Historical encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing a systematized collection of information on history and related fields of knowledge. There are encyclopedias on world history in general, for individual historical periods, for the history of individual continents, countries and peoples, for various sections of history (history of culture, religion, etc.) or even dedicated to individual historical events. I. e. usually also contain curriculum vitae about historical figures, historians (but there are also purely terminological reference books), maps, illustrations. Often I. e. include material on branches of knowledge related to historical science (especially in geography, literature, philosophy, etc.). In addition to special informational e., Significant material on history is usually contained in general (universal) encyclopedias (see. Encyclopedia ), biographical dictionaries, military encyclopedias and dictionaries, diplomatic dictionaries, etc.

The first editions approaching historical dictionaries began to appear in the 16th and 18th centuries; usually these were still undivided historical-philological and geographical reference books. Such, for example, are the "Historical and Literary Dictionary" of the French polymath of the 16th century. C. Etienne (Ch. Estienne, Dictionarium historicum ac poeticum, Lutetiae, 1553; later translated into French) or the widely popular "Big Historical Dictionary or Curious Mixture of Sacred and Secular History" by L. Moreri (Le Grand dictionnaire historique ou le Mé lange curieux de ľ histoire sainte et profane, Lyon, 1674).

In Russia in the 18th century. the historian V. N. Tatishchev prepared the "Lexicon of Russian historical, geographical, political and civil" (parts 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1793, brought to the letter "K"). In 1790-98 the Historical Dictionary was published (in 14 parts; parts 1-3 were published in 1807-11 in the second edition), containing biographies of historical figures "of all times and peoples" (as well as an article about some mythological characters) - in mostly translations from French historical dictionaries with the addition of articles on Russian historical figures. In the 19th and early 20th centuries. a large number of all kinds of biographical dictionaries have been published in Russia (see. Biographical dictionaries ). Of the dictionaries of a general historical nature, only the short "School Historical Dictionary" by S. A. Kareeva (Moscow, 1906; ed. By N. I. Kareev) can be named.

IN USSR since 1961 the first Marxist encyclopedic publication of general historical content - "Soviet Historical Encyclopedia" (SIE) (editor-in-chief EM Zhukov, vols. 1-13, Moscow, 1961-71, the publication continues) has been published. SEE provides information on the history of all peoples of the world from ancient times to the present day. The history of the peoples of the USSR and other socialist countries, the history of the revolutionary and national liberation movement (the greatest attention is paid to the history of Soviet society and the post-October period of world history) is especially widely covered, the history of not only European countries, but also Asia, Africa, Latin America is widely presented. An important place is occupied by the problems of historiography (special articles and historiographic excursions). FIE contains maps, illustrations, detailed chronological and other reference tables. Among the others historical reference books encyclopedic character, published in the USSR - "Materials for a terminological dictionary ancient Russia"G. Ye. Kochina (M.-L., 1937; contains a list of terms found in the annals, acts and other written sources of Ancient Rus, indicating where exactly this term occurs), a short" Reference Dictionary on the History of the Middle Ages " A. Maksimova (Tashkent, 1952; for distance learning), a small encyclopedia "The Great October Socialist Revolution" (1968). A large material on history contains the "Diplomatic Dictionary" (v. 1-2, 1948-50, 2nd ed., V. 1-3, M., 1960-64).

Of foreign encyclopedias and dictionaries of general historical content, the most famous are: "Dictionary of dates, events, localities and historical figures... "d ¢ Armonville (AL d'Harmonville, Dictionnaire des dates, des faits, des lieux et des hommes historiques ..., t. 1-2, P., 1842-43), covering the period from ancient times to 19th century (political history, history of culture, religion and church are covered); "Lexicon world history"K. Hermann (K. Hermann, Lexikon der allgemeinen Weitgeschichte ..., Lpz., 1882), also dedicated to world history from ancient times, but especially in detail illuminated the 16-19 centuries; "Public Dictionary of Dates" ("... Everyman's dictionary of dates ...", 5th ed., Rev. By A. Butler, L.-NY, 1967; 1st ed. 1911), covering (in 5th edition) the period from ancient times to the 1960s; the dictionary contains mainly articles about individual events, concepts, geographical names; multivolume I. e., published in the USA ["The New Larned History for ready reference, reading and research ...", v. 1-12, Springfield (Mass.) 1922-24; 1st ed., Vol. 1-5, 1893-95]; E. Bayer's Dictionary of History (Wörterbuch zur Geschichte, hrsg. Von E. Bayer, 2 Aufl., Stuttg., 1965; 1st ed. 1960), which explains about 5.5 thousand concepts and terms related mainly to the history of European countries; materials about specific events, locations and persons are not included.

A large number of I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of individual historical periods. On the history of primitive society stands out the large German "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Primitive History" ("Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte", Bd 1-15, V., 1924-32), compiled with the participation of scientists from different countries under the general editorship of the German archaeologist M. Ebert; contains materials on archeology, anthropology, paleoethnography, linguistics from ancient times to the early Middle Ages, is richly illustrated. There are also a large number of specialized dictionaries for archeology. The most fundamental encyclopedic reference books on the history of antiquity: "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" by S. Daranber and E. Saglio ("Dictionnaire des antiquité s grecques et romaines", sous la d ir. De Ch. Daremberg et E. Saglio, t. 1 -5, P., 1877-1929), comprehensively revealing the history of Ancient Greece and Rome (the history of customs and institutions, economy, life, religion, science, art, naval affairs is covered), but does not include biographical material; especially - the multivolume "Encyclopedia of Classical Antiquity" by Pauli-Vissov - a fundamental reference book, affecting all aspects of classical studies, many articles were written by prominent scientists and contain an extensive bibliography. Among the more concise dictionaries for ancient history- "The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquity" by FR Lubker (Russian translation from German, St. Petersburg - M., 1888).

Significantly less I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of the Middle Ages, modern and contemporary times. Among them: " Concise vocabulary medieval history"H. E. Wedeck (N. E. Wedeck, Concise dictionary of medieval history, N. Y., 1964), consisting of very short articles on the history of the Middle Ages from 5 to 15 centuries. inclusive; "Encyclopedia new history"V. Herbst (" Enzykiopä die der neueren Geschichte ", begründet von W. Herbst, Bd 1-5, Gotha, 1880-90), covering the history of the 16-19 centuries; "Dictionary of modern history" by A. W. Palmer (A. W. Palmer, "A dictionary of modern history. 1789-1945", L., 1962), dedicated to the political (mainly) and socio-economic history of the period from 1789 to 1945; issues of the history of culture are also touched upon.

From regional reference books on history, it should be noted cultural and historical encyclopedias and dictionaries dedicated to early middle ages, for example, a dictionary of Slavic antiquities prepared by the Polish Academy of Sciences ("Sł ownik staroż ytnoś ci sł owaiń skich ...", pod red. W. Kowalenski, t. 1-4, Wr., 1961-1970; the publication continues); German Dictionary of Germanic Antiquities (Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, hrsg. von J. Hoops, Bd 1-4, Strassb., 1911-19; new, revised and greatly expanded edition published since 1968). Of considerable interest is the multivolume "Cultural-Historical Dictionary of the Northern Middle Ages", dedicated to the history and culture of the Scandinavian countries from the "Viking Age" to the Reformation period ("Kulturhistorisk Lexikon fö r nordisk middelalder", Bd 1-15-, Kbh., 1956-70 -; publication continues). From the regional encyclopedias on the history of the countries of the East, the "Encyclopedia of Islam" stands out ("Encyclopé die de ď Islam", v. 1-4, Leyde - P., 1913-1936; nouv. É d., V. 1-3-, Leyde - P.-, 1960-71-; the publication continues; is published in several languages), in the preparation of which scientists took part different countries; she gives information not only on political history, but especially widely covers the ideology, culture of Muslim countries, as well as ethnography, geography, etc. The short "Encyclopedia of Latin American history" (M. Martin, G. Lovett, "Encyclopedia of Latin-American history ...", Indianapolis - NY, 1968).

