod, Vyazma and Ukhtoma (Ukhtakhma) rivers. Since they were only part of his father's fatherland, one can think that at one time Prince Vasily Nogtev owned lands along the middle course of the named rivers. However, it is doubtful that the estates of the Nogtevs included Perekhotsk Lyamtsyno, as I.A. Golubtsov. Old and New Lyamtsyno are mentioned in a separate letter of 1500-1515. when fixing the border of the part of Prince A.V. Nogtev from the village of Maslovskaya to the village of Bologovo. Obviously, the names of these Lyamtsyns, now no longer preserved, should be associated with the name of the entire area - the possession of the Nogtev brothers - Lyamtsynsky Corner, and not the Perekhota Lyamtsyn.

So, consideration of the acts of the XV-XVI centuries. convinces of the accuracy of the annalistic definition of Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich Nogt as the prince of Suzdal. The data of the act material allow us to say that the inheritance of the youngest of the sons of Konstantin Vasilyevich Nizhny Novgorod consisted of at least individual villages and lands in the Suzdal urban district and vast spaces along the middle and lower reaches of the Uvodi, Vyazma and Ukhtoma rivers.

Having found out the geography of the possessions of three of the four Konstantinoviches, it is relatively easy to determine the fatherland of their brother Boris. Following the method of exclusion, one can come to the conclusion that Gorodets with volosts should have belonged to Boris. This idea was expressed unte by A.V. Ekzemplyarsky, and after him A.E. Presnyakov. However, neither one nor the other researcher had weighty arguments in favor of this conclusion. Meanwhile, even if we do not resort to the exception, historians have at their disposal one forgotten source, the data of which confirm the assumption of A.V. Ekzemplyarsky and A.E. Presnyakov. We are talking about the Instructive Epistle of Metropolitan Alexei to the churchmen and parishioners of “the entire Novgorod and Gorodetsk region”, compiled, as its publisher K.I. Kevostruev, at the time of the capture by Boris of the Grand Duke's table in Nizhny Novgorod. Since the Epistle is addressed not only to the people of Nizhny Novgorod, over whom Boris usurped power, but also to the city dwellers, it becomes obvious that before his transfer to Nizhny Novgorod in 1363, Boris owned Gorodets. (See fig. 7).

The localization of the possessions of all four sons of Konstantin Vasilievich allows us to draw some conclusions. First of all, it becomes obvious that formed in the late 50s - early 60s of the XIV century. the destinies of the Nizhny Novgorod principality relied on the earlier administrative-territorial structure that was inherent in the Nizhny Novgorod (Gorodetsky), partly Suzdal principalities during their separate existence. Such continuity provided a certain stability to the possessions of the sons of Konstantin Vasilyevich, however, complete identity between the territories of appanages and cities with the volosts of the first decade of the XIV century. did not have. Materials of the XV-XVI centuries. show that the specific division of the Nizhny Novgorod territory was quite strong. At one time, A.E. Presnyakov wrote about the undeveloped forms of the internal "specific" system of the Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy, explaining this by the stormy and fleeting fate of this state formation. Now, drawing on new facts, we can state that this is not so. Despite the tense conditions of its external existence. The Nizhny Novgorod principality retained its system of division into appanages. In this respect, it developed in the same way as other large state formations of North-Eastern Russia.

However, the feudal division of the Nizhny Novgorod principality at first did not prevent the Nizhny Novgorod princes from continuing the struggle for the great reign of Vladimir, which their father Konstantin Vasilyevich began. Taking advantage of the infancy of the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich and, as one might think, the dissatisfaction of the Horde with the policy of his father, Grand Duke Ivan the Red, Dmitry-Thomas of Suzdal captured the Vladimir Grand Duchy. Having received a label from Khan Nouruz (Naurus), on June 22, 1360, Prince Dmitry was solemnly seated on the Vladimir table. She occupied it for two years, with the support of her older brother Andrei Nizhny Novgorod, Prince Konstantin Vasilievich of Rostov and Novgorod the Great. In 1362, Dmitry of Moscow (more precisely, his entourage, since Dmitry himself was then 12 years old) obtained from the next Horde Khan Murid (Amurat) a label for the Great Vladimir reign. The Suzdal prince tried to keep Vladimir behind him, but was driven out of there by the Moscow troops. In the spring or summer of 1363, Dmitry Konstantinovich, with the help of the Mongol-Tatars, again settled in Vladimir, but only lasted a week there. Muscovites "driven his packs from the great princedom" and even laid siege to his father in Suzdal. Dmitry was forced to ask for peace.

Meanwhile, unexpected events took place in the Nizhny Novgorod principality itself. The third of the Konstantinoviches, Prince Boris Gorodetsky, taking advantage of the fact that the elder brother Andrei, apparently, retired from government, and the other brother Dmitry-Foma became involved in the struggle for the Vladimir table, captured Nizhny Novgorod in 1363. Under his authority were the lands of the Gorodetsky and Nizhny Novgorod appanages, i.e. most of territory of the principality. Dmitry's attempt to persuade Boris to cede Nizhny Novgorod to him as an older one was not successful. An armed conflict was brewing between the brothers. Under these conditions, Dmitry-Foma was forced to finally abandon the rivalry with the Moscow prince for the great reign of Vladimir and, moreover, to ask him for help against Boris. Moscow's diplomatic intervention about the "subdivision" of the Nizhny Novgorod principality between the brothers did not work. Then Dmitry of Moscow sent his troops to help Dmitry of Suzdal. But it did not come to bloodshed. Boris met his brother at Berezhets (a village on the left bank of the Oka, a little higher than the mouth of the Klyazma), “bowing and repenting and asking for peace.” Submission brought peace. The brothers “became under? .

As a result, by the end of 1364 political position inside the Nizhny Novgorod principality stabilized, although there was a redistribution of territories. Nizhny Novgorod passed to Dmitry-Foma Konstantinovich. Behind him, his former Suzdal inheritance was preserved. Part of the Suzdal lands remained with Dmitry Nogt, and the Gorodets - with Prince Boris. In addition to Gorodets, sources record possessions of Boris on the eastern outskirts of the Nizhny Novgorod principality. What belonged here to Boris?

Chronicle news for the 60-70s of the XIV century. show that by the named time the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod principality had grown significantly in the east and southeast directions from Sundovik. Under 1361, the chronicle notes that a certain Sekiz-biy, who fled from the unrest in the Horde, “Zapianie plundered everything and, breaking off with a moat, that sede”. The cited text testifies that Zapyaniye was not a territory of the Horde, it could belong to either Nizhny Novgorod or Mordovian princes. An annalistic article of 1375 allows you to make a choice. It says twice that the Mongol-Tatars of Mamai killed the boyar Parfeniy Fedorovich “and plundered everything Zapianiye”, or that they “fought for Piana of the volost, and beat the outpost of Nizhny Novgorod” . On the basis of these words, it becomes clear that Drinking was part of the Nizhny Novgorod principality.

