Preview:

MAOU Galchinskaya secondary school

Project

Topic: "How to prepare for an essay-reasoning"

Completed by: Russian language teacher

and literature

Zaitseva S.S.

Domodedovo 2012

Introduction.

Stages of work on an essay - reasoning.

Working with the text when writing an essay-reasoning.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

Topic: How to prepare for an essay - reasoning.

Relevance: The work contains theoretical information and practical recommendations for preparing for the task with a detailed answer of part C of a single state examination in the Russian language (composition - reasoning). A detailed analysis of the presented student works will allow identifying and systematizing problem areas in preparing students for part C.

Target: To form the knowledge, abilities and skills necessary for a student to successfully pass the exam.

An object: Educational - teaching aids to prepare for an essay-reasoning.

Hypothesis: The task of part C is a task with a detailed answer and is an essay-reasoning based on the text read. It is this task that tests the state of the graduates' practical skills (their ability to speak in monologue, the ability to present their point of view with arguments) and the general state of their culture, which requires certain training from them.

Research objectives:

1. research of educational-methodical material for preparation for essay-reasoning;

2. research of the stages of work on the essay-reasoning;

3. study of the language analysis of the source text;

4. study of the analysis and evaluation of the essay-reasoning.

Theoretical significance:This work will allow graduates to systematize knowledge and skills in preparation for essay-reasoning.

Practical significance:This work will be of interest not only to the teacher, but also to high school students and their parents.

Methods: 1) theoretical method;

2) method of analysis;

3) a practical method.

Stages of work on an essay-reasoning.

The ways of forming and developing the main idea of ​​the text depend on the type of speech used in it. Traditionally, there are three main semantic types of speech: narration, description, reasoning.

Reasoning - this is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought. The task of reasoning is to consider the most important properties of objects, phenomena and establish cause-and-effect relationships between them.

Text - reasoning should consist of three parts:

Thesis (what is being proved or explained; the main idea that requires proof or explanation);

Evidence (arguments, arguments, justification, explanation, i.e. judgments that confirm the truth of the thesis);

Withdrawal

A similar structure takes place in full reasoning; in the abbreviated reasoning, either the conclusion is omitted; or a thesis, because they are close in content (a conclusion is a proven thesis; a conclusion expands the meaning of the thesis).

Reasoning differs from description and narration, first of all, in more extended, complex sentences (with separate turns, various types of union and non-union communication) and the abstract nature of vocabulary, i.e. words denoting abstract concepts (the narrative is dominated by words denoting specific objects and phenomena):

Where to start a conversation about Russia? For me, a Russian, this is not easy: the big is seen at a distance.

Russia is great. Its territory can accommodate thirty France or almost two China. I remember a school teacher said: the sun even needs ten hours to get from the Bering Strait to Moscow.

Maybe start the conversation with what kind of Russia is different? This is a treeless, completely frozen tundra in the Far North, and a dense taiga in Siberia; these are the mountains of the Urals and Transbaikalia, and the breadth of the wheat fields of the Don and Kuban; these are both millionaire cities and tiny villages that have never heard a locomotive whistle (According to B. Korotkov).

Almost all texts with other types of speech (narration, description) provide material for writing an essay-reasoning. In order to write an essay of this kind on different types of texts, you must first of all highlight the main idea that the author is trying to convey to the reader.

Remember! The types of speech can be distinguished according to the questions: the question of what happened is posed to the narration, to the description - which one?, To the reasoning - why?

The main idea of ​​the narrative text, the description text is carried out by the author for a specific purpose, therefore the element of causality is undoubtedly present in these texts as well.

Narrative text

Lebedinskaya loyalty

The sun rose higher and higher over the bay, erasing the shadows.

The huntsman said:

“The snow-white swan fell into the reeds, not yet understanding what had happened to him, tried to fly into the blue sky. (4) His right wing hung lifelessly. (5) The poacher has deprived the bird of the most expensive flight. (6) The swan lay motionless in the reeds. (7) His girlfriend, white swan , worried. (8) The bird let out an alarming, guttural cry. (9) The flock has already left the peninsula and flew further north. (10) I didn't want to be left behind, but you can't leave a friend in trouble either. (11) And then she approached, began to carefully pluck his feathers.