I. e. Are very common. and dictionaries on national history, available in many countries and dedicated accordingly to the history of a given country. "Argentine Historical Dictionary" ed. R. Picchirilli ("Diccionario histó rico argentine", publ. Bajo la dir. De R. Piccirilli ..., t. 1-6, B. Aires, 1953-54) covers the period up to the middle of the 20th century. "Dictionary of English history"S. Low and F. Pulling (S. Low, FS Pulling," The dictionary of English history ", new ed., L. - NY, 1928; 1st ed. 1884)," Dictionary of British history "J. Brandon (JA Brendon, "A dictionary of British history", L., 1937) and " New dictionary British history "ed. S. Steinberg ("Steinberg's Dictionary of British history", ed. By S. Steinberg and J. H. Evans, 2nd ed., L., 1970; 1st ed., 1963) contain information on history from ancient times, they cover the history of England in the most detail; Brandon's dictionary lacks biographies and material on the history of culture. Published in the GDR "Subject Dictionary on the History of Germany and the German Labor Movement" ("Sachwö rterbuch der Geschichte Deutschlands und der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung", Bd 1-2, V., 1969-70) covers the period from the end of the 18th century. until the 60s. 20 century; published in Germany "Biographical Dictionary of German History" by G. Rösler and G. Franz (N. Rö ssler, G. Franz, "Biographisches Wö rterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte", Mü nch., 1952-53) and "Subject Dictionary of German stories "by the same authors (N. Rö ssler, G. Franz," Sachwö rterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte ", Münch., 1958) include materials not only on the history of Germany, but also on a number of other countries, have a reactionary nationalist orientation. "Dictionary of the History of Spain ..." ("Diccionario de historia de Espana ...", 2nd ed., T. 1-3, Madrid, 1968-69; 1st ed. 1952) is devoted to the history of Spain from ancient times until 1968 and the history of the Spanish colonies in America. Italian "Dictionary of the Risorgimento ..." ed. M. Rosi ("Dizionario del Risorgimento nazionale ... Fatti e persone". Dir. M. Rosi, v. 1-4, Mil., 1930-37) contains articles on the history of Italy from the 18th century. through 1870 (in the 1st volume, individual events are considered, in the 2nd-4th volumes - the biographies of the leaders of the Risorgimento). "Dictionary of the History of Poland" ed. T. Lepkowski ("Sł ownik historii Polski", red. T. Ł epkowski, 5 wyd., Warsz., 1969; 1st ed. 1959) includes about 2.5 thousand articles, which highlight the history of Poland from the earliest times before the 1960s. The Illustrated Dictionary of the History of Portugal (Dicioná rio de histó ria de Portugal (Ilustrado). Dir. Por J. Serrao, v. I-4, Lisboa, 1961-70) covers the history of Portugal from ancient times to the mid-20th century ... Dictionary of American History, ed. J. Adams ("Dictionary of American history", ed. By JT Adams, v. 1-6, NY, 1940-61) is devoted to the political, socio-economic history and cultural history of the United States from the Middle Ages (the travels of Scandinavians to America are considered) prior to 1930s, biographies not included; the 6th (supplementary) volume covers the history of the United States from 1940 to 1960. The 16-volume "The United States encyclopedia of history", v. 1-16, Phil. -N. Y., 1967-68) covers the period from the discovery of America by Columbus to the middle of the 20th century, is designed for the general reader, and is richly illustrated. "Historical Dictionary of France" L. Lalanne (L. Lalanne, "Dictionnaire historique de la France", 2 é d., P., 1877; 1st ed. 1872) contains detailed information on various issues of the history of France from ancient times to 1870s, including historical geography and genealogy; a number of dictionaries are dedicated to the Great French revolution(E. Boursin, Aug. Challamel, "Dictionnaire de la Ré volution française. Institutions, hommes et faits", P., 1893; "Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Ré volution et de ľ Empire, 1789-1815", ré digé ... par JFE Robinet, t. 1-2, P.,). "Historical and Biographical Dictionary of Switzerland" ("Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Suisse", publ. ... sous la dir. De M. Godet, N. Türler et V. Attinger, v. 1-7, Neuchâ tel, 1921-33; there is a parallel edition on German) contains over 22 thousand articles on the history of Switzerland from ancient times to the 1930s, many illustrations.

Lit .: Kaufman I.M., Dictionaries and encyclopedias. Bibliographic index, v. 1 - Pre-revolutionary editions, M., 1937; Zischka G., Index Lexicorum. Bibliographie der lexikalischen Nachschlagewerke, W., 1959; Hepworth Ph., How to find out in history, Oxf. -, 1966.

A. I. Drobinsky, I. I. Frolova.

Historical encyclopedias

and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing a systematized collection of information on history and related fields of knowledge. There are encyclopedias on world history as a whole, on individual historical periods, on the history of individual continents, countries and peoples, on various sections of history (history of culture, religion, etc.) or even dedicated to individual historical events. I. e. usually also contain biographical information about historical figures, historians (but there are also purely terminological reference books), maps, illustrations. Often I. e. include material on branches of knowledge related to historical science (especially in geography, literature, philosophy, etc.). In addition to special informational e., Significant material on history is usually contained by general (universal) encyclopedias (see Encyclopedia), biographical dictionaries, military encyclopedias and dictionaries, diplomatic dictionaries, etc.

The first editions approaching historical dictionaries began to appear in the 16th and 18th centuries; usually these were still undivided historical-philological and geographical reference books. Such, for example, are the "Historical and Literary Dictionary" of the French polymath of the 16th century. C. Etienne (Ch. Estienne, Dictionarium historicum ac poeticum, Lutetiae, 1553; later translated into French) or the widely popular "Great Historical Dictionary or Curious Mix of Sacred and Secular History" L. Moreri (L. Moreri, Le Grand dictionnaire historique ou le Mélange curieux de ľhistoire sainte et profane, Lyon, 1674).

In Russia in the 18th century. the historian V. N. Tatishchev prepared the "Lexicon of Russian historical, geographical, political and civil" (parts 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1793, brought to the letter "K"). In 1790-98 the Historical Dictionary was published (in 14 parts; parts 1-3 were published in 1807-11 in the second edition), containing biographies of historical figures "of all times and peoples" (as well as an article about some mythological characters) - in mostly translations from French historical dictionaries with the addition of articles on Russian historical figures. In the 19th and early 20th centuries. in Russia, a large number of all kinds of biographical dictionaries were published (see Biographical dictionaries). Of the dictionaries of a general historical nature, only the short "School Historical Dictionary" by S. A. Kareeva (Moscow, 1906; ed. By N. I. Kareev) can be named.