The data of the articles of 1364 and 1375 allow to localize drunkenness. Rogozhsky chronicler and articles of 1408 of the Tver collection. The first of them reports on the sea, which struck people "in Novgorod in Nizhny [b] and in the county, and on Sarah, and on Kishi, and in countries, and in volosts" . We are talking about localities ("countries") and administrative units ("volosteh") of the Nizhny Novgorod Principality. They included Sarah and Kish. The latter is mentioned for the second time in the Rogozhsky chronicler under 1375. Before robbing drunkenness, the Mongol-Tatars “took Kish and burned it with fire”. Kish and Drunkenness were located, therefore, nearby. In the already cited story of the Tver collection about the attack of the Mongol-Tatars on Nizhny Novgorod, Gorodets and Belogorodie in 1408, their retreat from the Nizhny Novgorod limits is described: “wandering from Novgorod fighting Uyada and Berezovo field, tacos went around the field and searched for people through the forest ... ... and from there, going to Sura, Sura began to fight, Kormysh was burned and Sarah the Great was burned ... ". The retreat route of the Mongol-Tatars is clear: from Nizhny to the east to the river. Sura, then south up the Sura to Kurmysh located on it. It is obvious that Sarah the Great was relatively close to Kurmysh to the south or southeast of it.

So, it is established that Kish, Sarah (Great), Zapyaniye and Kurmysh should belong to the same geographical area. Since the location of Kurmysh is well known (on the left bank of the Sura, in its lower reaches), all the listed points and localities must be sought in the lower reaches of the Sura. Indeed, referring to the cartographic materials, it is easy to find on the maps of the river. Pyanu, left tributary of the lower Sura, another left tributary of the Sura - r. Kishu, and on the left bank of the Sura above the mouth of the Kishi - with. Sarah. The latter should be identified with Kishyu and Sarah of the 14th century. Their geography leads us to believe that the Drunkenness was called the lands located south of the upper reaches of the Piana. Here was the south-eastern border of the Nizhny Novgorod principality. Its eastern border reached at least Sura, and the news of 1374 and 1377. about the robbery of the Zasurye by the Novgorod ushkuiniki and the Horde prince Arab-shah (Arapsha) give certain grounds to believe that some lands on the right bank of the Sura also belonged to Nizhny Novgorod.

Along the Sura, the possessions of Prince Boris Gorodetsky were located. True, the earliest news about them suffers from some geographical uncertainty. Under 1367, the chronicle reports that the Horde prince Bulat-Temir fought the Nizhny Novgorod "county even to the Volga and to Soundoviti and the village of princes Borisov." Obviously, the territory between the right banks of the Volga and Sundovik rivers, that is, the southeastern part of the principality, was attacked. Somewhere here the "villages of Prince Borisov" were located.

The location of these villages is specified on the basis of the annalistic news of 1374 about the establishment of the city of Kurmysh on the Sura by Prince Boris. Much later, after the transfer of Nizhny Novgorod into the hands of the Moscow prince, Boris Konstantinovich issued a charter to the Nizhny Novgorod Annunciation Monastery for “their fishing along the Sura” and beaver ruts from the confluence of the Sura river. Kurmyshki to the mouth of the Sura. It is obvious that the possessions of the third of the Konstantinoviches were located along this river. Boris could receive them either by his father's will, or by agreement of 1364 with his brother Dmitry. The latter seems more likely. It concretizes the chronicle evidence that the brothers "shared the reign of Novogorodsky". However, no matter how one explains the origin of the possessions of Boris Gorodetsky in Sura, it is clear that the possession of the border Posura lands that suffered from Mongol Tatar raids made Boris interested in unity with the Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duke, forced him to follow in line with the local Grand Duke foreign policy.

This policy, in turn, was largely determined by the anti-Horde goals and objectives of Moscow's foreign policy, with whose prince Dmitry, the future Donskoy, Dmitry Nizhny Novgorod became related, having given him his daughter Evdokia in early 1367. At first, the alliance with Moscow brought certain benefits to the Nizhny Novgorod prince. His brothers obediently walked under his hand, and a number of successful military actions against the Mongol-Tatars in 1367, 1370, 1374 and 1377. allowed Dmitry Konstantinovich, apparently, to somewhat expand his possessions in the east and even plant his protege in Bulgar.

But in 1375, Mamai began active operations against the Nizhny Novgorod principality. In 1375, the Mongol-Tatars of Mamai, as already mentioned, burned Kish and plundered the drunkenness. In August 1377, despite the help of Moscow, they, together with the Mordovian princes, treacherously attacked the blundered Russian governors, inflicted a terrible defeat on them on Pyan, and then took Nizhny Novgorod by exile. In the autumn of the same year, Prince Arapsha and the emboldened Mordovian princes fought on the eastern and southern borders of the Nizhny Novgorod principality. In the summer of 1378, Mamaev's troops again unexpectedly captured Nizhny Novgorod. Participation together with Moscow in the anti-Horde struggle turned into grave consequences for the border Russian principality. And although in 1380 Dmitry Konstantinovich still helped his son-in-law (Suzdal regiments fought on the Kulikovo field, although there were no Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod regiments), a conflict was brewing between the allies. When Khan Tokhtamysh moved to Moscow in 1382, Dmitry Nizhny Novgorod sent his two sons to help him. Their treacherous behavior, which led to the capture and burning of Moscow on August 26 by the Mongol-Tatars, deprived the Nizhny Novgorod prince of grand ducal support.

This immediately led to an outbreak of internecine struggle and the redistribution of destinies within the Nizhny Novgorod principality. Already in the autumn of 1382, Boris Gorodetsky went to the Horde. The next year, his son Ivan arrived there. Apparently, fearing the intrigues of Boris, Dmitry Nizhny Novgorod in 1383 sent his youngest son Semyon to the khan. But Tokhtamysh was in no hurry with the decision. Only after learning about the death of Dmitry (5 VII 1383), he released the Nizhny Novgorod princes to Russia, transferring Nizhny Novgorod to Boris, I to Semyon - Suzdal. Relying on the help of the Horde, Boris at the same time was forced to act in line with Moscow policy. When in 1386 Dmitry of Moscow opposed Novgorod the Great, Boris took part in the campaign. Meanwhile, the eldest son of Dmitry-Thomas Vasily in 1388 received a label from Tokhtamysh for Gorodets. Khan's power interfered more and more actively in the political life of the principality. Under the influence of the Horde, the usual Russian order of succession to the throne broke down here. The destinies continued to exist, but their possession now depended entirely on the khan. Vasily and Semyon Dmitrievich and their son-in-law Dmitry Moskovsky could not come to terms with this.

In 1388, the combined forces of the named princes laid siege to Nizhny Novgorod. Boris Konstantinovich was forced to capitulate. On March 15, 1388, a peace was concluded, according to which Boris “give way” to the nephews of the “volosts of Noutorodsky, and [about] neither he will give up his lot”, i.e., obviously, Gorodets and Posurye. But as soon as the Grand Duke of Moscow died (V 19, 1389), Boris Gorodetsky hurried to Tokhtamysh. Busy fighting with Timur, the Horde Khan did not immediately help his protege. Only in 1391 did Boris return to Russia and again settle in Nizhny Novgorod. The sources say nothing about the fate of Vasily and Semyon Dmitrievich. According to the logic of previous events, one can think that they again turned to Moscow for help.