(12) I sailed into the bay early in the morning. (13) The swan took off and began to circle alarmingly. (14) I decided to examine the reeds. (15) Here I found a shot bird. (16) Left the swan in a safe place, brought medicine and bandaged the wounded wing. (17) The next day I reappeared on a small island. (18) I walked around it, I was convinced that there are no predators. (19) “What should I call you? - I thought. "From now on, the swan will be the Lotus, and the swan will be the Lily."

(20) All month sailed to the swan island. (21) The lotus cheered up and greeted me with a guttural cry. (22) Once, having come to the hut, I saw: an egg was lying in the nest. (23) The swan swam to my boat and took food from his hands. (24) I knew that Lotus would never have to fly: the wing was broken.

(25) Autumn has come. (26) In the place with Lotus and Lily, two more young swans swam. (27) And at this time the birds began to fly away. (28) Farewell voices were heard in the sky all night long. (29) Lilia listened uneasily to them.

(30) Before my eyes, the children of Lotus and Lily took off, joined the flock and flew to distant lands. (31) The swan was worried, but soon swam up to the Lotus and began to prettify his feathers. (32) Her whole appearance said: “Let our children fly away to winter in warm lands. And we are not bad here either. "

(33) And soon a swan song came to me. (34) The handsome Lotus sang it. (35) No, it was not a farewell song - a hymn to life!

(K. Khromov)

The main point allows us to ask the question why? - “Why does the author think that the Lotus song is not a farewell song, but a hymn to life. This question can form the basisthesis (1) Proof (2)is a description of what happened to Lotus and how his faithful friend helped him in misfortune.

Conclusion (3) can be equal to the thesis.

Description text

First frost.

The night passed under a large clear moon, and by morning the first frost fell.

Everything was gray, but the puddles did not freeze. (3) When the sun appeared and warmed up, the trees and grass were covered with such strong dew, such luminous patterns peeped out of the dark forest with branches of fir trees that the diamonds of our entire earth would not be enough for this decoration.

(4) Particularly beautiful was the queen, the pine, sparkling from top to bottom. (5) Joy jumped in my chest as a young dog.

(M. Prishvin)

The main idea of ​​the text allows us to ask the question why? - "Why did the first frosty day evoke such stormy joy in the author's chest?" This question can form the basis thesis. Proofserves as a description of the picture of a frosty winter day. Conclusion can be equal thesis.

Text - reasoning

(1) What is beauty? (2) Do we perceive the beautiful in the same way? (3) Can beauty be appreciated? (4) Do perceptions of beauty change over time?

(5) We often call beautiful what corresponds to the norms and ideals of our time. (6) Ideals and fashions are different for each era. (7) But there is imperishable beauty, imperishable, to which humanity must return. (8) We will never cease to be pleased with the proportions of the Parthenon, harmony and unity with the nature of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl ... (9) I get upset whenever I hear the phrase: “There are no comrades for the taste and color ...” (10) Just the opposite - you are surprised how many people value beauty in the same way.

The main idea can form the basis thesis : true beauty is perceived in the same way.Proofcan serve as the author's reasoning about the incorruptibility of the truth of beauty, despite the many factors associated with ideals and fashion.

Ways of connecting parts of reasoning.

In reasoning, the question is often used to move from a thesis to a proof why?, a particle, after all, and such constructions as: and here's why; this can be proved as follows; we will prove it; it is easy to be convinced of this; and this is understandable.

Conclusion is linked to evidence most often through introductory words: so, thus, etc., words and combinations; therefore, that's why ...; sentences of the type: Let's summarize all of the above. Let's summarize. From all that has been said above, it follows that, etc.

Many other introductory words and combinations can also indicate connection and sequence of thoughts. For example, firstly, secondly, finally, for example, let’s say, we suggest, so, therefore, and so on.

Another combination of parts of reasoning is also possible: no conjunctions, no introductory words, only in meaning.

Ways to link sentences in the text.

When constructing a proof, it should be remembered that each sentence must be related to the previous one. Only in this case can we talk about the consistency and consistency of reasoning. This connection of sentences can be done using

Lexical repetition

Personal pronoun

Synonym

Antonyms

Adversary union

Particles

Adverbs

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns with a preposition

Possessive pronoun

Single root words. There are cases when not one communication medium is used, but several.

WORK WITH THE TEXT WHEN WRITING THE ESSAY-READING.

Text.