IN USSR since 1961 the first Marxist encyclopedic publication of general historical content - "Soviet Historical Encyclopedia" (SIE) (editor-in-chief EM Zhukov, vols. 1-13, Moscow, 1961-71, the publication continues) has been published. SEE provides information on the history of all peoples of the world from ancient times to the present day. The history of the peoples of the USSR and other socialist countries, the history of the revolutionary and national liberation movement (the greatest attention is paid to the history of Soviet society and the post-October period of world history) is especially widely covered, the history of not only European countries, but also Asia, Africa, Latin America is widely presented. An important place is occupied by the problems of historiography (special articles and historiographic excursions). FIE contains maps, illustrations, detailed chronological and other reference tables. Among other historical reference books of an encyclopedic nature published in the USSR - "Materials for the terminological dictionary of ancient Russia" by G.E. Kochin (M.-L., 1937; contains a list of terms found in the annals, acts and other written sources of Ancient Rus indicating exactly where this term occurs), a short "Reference Dictionary on the History of the Middle Ages" by GA Maksimov (Tashkent, 1952; for distance learning), a small encyclopedia "The Great October Socialist Revolution" (1968). A large material on history contains the "Diplomatic Dictionary" (v. 1-2, 1948-50, 2nd ed., V. 1-3, M., 1960-64).

Of foreign encyclopedias and dictionaries of general historical content, the most famous are: "Dictionary of dates, events, localities and historical figures ..." d "Armonville (AL d'Harmonville, Dictionnaire des dates, des faits, des lieux et des hommes historiques ..., t. 1-2, P., 1842-43), covering the period from ancient times to the 19th century. der allgemeinen Weitgeschichte ..., Lpz., 1882), also devoted to world history from ancient times, but which covered the 16th-19th centuries in particular; ", 5th ed., Rev. By A. Butler, L.-NY, 1967; 1st ed. 1911), covering (in the 5th edition) the period from ancient times to the 1960s; the dictionary contains mainly articles about individual events, concepts, geographical names; multivolume I. e., published in the USA ["The New Larned History for ready reference, reading and research ...", v. 1-12, Springfield (Mass.) 1922-24; 1st ed., Vol. 1-5, 1893-95]; E. Bayer's Dictionary of History (Wörterbuch zur Geschichte, hrsg. Von E. Bayer, 2 Aufl., Stuttg., 1965; 1st ed. 1960), which explains about 5.5 thousand concepts and terms related mainly to the history of European countries; materials about specific events, locations and persons are not included.

A large number of I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of individual historical periods. On the history of primitive society stands out the large German "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Primitive History" ("Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte", Bd 1-15, V., 1924-32), compiled with the participation of scientists from different countries under the general editorship of the German archaeologist M. Ebert; contains materials on archeology, anthropology, paleoethnography, linguistics from ancient times to the early Middle Ages, is richly illustrated. There are also a large number of specialized dictionaries for archeology. The most fundamental encyclopedic reference books on the history of antiquity: "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" by S. Daranber and E. Saglio ("Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines", sous la dir. De Ch. Daremberg et E. Saglio, t. 1-5 , P., 1877-1929), comprehensively revealing the history of Ancient Greece and Rome (the history of customs and institutions, economy, life, religion, science, art, naval affairs is covered), but does not include biographical material; especially - the multivolume "Encyclopedia of Classical Antiquity" by Pauli-Vissov - a fundamental reference book covering all aspects of classical studies, many articles were written by prominent scientists and contain an extensive bibliography. Among the shorter dictionaries on ancient history - "The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquity" by FR Lubker (Russian translation from German, St. Petersburg - M., 1888).

Significantly less I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of the Middle Ages, modern and contemporary times. Among them: "Concise dictionary of medieval history" H. E. Wedeck (N. E. Wedeck, Concise dictionary of medieval history, N. Y., 1964), consisting of very short articles on the history of the Middle Ages from 5 to 15 centuries. inclusive; The Encyclopedia of Modern History by W. Herbst (“Enzykiopädie der neueren Geschichte”, begründet von W. Herbst, Bd 1-5, Gotha, 1880-90), covering the history of the 16-19 centuries; "Dictionary of modern history" by A. W. Palmer (A. W. Palmer, "A dictionary of modern history. 1789-1945", L., 1962), dedicated to the political (mainly) and socio-economic history of the period from 1789 to 1945; issues of the history of culture are also touched upon.

Regional reference books on history include cultural-historical encyclopedias and dictionaries dedicated to the early Middle Ages, for example, the dictionary of Slavic antiquities prepared by the Polish Academy of Sciences ("Słownik starożytności słowaińskich ...", pod red. W. Kowalenski, t. 1-4, Wr ., 1961-1970; edition continues); German Dictionary of Germanic Antiquities (Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, hrsg. von J. Hoops, Bd 1-4, Strassb., 1911-19; new, revised and greatly expanded edition published since 1968). Of considerable interest is the multivolume "Cultural-Historical Dictionary of the Northern Middle Ages", dedicated to the history and culture of the Scandinavian countries from the "Viking Age" to the Reformation period ("Kulturhistorisk Lexikon för nordisk middelalder", Bd 1-15-, Kbh., 1956-70- ; edition continues). From the regional encyclopedias on the history of the countries of the East, the "Encyclopedia of Islam" stands out ("Encyclopédie de ďIslam", v. 1-4, Leyde - P., 1913-1936; nouv. Éd., V. 1-3-, Leyde - P. -, 1960-71-; the publication continues; published in several languages), in the preparation of which scientists from different countries took part; it provides information not only on political history, but especially widely covers the ideology, culture of Muslim countries, as well as ethnography, geography, etc. The short "Encyclopedia of Latin American History" (M. Martin, G. Lovett, "Encyclopedia of Latin- American history ... ", Indianapolis - NY, 1968).

I. e. Are very common. and dictionaries on national history, available in many countries and dedicated accordingly to the history of a given country. "Argentine Historical Dictionary" ed. R. Picchirilli ("Diccionario histórico argentine", publ. Bajo la dir. De R. Piccirilli ..., t. 1-6, B. Aires, 1953-54) covers the period until the middle of the 20th century. "Dictionary of English history" S. Low and F. Pulling (S. Low, FS Pulling, "The dictionary of English history", new ed., L. - NY, 1928; 1st ed. 1884), "Dictionary British history "J. Brandon (JA Brendon," A dictionary of British history ", L., 1937) and" New dictionary of British history "ed. S. Steinberg ("Steinberg's Dictionary of British history", ed. By S. Steinberg and J. H. Evans, 2nd ed., L., 1970; 1st ed., 1963) contain information on history from ancient times, they cover the history of England in the most detail; Brandon's dictionary lacks biographies and material on the history of culture. Published in the GDR "Subject Dictionary on the History of Germany and the German Labor Movement" ("Sachwörterbuch der Geschichte Deutschlands und der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung", Bd 1-2, V., 1969-70) covers the period from the end of the 18th century. until the 60s. 20 century; published in Germany "Biographical Dictionary of German History" by G. Rösler and G. Franz (N. Rössler, G. Franz, "Biographisches Wörterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte", Münch., 1952-53) and "Subject Dictionary of German History" of those the same authors (N. Rössler, G. Franz, "Sachwörterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte", Münch., 1958) include materials not only on the history of Germany, but also on a number of other countries, have a reactionary nationalist orientation. "Dictionary of the History of Spain ..." ("Diccionario de historia de Espana ...", 2nd ed., T. 1-3, Madrid, 1968-69; 1st ed. 1952) is devoted to the history of Spain from ancient times until 1968 and the history of the Spanish colonies in America. Italian "Dictionary of the Risorgimento ..." ed. M. Rosi ("Dizionario del Risorgimento nazionale ... Fatti e persone". Dir. M. Rosi, v. 1-4, Mil., 1930-37) contains articles on the history of Italy from the 18th century. through 1870 (in the 1st volume, individual events are considered, in the 2nd-4th volumes - the biographies of the leaders of the Risorgimento). "Dictionary of the History of Poland" ed. T. Lepkowski ("Słownik historii Polski", red. T. Łepkowski, 5 wyd., Warsz., 1969; 1st ed. 1959) includes about 2.5 thousand articles, which highlight the history of Poland from ancient times to 1960s "Illustrated Dictionary of the History of Portugal" ("Dicionário de história de Portugal (Ilustrado)". Dir. por J. Serrao, v. I-4, Lisboa, 1961-70) covers the history of Portugal from ancient times to the middle of the 20th century. Dictionary of American History, ed. J. Adams ("Dictionary of American history", ed. By JT Adams, v. 1-6, NY, 1940-61) is devoted to the political, socio-economic history and cultural history of the United States from the Middle Ages (the travels of Scandinavians to America are considered) prior to 1930s, biographies not included; the 6th (additional) volume covers the history of the United States from 1940 to 1960. The 16-volume "The United States encyclopedia of history" (v. 1-16, Phil.-NY, 1967-68) covers the period from the discovery of America by Columbus to the middle of the 20th century, designed for the general reader, richly illustrated. "Historical Dictionary of France" L. Lalanne (L. Lalanne, "Dictionnaire historique de la France", 2 éd., P., 1877; 1st ed. 1872) contains detailed information on various issues of the history of France from ancient times to 1870 -x years, including historical geography and genealogy; a number of dictionaries are devoted to the Great French Revolution (E. Boursin, Aug. Challamel, "Dictionnaire de la Révolution française. Institutions, hommes et faits", P., 1893; "Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Révolution et de ľEmpire, 1789-1815" , rédigé ... par JFE Robinet, t. 1-2, P.,). "Historical and Biographical Dictionary of Switzerland" ("Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Suisse", publ. ... sous la dir. De M. Godet, N. Türler et V. Attinger, v. 1-7, Neuchâtel, 1921- 33; there is a parallel edition in German) contains over 22 thousand articles on the history of Switzerland from ancient times to the 1930s, many illustrations.