However, this time things took a different turn. The Nizhny Novgorod boyars, tormented by the constant strife of the local princes, entered into relations with Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow. The latter did not dare to act without the sanction of the khan. On July 46, 4392, he went to the Horde. There, for a huge sum, he bought a shortcut to Nizhny Novgorod. In October 1392, together with the Horde ambassador, the Moscow prince returned to Russia. Having reached Kolomna, Vasily Dmitrievich released the ambassador and his boyars to Nizhny Novgorod, and he himself went to Moscow. The Mongol-Tatars and Moscow boyars who arrived in Nizhny Novgorod with the help of the boyars of Nizhny Novgorod and, apparently, with the support of the townspeople (Mongol-Tatars and Muscovites “began to ring the bells, flocking people”) quickly and without bloodshed brought Boris from the Nizhny Novgorod table. On November 6, 1392, the prince of Moscow arrived in Nizhny Novgorod. Here he stayed for quite a long time - seven weeks. When all issues related to the future of the princes of the Nizhny Novgorod house and the administrative structure of the annexed territory were settled, Vasily Dmitrievich returned home. In Nizhny Novgorod, the Moscow governor began to rule - Dmitry Aleksandrovich Vsevolozh. Sovereign Nizhny Novgorod table was liquidated. Although Suzdal, Posurye and, possibly, Gorodets were left behind the local princes, they, apparently, were deprived of the right to "know the Horde", that is, independent foreign policy relations, and had to become subordinate to the Grand Duke of Moscow. Thus, the annexation of the Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy to Moscow did not completely deprive the local princes of their destinies. The latter continued to exist into the 15th century. The liquidation of the political independence of the Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy led to partial and incomplete internal control of the Grand Duke's power over its territory.

Notes

TsGVIA, VUA, No. 21272, l. 12. Does not appear in the List of Populated Places in the Vladimir Province.

. Nasonov A.N."Russian land" and the formation of the territory of the Old Russian state. M., 1951, p. 173-174; Kuchkin V.A. Tale of Mikhail Tverskoy. M., 1974, p. 230.

. Goryunova E.I. Decree. cit., adj., map 4a.

Despite the fact that in the east the Suzdal principality bordered on the one formed in the 13th century. Starodub principality, their specific boundary is difficult to determine due to lack of data.

ASVR, vol. 2, no. 463, p. 501, 500.

TsGVIA, VUA, No. 21272, l. 12 (the village was erroneously named Shatryashchi); Vladimir province. List of populated places, p. 194, No. 5158.

Ibid, p. 199, No. 5296.

ASVR, v. 3, No. 500 (business of the princes Nogtevs). According to filigree data, the document dates from the first two decades of the 16th century, but the act says that the lands listed in it constituted the “patrimony” of the father of the princes who divided it among themselves. Consequently, these lands belonged to the Nogtev princes as early as the 15th century. The location of the geographical objects listed in the business will be discussed below.

The oldest indirect mention of the Shhartom Monastery (Shartom Archimandrite Konon) is contained in the charter of the Nizhny Novgorod (Suzdal) Princess Maria Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in 1444 (ASVR, vol. 2, No. 444, p. 485). Conon was present at the drafting of this letter as a rumor. This position of Konon was obviously due to the fact that his monastery stood on the land of the descendants of the Suzdal princes.

On the river Luh in the 15th century. there were fishermen from Yaropolch (ASVR, vol. 1, no. 362, p. 265). The Yaropolch volost was part of the Vladimir Grand Duchy (DDG, No. 13, p. 38). Near Yaropolch down the river. Klyazma stood Gorokhovets - the center of the volost of the same name (ASVR, vol. 1, No. 200, p. 143; No. 383, p. 241). The Gorokhovets volost was Nizhny Novgorod (ASVR, vol. 2, no. 435, p. 479).

ASVR, vol. 3, no. 86, p. 117-118. It is stated here that, apart from Vessky, the Nativity Monastery was given something “other”. In other acts Vesskoye is mentioned together with the village of Koshcheyevo (Ibid., No. 92 a, p. 128). Therefore, there is reason to believe that s. Vesskoye was acquired by the book. Yuri Moskovsky together with the village of Koshcheevo and then donated by him to the Vladimir monastery.

. Instance A.V. Great and appanage princes ... St. Petersburg, 1889, vol. 1, p. 63, 68.

Vladimir province. List of populated places, p. 194, no. 5167, 5176; TsGVIA, VUA, No. 21272, l. 12.

At s. Vessky, a burial ground of the 11th-13th centuries was discovered. ( Goryunova E.I. Decree. cit., appendix, map 4, mound No. 459). Obviously, this village existed in the pre-Mongolian period and has long been the possession of the Suzdal princes.

ASVR, vol. 3, no. 86; compare: No. 92 a. On the date of Yuri's death - 21 XI 1325 - see: PSRL. SPb., 1913, v. 18, p. 89.

PSRL. SPb., 1885, v. 10, p. 177. This is the only mention of kn. Vasily Mikhailovich is very difficult to interpret. Perhaps he was the son of Mikhail (Yurievich?) of Suzdal.

. Instance A.V. Decree. cit., vol. 2, p. 399-400. But A.V. Ekzemplyarsky, it seems, incorrectly determines the patronymic of the father of these princes - Andreevich. In general, the researcher mixes the descendants of the book. Andrei Yaroslavich of Suzdal with the descendants of Prince. Andrey Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.

NPL, p. 92; PSRL, vol. 18, p. 86. The news apparently goes back to the Trinity Chronicle. Cm.: Priselkov M.D. Trinity Chronicle: Reconstruction of the text. M.; L., 1950, p. 351 and note. 3.

PSRL. SPb., 1851, v. 5, p. 204.

PSRL. 2nd ed. Pg., 1915, v. 4, part 1, issue. 1. p. 253.

. Shakhmatov A.A. Review of Russian chronicles of the XIV-XVI centuries. M.; L., 1938, p. 152-153. Novgorod-Sofia arch of A.A. Shakhmatov dated first 1448, and then - the 30s of the XV century. (Ibid., p. 154, 366).

The Novgorod-Sofia code was compiled on the basis of two sources: the all-Russian code and the local Novgorod chronicle. The latter served as a source for the Novgorod I chronicle of the younger version ( Shakhmatov A.A. Decree. op., p. 155-157). In the Novgorod I chronicle, there is no junior edition of the article of 1305 on the Nizhny Novgorod events (See: NPL, p. 322). Consequently, this news got into the Novgorod-Sofia code from a common Russian source - the code of Metropolitan Photius.

. Presnyakov A.E. Formation of the Great Russian state. Pg., 1918, p. 104, note. 2; Budovnits I.U. Support for the unifying efforts of Moscow by the population of Russian cities: Academician Boris Dmitrievich Grekov on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. M., 1952, p. 119-120; Essays on the history of the USSR: The period of feudalism, XI-XV centuries. M., 1953, part 2, p. 192; Cherepnin L.V. Russian education centralized state in the XIV-XV centuries. M., 1960, p. 462. For I.U. Budovnitsa, the erroneous mention of chronicles about Mikhail Yaroslavich, who allegedly acted in 1305 in Nizhny Novgorod, served as the starting point for a whole historical construction, the precariousness of which is now revealed with complete obviousness.