(1) Whether good manners are necessary. (2) The newest machines could calculate how much the country is costing the sum of the bad mood, irritability generated by the rude and even unfriendly behavior of people, and give us sensational figures. (3) A person who feels calm and comfortable in the company of his fellow citizens is many times more efficient and enterprising than the one who must always, every minute be on the alert to prevent undeserved insult, rudeness and rudeness. (4) In my opinion, good manners are a manifestation of inner delicacy and culture, a necessary attribute of a healthy lifestyle.

(5) But often even the nicest people offend their loved ones. (6) And this usually happens without any malicious intent, without the intention of offending, humiliating, insulting, and so simply - through an oversight, thoughtlessness, inattention. (7) These good people, often busy with big and important things, did not find time to think over the form of their behavior, did not work out those simple and useful rules with which you can improve the mood of the whole team, make life more pleasant, and make your nerves healthier.

(8) Two very important conclusions should be drawn by everyone young man... (9) First: being kind to others does not require large expenses, does not exhaust a person. (10) In the full sense of the word, this is a free supplement to life, and later, when it becomes a habit, it is made automatically and does not lose its beneficial effect. (11) Second, a person who has learned to deal well with his neighbors not only gives them joy, but he himself receives immense pleasure from such behavior.

(12) Consequently, good manners and well-formed behavior are not only a great contribution of a person to society. (13) This contribution brings the depositor himself the most valuable income in the world - good mood and optimistic mood.

(According to N. Akimov)

In order to write an essay-reasoning on this text, you need to do the following work:

See how this idea is expressed in the text. Pay special attention to those sentences where it is most clearly expressed. In our text, these are sentences (3), (4), (11), (12), (13);

They should be read again to formulate a thesis that might sound something like this:“Good manners need to be acquired not only in order to be known as a well-mannered person. N. Akimov argues that "properly developed behavior" improves life as an individual and the whole society. "

As a proof, you can rely on the sentences already listed (see above):"And that's why. First, according to N. Akimov, a person living in a team of educated people feels much more efficient, because he should not waste time repelling aggression from colleagues. Second, good manners and good manners contribute to a healthy lifestyle. Third, a person with good manners brings joy not only to those around him. He himself gets great pleasure from it, being in a good mood. "

Conclusion to the first part of the essay.A person lives in society, therefore, knowledge of etiquette is the contribution that undoubtedly improves both the life of one person and society as a whole.

To convey the main idea and convey it to the readerthe author uses such expressive means as synonyms and gradation. Synonyms ("And it usually happenswithout any intent, without the intention of offending, humiliating, offending, but it's so simple - through an oversight, thoughtlessness, inattention ") Is used by the author for greater expression, since they do not allow to more fully determine the properties and nature of the subject of the story. All synonyms are built on the principle of ascending gradation (“... to prevent undeserved insult, rudeness and rudeness "), Which allows the author to show a negative attitude towards the consequences associated with ignorance or ignorance of etiquette.

Next, you should write your agreement / disagreement with the author, which can be expressed as follows:I agree (agree) with the author's opinion that knowledge of etiquette is of public importance. It is unpleasant if they try to offend you, if they speak rudely to you. As a result - a spoiled mood, a spoiled day. And this does not contribute to a healthy lifestyle in any way.

Read the lines highlighted in italics - and you will see an approximate essay-reasoning for the given text, which meets the criteria of the exam.

Conclusion.

The most important condition for the successful writing of an essay-reasoning based on the text read is an understanding of the original text, an adequate perception of its topic, the problems raised by the author, the author's position.

Before writing your own text, clarify your intention, your attitude to the position of the author of the text. If you share this position, pick up examples - evidence in defense of the chosen position. If not, then the arguments that will allow you to object to the author.

Think over the composition and speech design of your essay. Remember that you are writing an essay, not a presentation. Your text should be an interpretation of the problems raised in the original text, their interpretation. The author's thoughts can be briefly conveyed by you, retold, cited, indicated with the help of references to sentence numbers in the text, or indicated when presenting your own point of view. Arguing his own attitude (his own position), the writer must not only agree or disagree with the author of the original text, but also convincingly argue his opinion.

When conveying the author's position on a particular problem, try not to distort the original information, follow the course of the author's thought and not go beyond the scope of the issue under discussion. It is impossible to substitute the facts cited by the author with others - this will be considered the most gross mistake.