Lit .: Kaufman I.M., Dictionaries and encyclopedias. Bibliographic index, v. 1 - Pre-revolutionary editions, M., 1937; Zischka G., Index Lexicorum. Bibliographie der lexikalischen Nachschlagewerke, W., 1959; Hepworth Ph., How to find out in history, Oxf. -, 1966.

A. I. Drobinsky, I. I. Frolova.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

• Historical songs
• Historical archive

See what "Historical Encyclopedias" is in other dictionaries:

ENCYCLOPEDIA AND DICTIONARIES- 1 . in Russia and the USSR. The predecessors of E. and S. in Russia there were handwritten collections of general content, as well as lists (registers) of foreign words that were attached to the manuscripts of church books. Already the earliest monuments of other rus. writing systems Izborniki ... ...

Historical migrations of the Armenian population- This article examines the migration of the Armenian population of historical Armenia, which took place in the XI XX centuries. under the influence of various military-political and economic factors. Contents 1 Displacement of the Armenian population from the territory ... ... Wikipedia

Historic provinces of Portugal- ... Wikipedia

Historical barracks of Moscow- The first barracks in Moscow appeared at the end of the 18th century. Before that, soldiers were housed in separate settlements or in the houses of townspeople. Many barracks buildings that have survived to this day are architectural monuments. The list contains the barracks of Moscow ... Wikipedia

Historic diamonds- The Hope Diamond at the Natural History Museum. Greatest Diamonds of Light. Illustration from the encyclopedia "Nordisk familjebok" Contents ... Wikipedia

Literary encyclopedias- and dictionaries, reference publications containing a systematized collection of literary knowledge and information from the world fiction: biobibliographic sketches about writers, history of literatures and trends, indexes of content ... ...

DICTIONARIES historical- see Art. Encyclopedias and dictionaries ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia

Encyclopedia- (from the Greek enkýklios paidéia training in the entire range of knowledge) a scientific or popular scientific reference publication containing the most essential information on all (universal E.) or individual (industry E.) areas of knowledge or ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

History- (from the Greek historía, a story about past events, a story about what is recognized, investigated) 1) Any process of development in nature and society. In this sense, one can speak of I. of the universe, I. of the Earth, I. of individual sciences of physics, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

For readers of the Russian Historical Encyclopedia

Dear friends!

Before you is the first of eighteen volumes of the Russian Historical Encyclopedia. The successful implementation of such a large-scale scientific and educational project became possible thanks to the fruitful joint work of scientists, archivists, and publishers. Based on the classical traditions for which the national encyclopedic literature has always been famous, this fundamental work meets the spirit and demands of the time, presents a wide “palette” of professional opinions, assessments, and judgments.

I am convinced that the publication of the new encyclopedia is a significant contribution to the development of historical science, to the formation of an objective, unbiased approach to the coverage of past events and their lessons, as well as to the comprehension of well-known research concepts. Historical experience teaches us to respect everyone, even the most difficult, contradictory periods of our past. To the cultural and spiritual traditions of the peoples of Russia - after all, it was on their basis that the Russian state, national identity was built, civil, patriotic ideals and values ​​were formed.

I am sure that the publication will be useful not only for specialists, but also for everyone who is interested in history.

I wish you informative and exciting reading, and I wish the editorial staff new creative successes.

President of Russian Federation

V. V. Putin

Ladies and gentlemen!

You are holding in your hands the first volume of the new modern "Russian Historical Encyclopedia", prepared by a team of authors under the leadership of Academician, Director of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.O. Chubaryan. This grandiose project - the encyclopedia is conceived in 18 volumes - is intended to fill a significant gap formed in the national historical science, because the publication of the previous 16-volume "Soviet Historical Encyclopedia" was completed in 1976. This means that scientists, teachers, students, and ordinary people, among whom there are many who are sincerely interested in history, have been deprived of a truly comprehensive reference publication on world history for over 30 years.
Over the decades, a lot has changed both in our country and in the world. The former economic and military-political alliances are a thing of the past, and new ones have arisen in their place; the problems that worried humanity in the mid-1970s were successfully resolved, and their place was taken by the most acute challenges of our time. Finally, developed in the most recent historical time information Technology on the one hand, they brought knowledge out of the silence of scientific classrooms, and on the other hand, they gave rise to unprecedented gullibility and frivolity in relation to knowledge. Including the historical one. And as never before, today it is important for our country to have a serious, truly scientific, fundamental reference publication not chasing momentary recognition, covering the past and present of humanity - after all, there is no future without the past.
The Russian Historical Encyclopedia is published under the auspices of the Russian Military Historical Society, whose direct tasks include promoting the study of history and the dissemination of historical knowledge. The full multimedia version of all volumes will be posted on the Society's website http://histrf.ru/ru/rvio and is available to everyone.

Chairman of the Russian Military Historical Society
V.R. Medinsky,
Doctor of Historical Sciences,
Professor

Foreword

The encyclopedia (from the Greek enkyklios - circle, paedia - education) at all times was a unique phenomenon, the essence of which was an attempt to "embrace the immense", that is, to present in a generalized form the basic information on all branches of knowledge. The prototype of encyclopedic works can be considered compiled in the 1st century. n. NS. By Guy Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia. The very term "encyclopedia", introduced into circulation in the second half of the 16th century, denoted a treatise containing an integral set of data of a general educational or special nature.

In the XVIII century. such publications are gaining popularity, and at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. a large number of various reference books and dictionaries appear in the world, systematizing information both in all areas of human knowledge, and within individual disciplines.