PSRL, vol. 5, p. 204, var. f; SPb., 1856, v. 7, p. 184.

. Kuchkin V.A. Tale of Mikhail Tverskoy, p. 111-113, 115.

GIM, coll. A.S. Uvarova, No. 248(231), l. 163.

In another source of the Resurrection Chronicle - the Moscow Code of 1479 - the patronymic of Prince Mikhail is indicated correctly - "Andreevich". - PSRL. M.; L., 1949, v. 25, p. 392.

. Soloviev S.M. History of Russia since ancient times. M., 1960, book. 2, vol. 3/4, p. 225-226.

. Instance A.V. Decree. cit., vol. 2, p. 388, note. 1086; With. 396 and note. 1113. Compare: Karamzin N.M. History of the Russian State / Ed. I. Einerling. SPb., 1842, book. 1, vol. 4, note. 209.

. Soloviev S.M. Decree. op., book. 2, vol. 3/4, p. 340 (notes 390-393); Instance A.V. Decree. cit., vol. 2, p. 388, note. 1086.

. Presnyakov A.E. Decree. op., p. 62, note. 3. However, noting the confusion in the testimony of the Nikon Code regarding the origin of the Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod princes, A.E. For some reason, Presnyakov joined the opinion of A.V. Ekzemplyarsky, based precisely on the contradictory data of the Nikon Chronicle.

. Class B.M. Metropolitan Daniel and the Nikon Chronicle. - TODRL, L., 1974, v. 28, p. 189.

See ch. 3 of this edition.

. Priselkov M.D. Decree. op., p. 354. In the Simeon Chronicle, there are no words “table in Volodimer”, instead of “he” - “prince” and instead of the last four words - “returning once to your own place”; the rest of the text is identical to the above. See: PSRL, vol. 18, p. 87.

NIZHNY NOVGOROD PRINCIPALITY - since 1341 . State education in North-Eastern Russia at the beginning of the XIV - the middle of the XV centuries. Sto-li-tsa - Nizhny Novy-go-rod.

For-mal-but the Principality of Nizhny Novgorod arose-nik-lo at the beginning of the 14th century in re-zul-ta-te pe-re-no-sa pra-vi-te-lem Go-ro-detz-ko-go prince -st-va book. Mi-khai-lom An-d-ree-vi-chem (ruled in 1304 - about 1311) of his re-zi-den-tion from the city of Go-ro-dets to the city of Nizh-niy New-go-rod (in vi-di-mo-mu, soon after 1305). After the end of the chi-we who did not leave the heirs of the book. Mi-hai-la An-d-ree-vi-cha of the Principality of Nizhny Novgorod, most likely, went into the composition of the power of the Moscow princes as his closest family -st-ven-ni-kov (when-ho-di-lis Mi-hai-lu two-kind-we-mi take-I-mi): first-in-at-initial-but they owned-del, ve -ro-yat-but, book. Yuri Da-ni-lo-vich, then - his younger brother, Prince. Bo-ris Da-ni-lo-vich (died 1320) -ne-al-nye (not-from-chu-well-give-my and not-on-trace-st-vein-nye) ter-ri-to-rii Vla-di-peace-ve-whether -who-prince-same-st-va. After the Tver resurrection of 1327 and the separation of the Vla-di-mir-th grand principality for 2 parts of the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod principality, enter-di- la in the composition of the vl-de-ny of the grand duke vla-di-mir-sko-go Alek-san-dr-va-sil-e-vi-cha (1328-1331), and after his death -ti re-went under the control of the left-tav-she-go-sya the only-st-ven-ny grand prince of the vlad-di-mir-sky Ivan I Da-ni-lo-vi- cha Ka-li-you (possibly, had a special status among the lands of Vla-di-mir-th-ve-li-ko-go-prince-same-st- wa).

In 1341, Khan Uz-bek seized the Nizhny Novgorod principality from the Vla-di-mir-th grand principality and gave it to the younger brother book. Alek-san-d-ra Va-sil-e-vi-cha - suz-dal-sko-mu book. Kon-stan-ti-nu Wa-sil-e-vi-chu. In re-zul-ta-te sfor-mi-ro-va-elk Ni-zhe-go-rod-skoe (Ni-zhe-go-rod-sko-Suz-dal-sky) grand principality. Its ter-ri-to-riya includes the own-st-ven-but the Nizhny Novgorod principality, the Suz-dal prince-same-st-vo and the Go-ro-dec-some princedom. It is gra-ni-chi-lo on se-ve-ro-for-pa-de, se-ve-re and se-ve-ro-vos-to-ke with the Vla-di-mir-sky Grand Duchy, Ha -lits-kim (Ga-lich-sky), Ros-tov-sky and Star-ro-dub-sky prince-same-st-va-mi, on the pas-de - with Mu-rom-sky prince- zhe-st-vom (along the river Oka), in the south-west of the pas and south - from the Mordov-ski-mi lands of the Golden Horde. In the south and south-east-ke in the middle of the XIV century, the ter-ri-to-riyya of the prince-same-st-va do-ho-di-la to the river. Sun-do-vit (now-not Sun-do-vik), and in the 1360s - mid-1370s, it signified-chi-tel-but ras-shi-ri-lased to bass-this-in the middle -go and lower-not-tho-che-niya river. Su-ra (right tributary of the Volga) with its le-you-mi with-to-ka-mi - re-ka-mi Pya-na, Ki-sha and Ala-tyr (here she is a gra- ni-chi-la with mor-dov-ski-mi and chu-your-ski-mi zem-la-mi Zo-lo-toy Horde). The power of the great princes of the same-native-rod-races-pro-countries and on the left-in-be-re-zhe of the Volga (ras-shi- standing in the mouths of its left tributaries - the Ker-zhe-nets river, etc. -go-ro-yes), where they gra-ni-chi-li with ter-ri-to-ri-she Zo-lo-toy Horde (ulu-sy with che-re-mis-sky and Turkic- skim on-se-le-ni-eat). In the mid-1370s (less likely, that in the mid-1380s), the Vyatka land entered their composition for some time.

Grand Duke Kon-stan-tin Vasil-e-vich (ruled in 1341-1355) stood in the fight against the Moscow princes (mainly the Grand Duke of Vla-di-mir -sky Se-myo-n Iva-no-vi-chem Gor-smoke) ter-ri-to-ri-al-ny composition of the Nizhny Novgorod principality, in his reign-le-con-so-li-da- tion of the me-st-no-go service-lo-go bo-yar-st-va (pre-zh-de all-go-the-same-city-sko-go and suz-far-sko-go) uk -re-pi-la in-en-no-po-ly-tic in-zi-tion of the principality in North-Eastern Russia. In 1347, the Grand Duke Kon-stan-tin Vasil-e-vich did-bill-sya uch-re-g-de-niya of the self-stand- ing Suz-dal episcopia (1347 year), under-der-zh-val active contacts-so-you with the neighboring Russian princes-same-st-va-mi, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (ON) ( in 1350, he married his daughter An-to-ni-du to the Ros-tov prince An-d-rei Fe-do-ro-vi-cha; in 1352 in Nizhny Nov -go-ro-de-would have been his wedding before-che-ri Ev-do-cue Kon-stan-ti-nov-ny and mi-ku-lin-sko-go book Mi-hai- la Alek-san-d-ro-vi-cha, as well as his 3rd son-on Bo-ri-sa Kon-stan-ti-no-vi-cha with Ag-ra-fe-noy, before -che-ryu li-tov-th book Ol-ger-da) and ha-na-mi Zo-lo-toy Horde. Under him, the role of the Nizh-no-go Nov-go-ro-da as a large-to-go-go-go-go and re-mes-len-no-go center on Volzhsky tor-go-vom way.