When working on an essay, remember that poor speech, that is, speech limited by the size of the vocabulary, inaccurate word usage, syntactic uniformity, reduces the impression of the work and can lead to a decrease in the grade for it. Use a variety of syntactic constructions, try to use words in accordance with their meaning and lexical compatibility.

List of used literature

Gvozdev A.N. Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1965.

Golub I.B. Exercises in the style of the Russian language. M., 1997.

Golub I.B., Rosenthal D.E. Entertaining style. M., 1988; They are. The book is about good speech. M., 1997

Golub I.B. Grammatical stylistics of the modern Russian language. M., 1987

Gorbanevsky M.V., Karaulov Yu.N., Shaklein V.M. Do not speak with a rough tongue. M., 1999.S. 171-174.

Gorbachevich K.S. The norms of modern Russian literary language... M., 1989.

Graudina L.K. Questions of the normalization of the Russian language. Grammar and Variants.

Ippolitova N.A. The culture of Russian speech. M., Flint, 2004.

V. I. Kapinos , Puchkova L.I., Tsybulko I.P., Gosteva Yu.N. Guidelines on the assessment of assignments with a detailed answer: Russian language. - M .: "Unicum-Center", 2004, 2005.

V. I. Kapinos , Puchkova L.I., Tsybulko I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Vasilievich I.P., Lvov V.V., Lvova S.I. Materials for independent work assessment experts on assignments with a detailed answer: Russian language. –M .: "Unicum-Center", 2004, 2005.

M. N. Kozhina The stylistics of the Russian language. 3rd edition. M., 1993.

The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. M., 1996

D.E. Rosenthal A culture of speech. M., 1960; He's the same. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1985.

Rosenthal D.E. A guide to spelling and literary editing. M., 1997.

Ruzavin G.I. Logic and argumentation. M., 1997.

Russian language at the end of the twentieth century. M., 1996.

Senkevich M.P. The culture of radio and television speech, M., 1987.

Skovorodnikov A.P. On the state of speech culture in Russian media mass media(experience of describing typical violations of literary and linguistic norms) // Theoretical and applied aspects of speech communication. Scientific method. Bul. No. 3. Krasnoyarsk, 1998.

Contemporary social stereotypes show that etiquette no longer matters. That good manners have lost their value. However, the rules of speech etiquette, cultural behavior and manners never go out of style.

Etiquette, like all other types of cultural behavior, develops in accordance with modern requirements. Without it, members of society would have shown too much impatience and disrespect for each other. This would lead to insults, dishonesty, fraud, intolerance on the roads, fistfights, duplicity in people, and a whole host of other unpleasant incidents. Today we will talk about the importance of the rules of speech etiquette in society.

Definition of concept - etiquette

Etiquette is simply a set of guidelines for politeness and good manners, kindness. With which we must always relate to each other. It will always matter!

What is etiquette?

Etiquette, the complex web of rules that govern good behavior and our social and business interactions, always evolves and changes as society changes.

It reflects our cultural norms, generally accepted codes of ethics. And also the rules of the different groups to which we belong. It helps us show respect for others. And pleases those around us that we are with them. Without proper manners and etiquette, the customs of polite society will soon disappear. And we will act more like animals rather than people. Aggressiveness and a "every man for himself" attitude will become the leading ones. In the old days, the rules of etiquette were used for two purposes. To remind people of their own status in society and to strengthen certain restrictions for people.

The history of the emergence of the rules of etiquette

In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, etiquette dictated everything. From how low a person of lower rank had to bow down to a person of a higher rank. Before how long it took a man to court a woman before two could get married. Even the way a person mourned was strictly regulated by the rules of etiquette. Until the onset civil war in Russia. After that, the widows had to dress in "mourning robes". Or completely in black clothes and a veil for a whole year after the death of her husband. These types of rules in earlier society were usually determined by the ruling classes. Because they set the goal of making the life of society as safe as possible.

To be sure, the strictly enforced rules of etiquette were related to the way a person showed respect for the king and his high-ranking officials such as dukes and princes. This strengthened their credibility. The rules of etiquette regarding marriage, mourning, and other important events in life largely apply only to the ruling classes or the wealthy. Peasants and workers, if they followed the rules of etiquette relating to respect for their master, did not have to follow the formal rules of courtship. They tended to base their own courtship "rules" on good manners and common sense.