Second half of the XX century. became the era of the greatest flourishing of the encyclopedic genre, which is associated with a gigantic amount of scientific and technical achievements. The demand for encyclopedias and reference books during this period is explained by the general high level education and the desire of the population to match the pace of development of science, to keep abreast of the latest theoretical and practical knowledge. In our country, along with universal encyclopedias, for example, the Big and Small Soviet encyclopedias, the Soviet encyclopedic dictionary, etc., special editions appear that summarize the entire accumulated volume of knowledge in certain areas. This type of publication was designed not only for specialists, but also for students and schoolchildren.

In 1961-1976. the Soviet Historical Encyclopedia was published in 16 volumes. This fundamental edition covered the entire history of mankind from antiquity to modern times. Leading Russian historians participated in the creation of the encyclopedia. It should be noted that the historical encyclopedia for many years has been a faithful assistant for everyone who was interested in history.

However, life does not stand still, changes are taking place in the world, new facts are being discovered, modern points of view appear. What was previously considered unshakably true turns out to be controversial or erroneous. The need to analyze and evaluate the past in a new way, learning lessons for the present and the future, has become the imperative of the times.

Over the past decades, new disciplines have appeared in historical science, the attention of scientists is increasingly concentrated on the everyday and private life of the individual, which, in fact, serves as "material" for history, helps to reveal the essence of historical processes. With the advent of a new view, assessments of historical figures and their activities have become more balanced and multifaceted.

The need to satisfy the interest of the widest segment Russian citizens to information of a historical nature, to knowledge of the origins of their homeland and world history, evolution and the current state of human civilization served as an impetus to start work on a new Historical Encyclopedia.

The peculiarity of this publication is that, based on the classical encyclopedic traditions of different countries, it at the same time takes into account the latest achievements of domestic and world science.

The theme of man in history, which has become predominant in world historiography, will take the main place in the encyclopedia. Her personalities are prominent political and public figures, military leaders, diplomats and scientists, representatives of education, culture, arts and sports, business circles, religion and the Church, who have played various roles in history. Noticeable attention will be paid to people whose names have become symbols of ethics, morality and peacemaking.

The purpose of the new publication is to present readers with a modern, free from ideological stereotypes view of national and world history, corresponding to the achievements of Russian and world historiography. recent years.
The encyclopedia is based on a multifactorial approach to the study of human history. Modern historians are increasingly using concepts such as global, regional and local history. Considerable attention is paid to the events and personalities of Russian history in the context of world development.

In general, readers will be presented with a deep, scientifically grounded and at the same time fascinating history of mankind, in the center of which there has always been a man with his interests and passions, ups and downs.
The Russian Historical Encyclopedia will be a fundamentally different publication from the previous encyclopedias published in our country. The Big and Small Soviet Encyclopedias, as well as the previous Historical Encyclopedia, corresponding to the specifics of their time, were largely ideologized and politicized, many of their assessments are outdated, do not correspond to the latest scientific concepts and are now revised.

The task of the proposed encyclopedia is to demonstrate to the reader the outline of events of the distant and recent past, to reveal the content of historical phenomena and ideas, to highlight the role of historical characters, relying on a scientifically grounded approach and the latest achievements of domestic and world science. The encyclopedia will consist of 18 volumes and contain over 20 thousand articles, about 30 thousand illustrations, maps and diagrams. The authors are well-known specialists in Russia and abroad - academicians, doctors and candidates of sciences.

The new encyclopedia is addressed to the widest circle of readers - the scientific community, teachers, students and everyone who is interested in history.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA

encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing a systematized collection of information on history and related fields of knowledge. There are encyclopedias on world history as a whole, on individual historical periods, on the history of individual continents, countries and peoples, on various sections of history (history of culture, religion, etc.) or even dedicated to individual historical events. I. e. usually also contain biographical information about historical figures, historians (but there are also purely terminological reference books), maps, illustrations. Often I. e. include material on branches of knowledge related to historical science (especially in geography, literature, philosophy, etc.). In addition to special informational e., Significant material on history is usually contained by general (universal) encyclopedias (see Encyclopedia), biographical dictionaries, military encyclopedias and dictionaries, diplomatic dictionaries, etc.

The first editions approaching historical dictionaries began to appear in the 16th and 18th centuries; usually these were still undivided historical-philological and geographical reference books. Such, for example, are the "Historical and Literary Dictionary" of the French polymath of the 16th century. C. Etienne (Ch. Estienne, Dictionarium historicum ac poeticum, Lutetiae, 1553; later translated into French) or the widely popular "Big Historical Dictionary or Curious Mix of Sacred and Secular History" by L. Moreri (L. Moreri, Le Grand dictionnaire historique ou le Melange curieux de lhistoire sainte et profane, Lyon, 1674).

In Russia in the 18th century. the historian V. N. Tatishchev prepared the "Lexicon of Russian historical, geographical, political and civil" (parts 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1793, brought to the letter "K"). In 1790-98 the "Historical Dictionary" was published (in 14 parts; parts 1-3 were published in 1807-11 in the second edition), containing biographies of historical figures "of all times and peoples" (as well as articles about some mythological characters) - in mostly translations from French historical dictionaries with the addition of articles on Russian historical figures. In the 19th and early 20th centuries. in Russia, a large number of all kinds of biographical dictionaries were published (see Biographical dictionaries). Of the dictionaries of a general historical nature, only the short "School Historical Dictionary" by S. A. Kareeva (Moscow, 1906; edited by N. I. Kareev) can be named.

In the USSR, since 1961, the first Marxist encyclopedic publication of general historical content, "Soviet Historical Encyclopedia" (SIE), has been published (editor-in-chief EM Zhukov, vols. 1-13, Moscow, 1961-71, the publication continues). SEE provides information on the history of all peoples of the world from ancient times to the present day. The history of the peoples of the USSR and other socialist countries, the history of the revolutionary and national liberation movement (the greatest attention is paid to the history of Soviet society and the post-October period of world history) is especially widely covered, the history of not only European countries, but also Asia, Africa, Latin America is widely presented. An important place is occupied by the problems of historiography (special articles and historiographic excursions). FIE contains maps, illustrations, detailed chronological and other reference tables. Among other historical reference books of an encyclopedic nature published in the USSR - "Materials for the terminological dictionary of ancient Russia" by G.E. Kochin (M.-L., 1937; contains a list of terms found in chronicles, acts and other written sources of Ancient Russia indicating exactly where this term occurs), a short "Reference Dictionary on the History of the Middle Ages" by GA Maksimov (Tashkent, 1952; for correspondence courses), a small encyclopedia "The Great October Socialist Revolution" (1968). A large material on history contains the "Diplomatic Dictionary" (v. 1-2, 1948-50, 2nd ed., V. 1-3, M., 1960-64).

Of foreign encyclopedias and dictionaries of general historical content, the most famous are: "Dictionary of dates, events, localities and historical figures ..." d ¢ Armonville (AL d-Harmonville, Dictionnaire des dates, des faits, des lieux et des hommes historiques ..., t. 1-2, P., 1842-43), covering the period from ancient times to the 19th century. (political history, history of culture, religion and church are covered); "Lexicon of General History" by K. Hermann (K. Hermann, Lexikon der allgemeinen Weitgeschichte ..., Lpz., 1882), also dedicated to world history from ancient times, but especially in detail illuminated the 16-19 centuries; The Public Dictionary of Dates ("... Everyman's dictionary of dates ...", 5th ed., Rev. By A. Butler, L.-NY, 1967; 1st ed. 1911), covering (in 5th edition) the period from ancient times to the 1960s; the dictionary contains mainly articles about individual events, concepts, geographical names; multivolume I. e., published in the USA ["The New Larned History for ready reference, reading and research ...", v. 1-12, Springfield (Mass.) 1922-24; 1st ed., Vol. 1-5, 1893-95]; E. Bayer's Dictionary of History ("Worterbuch zur Geschichte", hrsg. Von E. Bayer, 2 Aufl., Stuttg., 1965; 1st ed. 1960), which explains about 5.5 thousand concepts and terms related mainly to the history of European countries; materials about specific events, locations and persons are not included.