Kon-stan-ti-nu Wa-sil-e-vi-chu on-follow-to-val the eldest son An-d-rei Kon-stan-ti-no-vich, for-ni-mav-shi ve -li-ko-prince-same table in the years 1355-1363 (in 1364 he received a haircut, died in 1365). His brothers in Lu-chi-li: Dmitry Kon-stan-ti-no-vich - Suz-dal, Boris Kon-stan-ti-no-vich - Go-ro-dets, Dmit- riy Kon-stan-ti-no-vich No-got - Suz-dal-sky lands in the basin of the Ukh-to-ma and Uvod rivers (left pri-to-ki of the Klyaz-ma river ), as well as se-la in the “eye-lo-go-ro-die” Suz-da-la (in it, according to the general right-wi-lu, se-la-mi vla-de-li and his brothers). At the end of the 1350s, the brothers Kon-stan-ti-no-vi-chi learning-st-vo-va-li in the struggle for the vla-di-mir-sky ve-li-ko-prince-same table: in 1360, Grand Duke An-d-rei Kon-stan-ti-no-wich, but from-ka-hall from him to pol -zu brother Dmitry (for-no-small table in Vla-di-mi-re in 1360-1362, and also no more no-de-li in 1363). In the years 1363-1364, a struggle erupted between Kon-stan-ti-no-vi-cha-mi for the lower city table. In it, the Grand Duke of Vla-di-Mir-sky Dmitry Iva-no-vich supported the pre-ten-zii Dmitry Kon-stan-ti-no-vi-cha: for-hva-tiv- in 1363, the Lower Nov-go-rod Bo-ris Kon-stan-ti-no-vich was you-well-zh-den in 1364 to return to his inheritance, and Dmit- Riy Kon-stan-ti-no-vich occupied the ve-li-ko-prince-same table, keeping the Suz-dal principality behind him. On January 18, 1366, Grand Duke Dmitry Kon-stan-ti-no-vich married his daughter Ev-do-kiya Dmit-ri-ev-nu .

Pe-ri-od from the mid-1360s to the second half of the 1370s became the time of the rise of the Nizhny Novgorod principality. Ras-shi-ri-las his ter-ri-to-ria (in the south and in the south-east-ke, as well as on the left-in-be-re-zhe of the Vol-ga at the expense of lands Zo-lo-of that Horde), uk-re-pi-moose political influence in the conditions of "Ve-li-koy for-myat-ni" in Zo-lo- that Or-de (Dmitry Kon-stan-ti-no-vich sa-mo-standing-tel-but, but more often in alliance with the Grand Duke of Vla-di-Mir-sky Dmitry-ri-em Iva-no-vi-what sa-zhal their stav-len-ni-kov in the city of Bol-gar in 1367 and 1377, in 1370 Muscovites and lower townsmen planted a protege of Mamai in Bolgar), below -city princes won a series of victories over individual or-dyn-ski-mi from-rya-da-mi (1370, 1374 and other years) and a vassal of the Horde - mord-howl (1378). In 1372, on the eve of the raising of the stone-men-no-go krem-la in the Lower New-go-ro-de (not over-the-top-she-but). In the middle - not the second half of the 1370s, Ch. arr. due to the efforts-liv-shih-sya or-dyn-sky on-be-g of the XIII-XV centuries, the eco-no-micic position and the political influence of the prince-same-st -wa os-labe-lo: in 1377, the lower-rod-princes were ter-pe-whether thunderous in-ra-same-nie from the detachments of Ma- May-howl of the Horde and Mordus-you on the river. Drunk, the city itself was captured and plundered; in 1378 the Nizhny Novy-go-rod was taken a second time. In the same years, more than once, ra-zo-re-ni-pits were subjected to the lands of the Nizhny Novgorod principality in the basin of this Su-ra.

Kon-co-li-da-tion of political forces in Zo-lo-toy Or-de after-tsa-re-niya ha-na Toh-ta-we-sha, signifier -noe os-lab-le-nie of the ro-li of the Moscow princes after Tokh-ta-my-sha on the run of 1382 and the death of Grand Duke Dmitry Kon-stan-ti-no-vi- cha (1383) abruptly ob-st-ri-li si-tua-tsu in the prince-same-st-ve. In 1383-1388, the lower-go-rod-sky ve-li-ko-prince-same table for-ni-small Bo-ris Kon-stan-ti-no-vich. The son of Dmitry Kon-stan-ti-no-vi-cha - Se-myeon Dmit-rie-vich in 1383 received Suz-dal, and returned in 1388 from Zo- of the Lo-th Horde, his elder brother Va-si-liy Dmit-rie-vich Kir-dya-pa - Go-ro-dets. Having left not-to-free-we-mi races-pre-de-le-ni-em vla-de-ny, they are at the beginning of 1388 with the support of Moscow. troops osa-di-li Nizh-niy Nov-go-rod. After a 5-day siege, the peace was made, the conditions for someone-ro-go in is-to-rio-gra-fia were transport-tu-yut-sya different-no-mu: according to one version, no-same-rod-sky led. Vasily Dmitriyevich Kir-dya-pa (1388-1391) became the prince-zem, and Prince. Bo-ris Kon-stan-ti-no-vich in-lu-chil Go-ro-dets and his power in Po-su-rye; according to another version, book. Bo-ris Kon-stan-ti-no-vich co-kept the ve-li-ko-prince-same-table, giving almost all the same-same-rod-sky hair-los- ti ple-myan-ni-kam. In 1391, Boris Kon-stan-ti-no-vich returned from the Golden Horde with the traditional khan's yar-ly-com to the entire Nizhny Novgorod principality. One-on-ko already in 1392 led. book. mo-s-kov-sky Va-si-liy I Dmitri-rie-vich you-ku-drank at the ha-na Tokh-ta-we-sha yar-lyk to the Nizhny Novgorod principality. From-me-niv to the Grand Duke Bo-ri-su Kon-stan-ti-no-vi-chu, the fight-re of his court opened the gate of the Lower New-go-go- ro-da moscow. howl-scam and khan-sko-mu in a way, after that, the Nizhny Novgorod principality is ut-ra-ti-lo sa-mo-stand-ing-ness.