Over the centuries, as society has become more and more democratic, etiquette has become an excellent combination of good manners, common sense and rules of conduct. Which, in turn, reflected the cultural norms and rules of our society as a whole. And not just one separate group within it. This is not so much connected with the fashion for this moment or with those who are in power, but with appeasement and an ethical code of conduct.

Rules of speech etiquette in modern society

Today's etiquette performs several important functions:

1. Etiquette ensures personal safety. Knowing how to handle a given situation makes you more confident.
2. He protects the feelings of others. Speech etiquette requires you to respect the other person's opinion.
3. This makes communication clearer. Etiquette makes communication easier by breaking down barriers rather than erecting them.
4. The use of speech etiquette at work increases the status in the person of colleagues. In any work situation, you are perceived as more capable, more professional, and smarter. If you are familiar with the proper code of conduct in the workplace.
5. It makes good first impressions. The first five to seven seconds after meeting someone is critical. Your first impression remains in the mind of the other person long after you leave. If you use the rules of speech etiquette, this first impression will be positive.

Society and our culture are now changing so quickly that the rules of speech etiquette are difficult to comply with. Once a book of etiquette is published, a new form of communication develops. Or a new style of dating is getting more and more passionate. And someone declares the latest book of etiquette "hopelessly obsolete." Keep in mind that etiquette should be a guideline, not a set of strict rules set in stone.

These guidelines are designed using common sense, a sense of fairness, courtesy and, above all, consideration for others. If you let mindfulness be your final arbiter. You will be on your way to becoming the kind of polite person who instinctively understands the rules of speech etiquette.

Rules of speech etiquette in family relationships

The reason many young people today know little about speech etiquette is because they never studied it at home. Parents no longer teach etiquette directly to children and adolescents.

If you're reading this to learn more about proper manners and how to practice etiquette in public, it's best to start doing it in private. It’s hard to include good behavior only when you feel you “need to”. In fact, we shouldn't be better off when we meet people we hardly know or want to impress. Our best behavior should be for the people we love: our friends and family.

So stick to the most high rules speech etiquette at home. Be polite and kind to your spouse, parents, and especially your children. So that they learn by example how to deal with other people correctly. If they grow up with ingrained speech etiquette, it will be easier for them to forge long-term relationships. Also, excel at your job and move through life with ease.

You will also find that the rules of speech etiquette become second nature to you, rather than a set of rules. And your own life will be more enjoyable.

People respond positively to those who are kind to them and treat them with respect.

General rules of politeness in society

General rules of courtesy are endless little gestures that we make almost unconsciously as we progress through the day. When we go to work and get through our day. We communicate with bus drivers, waiters, people on the street and many others.

How we interact with the people around us can affect them and our day. The usual courtesies of life should never be forgotten. If you have a busy schedule, a grueling day at work, or one of your kids is sick, you may have many thoughts that put you in a bad mood. People around you may feel just as unhappy. But you don't necessarily want their suffering to fall on you.

You should not burden other people with your sorrows and misfortunes.

Instead, take the time to be polite. Even when you feel that you would like to be rude to someone. Other people will feel better, just like you.

Rules of speech etiquette on the way

Don't act like you're the only person on the sidewalk or road. And don't assume you have a right of way in every situation. Etiquette requires protective driving and concern for the safety of those around you in every situation. Pedestrians should never cross traffic at traffic lights. This hints that you are above the law and do not care about drivers on the road.

Whenever you are traveling on public transport and see a person who may be uncomfortable standing for any length of time, offer that person your seat. This applies to pregnant women, the elderly. Also everyone who is on crutches, disabled or blind.

Don't let your belongings disturb other people's privacy. If you sit down in public transport with shopping bags, briefcase, do not put them on the seat next to you. And don't place them in the aisle where others might trip over them. You can place them under the seat or on your lap. Otherwise, keep everything as tight as possible by the sides.

Remember that buses and other transportation services are for all people and not for your personal delivery.

Services and places you visit

You can visit many places throughout the day, from restaurants to dry cleaners. Treat every person you meet with the same respect, no matter where they work. Courtesy days resulting life path recipient, long gone.

First, you have no way of knowing if the person behind the counter is a recent high school graduate or a nuclear physicist. The world is changing rapidly and very few people work in their chosen field. On the other hand, everyone deserves courtesy and respect for doing their job. There is no shameful job.