A large number of I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of individual historical periods. On the history of primitive society, the large German "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Primitive History" ("Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte", Bd 1-15, V., 1924-32), compiled with the participation of scientists from various countries under the general editorship of the German archaeologist M. Ebert, is distinguished; contains materials on archeology, anthropology, paleoethnography, linguistics from ancient times to the early Middle Ages, is richly illustrated. There are also a large number of specialized dictionaries for archeology. The most fundamental encyclopedic reference books on the history of antiquity: "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" by S. Daranber and E. Salio ("Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines", sous la dir. De Ch. Daremberg et E. Saglio, t. 1-5 , P., 1877-1929), comprehensively revealing the history of Ancient Greece and Rome (the history of customs and institutions, economy, life, religion, science, art, naval affairs is covered), but does not include biographical material; especially - the multivolume "Encyclopedia of Classical Antiquity" by Pauli-Vissov - a fundamental reference book, affecting all aspects of classical studies, many articles were written by prominent scientists and contain an extensive bibliography. Among the shorter dictionaries on ancient history - "Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquity" by FR Lubker (Russian translation from German, St. Petersburg - M., 1888).

Significantly less I. e. and dictionaries devoted to the history of the Middle Ages, modern and contemporary times. Among them: "Concise dictionary of medieval history" H. E. Wedeck (N. E. Wedeck, Concise dictionary of medieval history, N. Y., 1964), consisting of very short articles on the history of the Middle Ages from 5 to 15 centuries. inclusive; W. Herbst's Encyclopedia of Modern History ("Enzykiopadie der neueren Geschichte", begrundet von W. Herbst, Bd 1-5, Gotha, 1880-90), covering the history of the 16-19 centuries; "A dictionary of modern history" by A. W. Palmer (A. W. Palmer, "A dictionary of modern history. 1789-1945", L., 1962), dedicated to the political (mainly) and socio-economic history of the period from 1789 to 1945; issues of the history of culture are also touched upon.

Regional reference books on history include cultural-historical encyclopedias and dictionaries dedicated to the early Middle Ages, for example, the dictionary of Slavic antiquities prepared by the Polish Academy of Sciences ("Slownik starozytnosci slowainskich ...", pod red. W. Kowalenski, t. 1-4, Wr ., 1961-1970; edition continues); German Dictionary of Germanic Antiquities ("Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde", hrsg. von J. Hoops, Bd 1-4, Strassb., 1911-19; new, revised and greatly expanded edition published since 1968). Of considerable interest is the multivolume "Cultural-Historical Dictionary of the Northern Middle Ages", dedicated to the history and culture of the Scandinavian countries from the "Viking Age" to the Reformation period ("Kulturhistorisk Lexikon for nordisk middelalder", Bd 1-15-, Kbh., 1956-70- ; edition continues). From the regional encyclopedias on the history of the countries of the East, the "Encyclopedia of Islam" stands out ("Encyclopedie de dIslam", v. 1-4, Leyde - P., 1913-1936; nouv.ed., V. 1-3-, Leyde - P. -, 1960-71-; the publication continues; published in several languages), in the preparation of which scientists from different countries took part; it provides information not only on political history, but especially widely covers the ideology, culture of Muslim countries, as well as ethnography, geography, etc. The short "Encyclopedia of Latin American History" (M. Martin, G. Lovett, "Encyclopedia of Latin- American history ... ", Indianapolis - NY, 1968).

I. e. Are very common. and dictionaries on national history, available in many countries and dedicated accordingly to the history of a given country. "Argentine Historical Dictionary" ed. R. Picchirilli ("Diccionario historico argentine", publ. Bajo la dir. De R. Piccirilli ..., t. 1-6, B. Aires, 1953-54) covers the period up to the middle of the 20th century. "Dictionary of English history" S. Low and F. Pulling (S. Low, FS Pulling, "The dictionary of English history", new ed., L. - NY, 1928; 1st ed. 1884), "Dictionary British history "J. Brandon (JA Brendon," A dictionary of British history ", L., 1937) and" New dictionary of British history "ed. S. Steinberg ("Steinberg's Dictionary of British history", ed. By S. Steinberg and J. H. Evans, 2nd ed., L., 1970; 1st ed., 1963) contain information on history from the most ancient times, they cover the history of England in the most detail, in Brandon's dictionary there are no biographies and material on the history of culture. Published in the GDR "Subject Dictionary on the History of Germany and the German Labor Movement" ("Sachworterbuch der Geschichte Deutschlands und der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung", Bd 1-2, V., 1969-70) covers the period from the end of the 18th century. until the 60s. 20 century; published in Germany "Biographical Dictionary of German History" by G. Rösler and G. Franz (N. Rossler, G. Franz, "Biographisches Worterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte", Munch., 1952-53) and "Subject Dictionary of German History" of those the same authors (N. Rossler, G. Franz, "Sachworterbuch zur deutschen Geschichte", Munch., 1958) include materials not only on the history of Germany, but also on a number of other countries, have a reactionary nationalist orientation. "Dictionary of the History of Spain ..." ("Diccionario de historia de Espana ...", 2nd ed., T. 1-3, Madrid, 1968-69; 1st ed. 1952) is devoted to the history of Spain from ancient times until 1968 and the history of the Spanish colonies in America. Italian "Dictionary of the Risorgimento ..." ed. M. Rosi ("Dizionario del Risorgimento nazionale ... Fatti e persone". Dir. M. Rosi, v. 1-4, Mil., 1930-37) contains articles on the history of Italy from the 18th century. through 1870 (in the 1st volume, individual events are considered, in the 2nd-4th volumes - the biographies of the leaders of the Risorgimento). "Dictionary of the History of Poland" ed. T. Lepkowski ("Slownik historii Polski", red. T. Lepkowski, 5 wyd., Warsz., 1969; 1st ed. 1959) includes about 2.5 thousand articles, which highlight the history of Poland from ancient times to 1960s "Illustrated Dictionary of the History of Portugal" ("Dicionario de historia de Portugal (Ilustrado)". Dir. por J. Serrao, v. I-4, Lisboa, 1961-70) covers the history of Portugal from ancient times to the middle of the 20th century. "Dictionary of American History" ed. J. Adams ("Dictionary of American history", ed. By JT Adams, v. 1-6, NY, 1940-61) is devoted to the political, socio-economic history and cultural history of the United States from the Middle Ages (the travels of Scandinavians to America are considered) prior to 1930s, biographies not included; the 6th (additional) volume covers the history of the United States from 1940 to 1960. The 16-volume "The United States encyclopedia of history" (v. 1-16, Phil.-NY, 1967-68) covers the period from the discovery of America by Columbus to the middle of the 20th century, designed for the general reader, richly illustrated. "Historical Dictionary of France" L. Lalanne (L. Lalanne, "Dictionnaire historique de la France", 2nd ed., P., 1877; 1st ed. 1872) contains detailed information on various issues of the history of France from ancient times to 1870 -x years, including historical geography and genealogy; a number of dictionaries are dedicated to the Great French Revolution (E. Boursin, Aug. Challamel, "Dictionnaire de la Revolution française. Institutions, hommes et faits", P., 1893; "Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Revolution et de lEmpire, 1789-1815" , redige ... par JFE Robinet, t. 1-2, P.,). "Historical and Biographical Dictionary of Switzerland" ("Dictionnaire historique et biographique de la Suisse", publ. ... sous la dir. De M. Godet, N. Turler et V. Attinger, v. 1-7, Neuchâtel, 1921- 33; there is a parallel edition in German) contains over 22 thousand articles on the history of Switzerland from ancient times to the 1930s, many illustrations.