The Principality of Nizhny Novgorod became part of Mo-s-kov-s-th-ve-li-ko-th-prince-same-st-va, but the process of incorporation into of all the territories of the Nizhny Novgorod principality was completed only in the middle of the 15th century, Vasily I Dmitriyevich again included the Nizhny Novy-go-rod and the same -urban-sky lands of the Nizhny Novgorod principality, in the composition of before-me-on the vla-di-mir grand princes, the Moscow prince-zya re-re-sta-whether to call on these territories -ri-to-rii ro-do-vym vla-de-ni-em of the Suz-dal-sky Ryu-ri-ko-vi-chey, in the church-kov-nom from-no-she-nii of their ex-I -whether from the ve-de-niya of the Suz-dal-sky vladyk and re-re-yes-whether under the direct control of mi-tro-po-li-comrade. Possibly, in 1393 - March 1394, Bo-ris Kon-stan-ti-no-wich, who retained the former ti-tul, but became fak-ti-che-ski -chief servant of the prince with in-di-vi-du-al-nym sta-tu-som of the Moscow go-su-da-rya, vlad-del at-over-le-zhav-shi-mi him and earlier earth-la-mi in Po-su-rye and in Suz-da-le.

In the next-st-vii, separate pre-hundred-vi-te-whether Suz-dal-sky Ryu-ri-ko-vi-whose, leaning, first of all, on the support of the op -dyn-sky great-vi-te-lei, before-at-no-ma-whether in-torture-ki to restore-sta-but-twist not-for-vi-si-bridge of the Nizhny Novgorod principality in the borders 1380s, or on their own-st-ven-but-the-same-rod-sky ter-ri-to-ri-yah. For the first time, the self-standing of the Nizhny Novgorod principality was re-la-sta-nov-le-on the settlement of Edi-gay on-be-ha in 1408, when-yes-the-same-th-genus -sky table for-ni-small in 1408-1415 according to the khan-sko-mu yar-ly-ku (you-dan, ve-ro-yat-no, khan Pu-la-dom) eldest son book. Bo-ri-sa Kon-stan-ti-no-vi-cha - book. Yes-ni-il Bo-ri-so-vich, having-no-vav-shy-sya full ti-tu-lom of the Grand Duke of the same kind-of-kin-th with inc-no- we eat in ti-tul and Go-rod-tsa (possibly, dey-st-vi-tel-but vla-del), and Suz-da-la (re-al-but, rather all- th, not power). At the beginning of 1415, the Moscow troops under the command of Prince. Yuri Dmit-rie-vi-cha once-bi-whether from-a-row-dy of the same-rod-princes and their or-dyn-sky in-cro-vi-te-lei, from-gnav Da-ni-la Bo-ri-so-vi-cha from Nizh-not-go New-go-ro-da. After this, he led. book. mo-s-kov-sky Va-si-liy I Dmitriy-vich re-gave the Nizhny Novgorod principality ) within the framework of the in-sti-tu-ta co-pra-vi-tel-st-va under the control of his son-on Iva-on Va-sil-e-vi-cha (1415- 1417; died in the summer of 1417).

At the end of 1417 or the beginning of 1418, the yar-lyk for the Principality of Nizhny Novgorod (vi-di-mo, from khan Der-vi-sha) was named after the grandson of Prince. Va-si-liya Dmitri-rie-vi-cha Kir-dya-py - book. Alexander Ivanovich (died around 1421, but not later than the beginning of 1423). Soon he made peace with Va-si-li-em I Dmitri-rie-vi-chem and in February 1419 married his do-che-ri Va-si-li-se Vas-sil-ev-not. At the end of 1423 or the beginning of 1424, the yar-lyk for the Nizhny Novgorod reign (ve-ro-yat-no, from ha-na Hu-dai-da-ta) again lu-chil the book. Da-ni-il Bo-ri-so-vich, after the death of someone-ro-go (not later than January 1425), the principality again returned-well-elk under the control of Wa-si- liya I Dmitriye-vi-cha. For the last time, the self-standing Nizhny Novgorod principality was re-la-sta-nov-le-na in June or July 1445 by khan Ulug-Mu-ham-me-dom in pe -ri-od Mo-s-kov-sky uso-bi-tsy 1425-1453. His great-vi-te-la-mi became the grandchildren of the book. Va-si-liya Dmit-rie-vi-cha Kir-dya-py - brothers Va-si-liy Yur-e-vich and Fedor Yur-e-vich, pre-ten-do-vav-shie for everything ter-ri-to-rii of the Nizhny Novgorod principality in the borders of the 1380s. However, already in February 1446, the Principality of Nizhny Novgorod was window-cha-tel-but whether-to-vi-diro-va-no led. book. mo-s-kov-skim Dmit-ri-em Yur-e-vi-than She-mya-koy.

At the same time, on the ter-ri-to-rii of Go-ro-dets-ko-go and Suz-dal-sky-principalities, included in the composition of the Moscow Grand Duchy, Suz-dal -skie Ryu-ri-ko-vi-chi, who became the servants of the princes of the grand dukes of Moscow with in-di-vi-du-al-nym- tu-catfish, save the power-de-tel-ny rights to their ro-to-vye lands. To them, rather than all, pri-na-le-zha-li kn. Vasi-liy Dmitriyevich Kir-dya-pa (in the 1390s - 1403, possibly in the City), his younger brother - Prince. Se-myon Dmitriy-vich, someone in those 8 years (from 1394 to the summer of 1402) served four-you-rem or-dyn-skim khans with tse -lew to return the Nizhny Novgorod principality (in 1402 in Vyatka, where he died); grandson of Prince Bo-ri-sa Kon-stan-ti-no-vi-cha - book. Alexander Iva-no-vich (in the 1420s - 1433 in Suz-da-le, perhaps, an hour-tich-but), in a book. Dmitry Kon-stan-ti-no-vi-cha Nog-tya and others. on pre-go-vor-nyh wasps-no-va-ni-yakh (for example, pre-go-thief of 1449 of the year Grand Prince Mo-s-kov-sko-go Va-si-liya II Va-sil -e-vi-cha Dark-no-go with Prince Ivan Va-sil-e-vi-chem Gor-ba-tym, grandson of Prince Se-myo-on Dmitry-rie-vi-cha; according to him, the Grand Duke of Moscow, in-zh-lo-val Prince Gor-ba-to-mu of his ro-do-go-ro-dets-kie-chi-we). Po-lytic pro-ti-in-standing (mainly with the grand dukes-mi mo-s-kov-ski-mi), og-ra-ni-chen-ness of ro-do-vy lands you-well-well-yes-are there not-something-pre-hundred-vi-te-lei-none-of-the-same-rod-sko-suz-dal-sky Ryu-ri-ko-vi-whose is - to serve in other state institutions of the North-Eastern and North-Western Russia, sometimes with the consent or on the presentation of the leader. prince mo-s-kov-sko-go. By the end of the 15th century, more-shin-st-in-pre-hundred-vi-te-lei of the same-go-rod-sko-suz-dal-sky Ryu-ri-ko-vi-whose windows-cha-tel- but they went into the composition of Go-su-da-re-va of the court of the grand dukes of mo-s-kov-sky in so-hundred-ve ter-ri-to-ri-al-no-kla -new-howl-cor-by-ra-tion (in a row-de-ride by Iva-on III Va-sil-e-vi-cha in Nov-go-rod in 1495 comp-pact-but fi-gu-ri-ru-yut 5 princes of two ko-le-ny suz-dal-sky Ryu-ri-ko-vi-chey, representing all his branches-vi or li -nii).