Lit .: Kaufman I.M., Dictionaries and encyclopedias. Bibliographic index, v. 1 - Pre-revolutionary editions, M., 1937; Zischka G., Index Lexicorum. Bibliographie der lexikalischen Nachschlagewerke, W., 1959; Hepworth Ph., How to find out in history, Oxf. -, 1966.

A. I. Drobinsky, I. I. Frolova.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• HISTORICAL
  BAYS - bays between the shores of one state, with an entrance width of over 24 nautical miles, which, due to historical conditions ...
• HISTORICAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  WATER - in doctrine international law and it is recognized in State practice that, under certain circumstances, States can, for historical reasons ...
• ENCYCLOPEDIA
  for children and youth, a type of children's book intended for reading, self-education and upbringing of children, adolescents and youth. In an entertaining popular science form ...
• HISTORICAL
  HISTORICAL SONGS, genre rus. folklore, epic. and lyric-epic. songs about ist. events, primarily. 16-18 centuries; dep. cycles dedicated Ivan the Terrible, ...
• HISTORICAL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  "HISTORICAL NOTES", non-periodic. a collection published since 1937 by the Institute of History, then by the Institute of History of the USSR of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1992 - by the Institute of Ros. ...
• ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTISTIC in the Dictionary of Fine Art Terms:
  - and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing systematized information on the theory, history and practice of plastic arts (architecture, fine and decorative arts), ...
• ENCYCLOPEDIA AND PEDAGOGICAL DICTIONARIES in the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , scientific reference publications containing a systematized body of knowledge on pedagogy, education and related disciplines. Pedagogical encyclopedias subdivided according to the nature of the content ...
• ECONOMIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
  encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing a systematized collection of information on economic sciences and individual branches of the economy. There are the following varieties of E. ...
• CHEMICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing basic information on chemistry and chemical ...
• PHYSICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  encyclopedias, reference scientific publications containing systematized, the most essential theoretical and applied information on all or individual sections of physics. F. e. ...
• TECHNICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific reference publications containing a systematized collection of information on technology (technological equipment and processes, subjects of labor, etc.), ...
• AGRICULTURAL ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  encyclopedias and dictionaries, scientific and industrial reference publications containing systematized information on agriculture, s.-kh. sciences and related branches of the national ...
• LITERARY ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  encyclopedias and dictionaries, reference publications containing a systematized collection of literary knowledge and information from the world of fiction: biobibliographic essays on writers, ...
• LARUSSA ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  encyclopedias, encyclopedias published by the publishing house Librairie Larousse, founded in 1852 in Paris by the educator and lexicographer P. Larousse (1817 - ...
• HISTORICAL MUSEUMS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  museums, scientific institutions that collect, store, study and popularize monuments of material and spiritual culture, reflecting the development of human society. Them. …
• HISTORICAL MAPS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  maps, maps showing historical phenomena and events, the relationship of social phenomena of the past with geographical factors. I. k. Show the placement of ancient cultures, ...
• CHILDREN'S AND YOUTH ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  and youth encyclopedias, popular scientific reference books intended for self-education and upbringing of children and youth. D. and y. NS. introduce readers ...
• GEOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  encyclopedias, scientific reference publications containing a systematized collection of geographical knowledge. G. e. give a description of objects of regional geography (continents, countries, regions, ...
• MILITARY ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  encyclopedias, scientific reference publications containing a systematized collection of military knowledge, as well as information from other fields of science that are important for military affairs. ...
• ENCYCLOPEDIA LINGUISTIC in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  - scientific reference publications containing a systematized body of knowledge about the language and methods of its description. Can be general linguistic oriented. ...
• DIDRO in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
  (Diderot) Denis (1713-1784) - French philosopher and ideologist of the Enlightenment, writer, art theorist, head of the encyclopedists. Major works: free author's translation and ...
• ORTHODOX ENCYCLOPEDIA, CHURCH SCIENTIFIC CENTER
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "DREVO". "Orthodox Encyclopedia", Church Scientific Center of the Russian Orthodox Church. Official site: http://sedmitza.ru It originates from ...
• ALEXEY PETROVICH LEBEDEV in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "DREVO". Attention, this article is not finished yet and contains only part of the necessary information. Lebedev Alexey Petrovich (...
• CUSTOMER in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "DREVO". The client program is intended for local use and distribution of the open Orthodox encyclopedia "Tree" outside the Internet. All ...
• IRKUTSK DIOCHY in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "DREVO". Irkutsk and Angarsk Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. Diocesan Administration: Russia, 664001, Irkutsk, st. ...
• TREE, ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "DREVO". Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "Drevo" - a project to create a universal Orthodox electronic information resource... Permanent address of the project: http://drevo.pravbeseda.ru ...
• INTRO in the Encyclopedia of the Third Reich:
  ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE THIRD REICH "Who is like a beast, and who can fight him?" (The Revelation of John, Ch. 13; 4) The Third Reich, ...
• RUSSIA, SECTION PHILOSOPHY AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW
  The rhetoric of natural law began to penetrate into Russia from the beginning of the 18th century. By order of Peter I, Puffendorf's book "About ...
• RUSSIA, SECTION HISTORY OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE (BIBLIOGRAPHY) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
  Riterature. General essays. The beginnings of literary history, lists of writers. Johannis Petri Kohlii, "Introductio in historiam et rem litterariam Slavorum" (Altona, 1729); ...
• RUSSIA, SECTION HISTORY in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
  The main subject of historical science in Russia is the past. home country, on which he worked and is working greatest number Russian historians and ...
• TOLSTOY in the Literary Encyclopedia:
  1. Alexey Konstantinovich, count - poet, playwright and fiction writer. He spent his early childhood in Ukraine, on the estate of his uncle A. ...
• JAPAN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (Japanese. Nippon, Nihon). I. General information Ya - a state located on the islands The Pacific, near the coast of East Asia. As part of ...
• ENCYCLOPEDIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (from the Greek enkyklios paideia - learning across the entire range of knowledge), scientific or popular science reference publication containing the most essential information on ...
• FRANCE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radianska Socialist Republic), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 25, 1917. With the creation of ...