Additional literature:

Kuch-kin V.A. For-mi-ro-va-nie of the state-su-dar-stven-noy ter-ri-to-rii Se-ve-ro-East-precise Rus-si in the X-XIV centuries. M., 1984;

Fe-do-ditch-Yes-you-dov G.A. Mo-not-you No-same-kind-of-prince-same-st-va. M., 1989;

Pu-da-lov B.M. Struggle for the Ni-go-rod-sky region in the first third of the 15th century. // Vol-zhe in the Middle Ages. N. Nov-go-rod, 2001;

he is. Russian lands of the Middle Volga (second third of the XIII - first third of the XIV century). N. Nov-go-rod, 2004.

Story

Nizhny Novgorod Principality

Formally, the Nizhny Novgorod principality arose at the beginning of the 14th century as a result of Boris Danilovich transferring his residence from Gorodets to Nizhny Novgorod. After his death in 1320, the principality again returned to the great Vladimir principality. After the Tver uprising in 1327 and the division of the Vladimir Grand Duchy into 2 parts, the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Principality became part of the possessions of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Vasilyevich, and after his death came under the control of Ivan Kalita, who owned it until his death in 1340.

Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Grand Duchy

The Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal principality was formed in October 1341, when the Khan of the Golden Horde, Uzbek Khan, divided the Grand Duchy of Vladimir, transferring Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets to the Suzdal prince Konstantin Vasilyevich. However, K. A. Averyanov expressed the opinion that the Suzdal prince received Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets as compensation for the failed marriage of his daughter Antonida with Grand Duke Semyon the Proud.

Relations with the Golden Horde

The Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal squads periodically organized military campaigns on the territory of the Saransk khans. The largest campaign was organized in 1370 against the possessions of the Bulgar prince Khasan (Osan).

In 1367 on the river. Drunk Bulat-Temir was defeated. By the mid-1370s, the influence of the temnik Mamai had strengthened in the Golden Horde, who began to send detachments to the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region. In 1377, in the battle on the Pyan River, the army of Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich was defeated, and Nizhny Novgorod was burned by troops led by Arapsha. Then Boris Konstantinovich dealt with the Mordovian army, which made a predatory raid on the vicinity of Nizhny.

Medieval sources report the death of 50 Suzdal and 50 Nizhny Novgorod boyars on the Kulikovo field (1380). However, historians express doubts about the participation of the soldiers of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal principality in the Battle of Kulikovo. In particular, the Russian historian A. A. Gorsky conducted a detailed comparative analysis military collection in 1380 with similar fees in 1375 for a campaign against Tver and 1386 for a campaign against Novgorod. According to his conclusions, the soldiers of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal principality did not participate in the collection of 1380 (although they participated in the collections of 1375 and 1386).

Chronology

• 1341 - The Gorodets Principality passed to the brother of Alexander Vasilyevich, Konstantin Vasilyevich, then to the son of Konstantin Vasilyevich, Andrei Konstantinovich.
• 1350 - Konstantin Vasilyevich moved the capital to Nizhny Novgorod.
• 1356 - Andrei Konstantinovich gave Suzdal as an inheritance to his brother, Dmitry Konstantinovich.
• 1359 - Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal received a label to rule the Grand Duchy of Vladimir.
• 1362 - the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was transferred to Dmitry Donskoy (at that time he was 12 years old).
• 1363 - Dmitry Suzdalsky regained Vladimir, but not for long.
• 1365 - after the death of Andrei, Dmitry Konstantinovich became the Grand Duke.
• 1366 - reconciliation of Dmitry Donskoy and Dmitry Suzdalsky, marriage of Dmitry Donskoy with Dmitry Suzdalsky's daughter Evdokia.
• 1376 - a joint campaign with Moscow against the Bulgar under the command of Dmitry Bobrok.
• 1377 - Ivan Dmitrievich, son of Dmitry of Suzdal, died in the Battle of the Pyana River.
• 1380 - the troops of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal principality took part in the Battle of Kulikovo on the side of Dmitry Donskoy. Almost the entire army of Dmitry Konstantinovich died in the battle (including about 100 boyars).
• 1382 - Dmitry Konstantinovich, during the campaign of Tokhtamysh, wanting to secure his principality, sent his sons Vasily and Simeon to the army of the Horde Khan in order to convince the khan of his loyalty and avoid war with him. This goal was achieved, but, being under

In the east, the Vladimir lands bordered on another great principality of North-Eastern Russia - Nizhny Novgorod. This principality was formed as a result of the political action of the Horde. In 1341, Khan Uzbek transferred the territory of Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets, which had hitherto been part of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir, to the Suzdal prince Konstantin Vasilyevich. As a result of this action of the Horde, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was weakened, i.e. the princes of Moscow who ruled this principality and were gaining strength, since a large territory was leaving their control as the great princes of Vladimir. In addition, a new large state formation arose on the eastern outskirts of the Russian lands, the prince of which, relying on the support of the Mongol-Tatars and his own significant resources, could pursue a policy that was not consistent with the policies of the other Russian principalities. The action of the Horde thus prevented the development of centripetal tendencies in North-Eastern Russia.

In the 50s of the XIV century. The Nizhny Novgorod principality extended from the river. Nerl Klyazminskaya and its right tributary r. Irmes in the west to the river. Sura and its left tributaries of the Pyana and Kishi rivers in the east, from Unzha in the north to Sara (settlements in the middle reaches of the Sura river) in the south. It included such cities as Nizhny Novgorod, Suzdal, Gorodets, Gorokhovets, Berezhets and, probably, Unzha. However, this large area was inhabited and developed unevenly.

The most populated and cultivated was the ancient district of Suzdal. The famous Suzdal opolye included many ancient large villages within its borders, but the areas located only 25-30 km east and north of Suzdal were large forests with small and rare points of settlements. Apparently, the areas of the upper reaches of the Uvod, Teza, and Lukha rivers belonging to Suzdal were just as rarely populated. The rest of the territory of the principality remained underdeveloped. Even near Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod by the middle of the XIV century. such a rural district as Suzdal had not yet formed. The villages of Gorodets did not stray far from the banks of the Volga even at a much later time 10 . And on the territory that belonged to Nizhny Novgorod, even in the 15th century. forests grew on an area of ​​several hundred square kilometers 11 . However, the economic level of development of the cities themselves was quite high. This is especially true of Nizhny Novgorod, in the XIV century. turned into one of the largest cities in Eastern Europe. In Nizhny Novgorod, such complex and delicate medieval crafts as bell casting, copper gilding, and stone construction were developed. Nizhny Novgorod became the second city of North-Eastern Russia after Moscow, where in 1372 the construction of the walls of the stone Kremlin began. The city grew into a major international trade center, where even eastern merchants sailed with their goods 12 .