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  Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, Sumerians and Etruscans, Incas and Mayans ... Great disappeared civilizations still make us admire their history, culture, art. The global mysteries of ancient civilizations have survived to this day, and it is no accident that their solution is still the best scientists are fighting. After all, the unraveled secrets of the past are the key to understanding the present and the future ...... Further

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  The encyclopedia includes 1283 articles containing the lives and biographies of Russian saints and ascetics of Orthodoxy, who for a millennium determined the spiritual face of the Russian nation, its priorities and directions of development. Russian saints were the main carriers of the fundamental values ​​of Russian civilization - spiritual integrity, inseparability of faith and life, love of love, non-acquisitiveness, monarchical consciousness, conciliarity and patriotism. When preparing the encyclopedia, all the most authoritative sources about the life of the saints were used and taken into account, starting with the Great Cheti-Minea of ​​Metropolitan Macarius, Cheti-Minea of ​​Demetrius of Rostov, the Lives of Saints Philaret (Gumilevsky), and up to the biographies of the saints published in the 20th - early 21st centuries. Some of the materials used in the encyclopedia were collected by the compiler during many years of pilgrimage trips to monasteries and holy places in Russia in the 1970s - first half of the 1990s. There are 544 illustrations - icons and portraits depicting saints and ascetics of Orthodoxy, photos from archives and rare books.... Further

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  The volume provides a summary of the history of Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The section "People of the Century" presents short biographies of people who have had the greatest impact on the socio-political and cultural development of their countries and the whole world. ... Further

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  The period from 1989 to 1999 - perhaps the most difficult in the history of our country, which we called in one word - "timelessness". The collapse of the country and the subsequent degradation and decline affected all aspects of society, including the state of the country's armed forces. This The fourth book of our five-volume historical encyclopedia is devoted to the period. Separate chapters describe the participation of special forces in the conflicts in Transnistria, Tajikistan, Transcaucasia, as well as operations in the First Chechen campaign. The authors, military officers, both currently serving and in the reserve, strongly draw attention to the fact that over time, the tasks of units and formations of special intelligence have changed. Their main activity, since the days of Afghanistan, is now associated with counterinsurgency warfare. The most famous operations of the special forces of the specified period are analyzed. For a wide range of readers.... Further

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  The final book from the multivolume historical encyclopedia conceived by the author-compiler covers the period from 1999 to the present time. The episodes with the participation of special forces in the Second Chechen campaign are covered in detail. The most famous operations are analyzed special purpose units in recent years. The problems of the beginning military reform... Questions are being raised about the reform of special forces units, what they will be like in the future. For a wide range of readers.... Further

S. S. Kozlov



This book of essays, which constitutes the third volume of the historical encyclopedia "Special Forces of the GRU", covers the period from 1979 to 1989. and tells about the combat history of special forces units and formations as part of the Limited contingent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan. For each detachment, for each special forces brigade a brief historical background is given, it is told about their combat path, an analysis of specific combat operations (including unsuccessful ones) is given. The authors of the essays - soldiers and officers - are direct participants in the events described. The stories are illustrated with diagrams. This is a unique piggy bank of combat experience, especially since the archive of operational files of groups and detachments operating in Afghanistan has not been preserved. The book is of interest to both military professionals and a wide range of readers.... Further

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  This book of essays, which is volume 2 of the five-volume historical encyclopedia SPETSNAZ GRU, covers the period from 1950 to 1979. and tells how the elite units were formed, called upon at that time to solve the tasks of special intelligence, the list of which also includes included such as the detection of positions of operational-tactical missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads, the implementation of sabotage deep behind enemy lines, the deployment partisan movement in enemy territory. The book describes the impressive exercises that took place at the stage of the formation of special forces units and formations, both army and naval subordination. Among the authors of the articles are IN Shchelokov, PA Golitsin, FI Gredasov, VE Breslavsky - the creators and leaders of the special forces, as well as other military officers who have become a legend for new generations of officers of special forces units. For a wide range of readers. Authors, volumes: V. S. Avinkin, V. Afonchenko, Y. A. Berkov, E. A. Borisov, V. E. Breslavsky, A. V. Budneye, B. A. Gavrilov, S. R. Galaev, P. A. Golitsin, N. V. Gubanov, F. I. Gredasov, A. A. Drozdov, V. A. Zavgorodniy, V. L. Zarembovsky, G. I. Zakharov, V. M. Ivanov, I. A. V. Ivlev, S. Kalintenko, S. V. Kozlov (author-compiler), Yu. I. Kolesnikov, N. I. Lutsev, V. G. Pashits, G. P. Sizikov, Yu. T. Staroe, V P. Troshin, A.S. Chubarov, I.N.Schelokov.... Further

Boris Prokazov



How many bloodless victories did Hitler win on the eve of World War II? How was Poland going to defeat Germany? Where did Hitler accept the surrender of France and why did he humiliate her by this? For what reason was Operation Sea Lion canceled - the landing of the Germans in Great Britain? Why did the German attack on the USSR come as a surprise to the Soviet command? Whom and why was it called the "Desert Fox"? What formations went down in history as "black brigades" and where did they operate? How did it happen that the Vickers fought against each other? Who long before the Nazis depicted the swastika on their planes? In the waters of which Russian river did Nazi Germany's plans for world domination "drown"? Which ace pilot fought against the British and Americans, Germans and Italians? Why did the Germans refuse to fight in the legendary Soviet T-34 tanks? Where was the ambitious German developer of the Barbarossa plan put to shame? Which of the Soviet pilots shot down 9 enemy aircraft in one battle, while setting an absolute world record? Which tank was called the "younger brother" of the T-34? Which of the legendary Soviet tankers knocked out 22 enemy tanks in one battle? Why Battle of Kursk became decisive in the Great Patriotic War? "Katyusha", "Vanyusha" and "Skripukha" on the "Fly" - who is this? In connection with what event was mourning declared in Germany in February 1943? When and for what reason did the first fireworks sound in Moscow? Who was the first to raise the Victory Banner over the Reichstag?... Further

The young reader will find the answer to these and many other questions in this publication, which presents the history of the Great Patriotic War. Description bloody battles, bright illustrations and many interesting facts make this book not only informative, but also very exciting. ... Further

Sergey Kozlov

The starting point was taken in 1701 - the year Peter I created a flying corps - a corvolant - to fight the enemy on the supply routes of the army. The following is a detailed description of the actions of partisan detachments and flying corps during the Patriotic War of 1812, the special actions of which determined the outcome of the war. The history of the emergence, training and use of Cossack units of plastuns, both in the Caucasus and during the years of the Crimean (1853-1856) and Turkish campaigns (1877-1878), is presented. The experience of using partisans in Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905) and in the years The great war(1914-1918). Examples of actions of partisan formations in the years Civil war in Russia (1918-1920) of both the Red and White armies. The article tells about the creation of the first full-time reconnaissance and sabotage formations of the Red Army, created in the period 1934-1938. The experience of partisan actions, which was conducted during the Spanish Civil War by a partisan corps created under the leadership of Soviet advisers, is described. military intelligence, an analysis is given of the actions of the Soviet military intelligence during the military conflict on the Khalkhin-Gol River, as well as the use of reconnaissance and sabotage ski detachments during the Finnish campaign. The measures taken by the GRU in the pre-war period to strengthen military intelligence are given. The 2nd volume of the 1st book of the encyclopedia is devoted to the use of reconnaissance and reconnaissance and sabotage bodies during the Great Patriotic War, a description of the difficulties of the initial period of the war, the formation of military operational intelligence during the war, as well as the role of military intelligence in the organization and leadership of partisan actions on the territory occupied by the enemy. The book provides examples of such actions and memories of the participants in the war. It also describes the actions of military intelligence during the operation carried out by the troops of the DalVO and ZabVO in Manchuria against the Quantum of a certain army in August-September 1945. In addition to describing special actions at sea during the Second World War, this book describes the experience of regular and non-standard special forces formed reconnaissance departments of the fleets, starting with the special purpose company of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet and continuing with a number of reconnaissance and sabotage units in other fleets and flotillas operating during the Great Patriotic War. The article describes the tactics of the actions of subunits and non-standard formations conducting special actions during the Second World War both on land and at sea, as well as the equipment and weapons that they used to solve these problems. It also tells about those people whose names, due to secrecy, remained unknown to Russian readers for a long time. The book is of interest to both specialists and the widest circle of readers.... Further