In political terms, by the end of the 50s of the XIV century. The Nizhny Novgorod principality was not completely unified. The first Nizhny Novgorod prince Konstantin Vasilyevich Suzdal, who ruled in the principality with absolute power and even made an attempt in 1354 after the death of Simeon the Proud to challenge Ivan the Red table of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir in the Horde 13 , died in 1355. 14 He divided the Nizhny Novgorod principality into parts among his sons - heirs. The eldest son of Konstantin Andrei received Nizhny Novgorod proper with the volosts related to it along the lower Oka and lower Klyazma, as well as along the river. Volga, mainly along the right tributaries of the latter. The second son of Konstantin, Dmitry-Foma, received the city of Suzdal and villages in the Suzdal opole. Perhaps he owned some land to the northeast of Suzdal. The third son of Konstantin Boris got Gorodets with its volosts located on both banks of the river. Volga from the lower reaches of the river. Unzhi to later Balakhna. Finally, the fourth son of Konstantin, also Dmitry, nicknamed the Nail, owned suburban Suzdal villages and lands along the lower reaches of the river. Take away and its right tributaries of the Vyazma and Ukhtoma rivers 15 .

To enlarge the image of the map, click on the map

Thus, in the second half of the 50s of the XIV century. The Nizhny Novgorod principality was divided into four parts according to the number of owners - the heirs of Prince Konstantin. The beginning of the feudal fragmentation of the Nizhny Novgorod territory did not yet entail the political isolation of local destinies, but, apparently, it had a certain influence on the general political position of the Nizhny Novgorod princes. In any case, the Nizhny Novgorod prince Andrei Konstantinovich was forced to conclude in 1356 with the Moscow prince Ivan Krasny, who occupied the Vladimir table, an agreement, according to which he recognized himself as the "young brother" of the Grand Duke, i.e. formally agreed to regard the latter as his overlord 16 .

COMMENTS

Nasonov A.N. Mongols and Russia. M.; L., 1940, p. 97-98.

PSRL, vol. XV, no. 1, stb. 64.

Same place, stb. 72.

Same place, stb. 54.

NPL, p. 477; ASVR. M., 1958, vol. II, No. 435, p. 479.

PSRL, vol. XV, no. 1, stb. 78; NPL, p. 477.

The city of Unzha was first mentioned in the 13th century. (PSRL. M.; L., 1949, vol. XXV, p. 116). At the beginning of the XV century. the Unzhin tamga is mentioned, which was collected by the prince who owned Gorodets (DDG, No. 86, p. 43; cf.: NPL, p. 477). The cities of Gorokhovets, Berezhets and Unzha are mentioned in famous list"And these are the names of all Russian cities, distant and near" (NPL, p. 477), compiled around 1394-1396. (Naumov E.P. On the history of the annalistic "List of Russian cities near and far". - In the book: Chronicles and Chronicles: Collection of articles, 1973, M., 1974, p. 157, 163).

one of the principalities of North-Eastern Russia. Occupied the territory along the river. Irmis, the middle course of the river. Nerl Klyazminskaya, the lower reaches of the Klyazma and Oka, the middle reaches of the Volga from the lower reaches of the river. Unzhi to the lower reaches of the river. Sura. Its main centers were Suzdal, Nizhny Novgorod, Gorokhovets, Gorodets, Kurmysh. S.-N. The k. was formed in 1341, when the Mongol-Tatars transferred Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets to the Suzdal prince Konstantin Vasilyevich. The rise of Nizhny Novgorod in the first half of the 14th century led to the transfer there from Suzdal of the capital of the newly formed principality. The development of feudal land ownership and trade, especially in the Volga region, support from the Horde and Novgorod the Great allowed the princes of S.-N. to. Konstantin Vasilyevich and his son Dmitry to fight with the Moscow princes for the great reign of Vladimir. Dmitry in 1360 and 1363 captured the great reign, but not for long. From 1364 to 1382 he acted as an ally of the Moscow prince. In 1382 the princes of Nizhny Novgorod took part in Tokhtamysh's attack on Moscow. The existence of appanages in S.-N. k. (the main of the destinies - Gorodetsky) and the pressure of the Horde contributed to the aggravation of feudal contradictions in S.-N. j. The orientation of a part of the Nizhny Novgorod princes towards the Mongol-Tatars contradicted the unifying aspirations of Moscow. In 1392, the Moscow Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich captured Nizhny Novgorod. Since that time, the Moscow Grand Dukes kept the Volga region in their hands, although the princes S.-N. With the help of the Mongol-Tatars, they sometimes achieved the return of Nizhny Novgorod (1395, 1411-14, 40s of the 15th century).

Lit.: Presnyakov A.E., Formation of the Great Russian state. Essays on the history of the XIII - XV centuries, P., 1918; Lyubavsky M.K., Formation of the main state territory of the Great Russian people, L., 1929; Nasonov A. N., Mongols and Russia, M.-L., 1940; Kuchkin V. A., Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod principality in the XIII - XIV centuries, in the collection: Poland and Russia, M., 1974.

V. A. Kuchkin.

• - the name of state formations and territories that were in the possession of the prince. In Russia, the principalities were also called principalities, lands, regions, less often - counties. They were named after the capital city ...

  Russian encyclopedia

• - in the old German Empire, this was the name of an independent possession, which, in terms of the rank of its owner, occupied a middle place between a duchy and a county ...
• - one of the principalities of North-Eastern Russia. Occupied the territory along the river. Irmis, the middle course of the river. Nerl Klyazminskaya, the lower reaches of the Klyazma and Oka, the middle reaches of the Volga from the lower reaches of the river. Unzhi to the lower reaches ...
• - name state formations and territories that were in the possession of the prince. In Russia, k. were also called principalities, lands, regions, less often - counties. They were named after the capital city ...
• - one of the principalities of the 14th-15th centuries. North-East Russia. Occupied the territory along the middle course of the river. Nerl Klyazminskaya, river basin. Theses, cf. and lower currents of the Klyazma and Oka, cf. the course of the Volga to the lower reaches of the river. Sura. Main his...

  Soviet historical encyclopedia

• - specific princes, they received their name from the main centers in their principality - Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod. Regarding the time of the founding of Suzdal, the chronicles do not give any indication ...

  Big biographical encyclopedia

• - see SECOND MILITIES 1611-12...

  Russian encyclopedia

• - Prince of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod, son of Dimitri Konstantinovich, Grand Duke of Nizhny Novgorod, in 1367, together with his father, uncle Boris and brothers, pursued Bulat-Temir, in 1376 participated in his father's campaign to Kazan ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - son of D. Konstantinovich, led. book. Nizhny Novgorod, in 1367, together with his father, uncle Boris and brothers, pursued Bulat-Temir, in 1376 he participated in his father's campaign to Kazan ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - a monarchical state formation headed by the Prince; K. are most typical of the period of feudal fragmentation ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - was formed in 1341, when the Khan of the Horde Uzbek gave the Prince of Suzdal Konstantin Vasilyevich Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets. The capital is Nizhny Novgorod...

  Modern Encyclopedia

• - arose in Nizhny Novgorod in September 1611 to fight the Polish invaders. It consisted of detachments of nobles, townspeople, peasants of the central and northern regions of Russia, the Volga region ...
• - NIZHNY NOVGOROD militia - see Second militia ...

  Big encyclopedic dictionary

• - eg: ...

  Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language

• - ...

  merged. Apart. Through a hyphen. Dictionary-reference

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"Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Principality" in books

DMITRY KONSTANTINOVICH SUZDAL-NIZHNY NOVGORODSKI Sovereign of the vanished state