At a dry cleaner or any other service where you pick up items left behind for cleaning or repairs, try to get a ticket or receipt. Yes, an employee can find your name, but it will take longer and complicate matters. The receipt was given to you for a reason and the staff will appreciate it.

When a salesperson helps you, make sure you are clear about what you want and ask for help with kindness. Don't be patronizing or demanding. Remember that the person is helping you and sincerely thanking you.

If you need to stand in front of others in order to take your seats in the theater, then look people in the face, not at the stage or movie screen. They'd rather see your face than your back. Don't forget to apologize for any inconvenience caused.

Restaurant staff

Restaurant servers are some of the most abused people in the world of service, which is a real shame. These workers stand for hours on their feet, serving several tables at the same time. Most time they memorize the menu of their establishments, and also know the peculiarities of each day.

They track all orders, check regularly to make sure customers have what they need. They fill the drinks and generally try to make the customers happy. And they do it all for the minimum wage. They rely on advice for most of their income. Therefore, they work hard to please their customers. Good etiquette requires you to make the life of the servers as pleasant and easy as possible by knowing how to interact with them correctly.

1. Give your staff full attention when he or she speaks. And don't get into conversations when others at your table are ordering. This is rude and makes it difficult for your serving staff to hear clearly in a noisy restaurant.
2. Listen carefully as he or she revisits specials and answers any questions so your group doesn't have to ask for a lot of repetitions.
3. If your waiter introduces himself to you by name, use that person's name when addressing him.
4. The waiter is not to blame if your order is prepared incorrectly; he didn't cook it. Keep this in mind when you ask the waiter to send him back to the kitchen.
5. Never raise your voice, even if you are unhappy with your service. There is no reason to create scenes or publicly humiliate your service staff. You can politely state your opinion by speaking to him or her in an appropriate tone. If you cannot reach a satisfactory solution, ask to speak with a manager.

The sound of silence

It seems that one of the most overlooked rules of etiquette today is the rule that everyone deserves a little peace and quiet. The old adage that "Silence is gold" is still true, but increasingly ignored by people in subways, parks, restaurants, and even work spaces. The person sitting next to you or in front of you does not want to forcibly hold all the sounds that you can listen to or make hostage.

Remember these etiquette tips to respect the "sound space" of others.

1. Do not use your MP3 player at such a volume that it can be heard outside the range of your headphones when you are in public places. The reason the device has headphones is to make listening a private matter.
2. Remember that while you may think your kids' endless chatter is adorable, most strangers won't. They have no personal interests invested in your children and can take advantage of free moments on the train for a little nap. Keep your children engaged in quiet conversation or activity.
3. Mobile phone conversations should be kept to a minimum. Nobody wants to hear the intimate details of your life anymore.
4. On tours such as museums, do not carry on conversations with the companion while the guide is speaking. A person is not only disrespectful to leadership. But it also prevents loved ones from focusing on what they are trying to hear.
5. In theaters, do not make conversation or comment during the show. Nobody paid to hear your opinion or comment. This includes anything you would like to say while previewing your movies. While you may not be interested in previews, others may be very eager to see them. During the break, conversations should be kept quiet enough. So that others cannot hear what you are saying if they are not the interlocutors.

Subtleties of speech etiquette

A guide to etiquette cannot address every possible subtlety that you will encounter in the course of your life. There are countless situations in life when you will have the opportunity to practice a little courtesy. That will reveal your true character. Every little action can make someone's life a little better. And this person can pass it on to someone else. So take the time to be kind to strangers.

How? Open the door for someone tired of work. Hold the lift for the runner to catch him. Ask everyone you come across forgiveness. Offer your place in line to someone with multiple items. Help a colleague who is falling behind on a project.

If we use the rules of speech etiquette, we will make the world around us much nicer and kinder.

Sections: Russian language

Purpose: preparation of students for the GIA, the Unified State Exam.

Teaching text compression techniques.

In science, three methods of compressing text are known:

I. Exception details, details, specific examples, numerical data, copyright explanations, deviations, etc.

The object of compression, reduction in abstraction can be not only the information itself, but also the linguistic form of its presentation. In other words, without shortening the thought, you can shorten its recording.

II. Generalization several homogeneous small (private, single) questions. In this case, the student must first find in the text these homogeneous particular facts, isolate the general in them, and then choose the linguistic form of their generalized transmission, that is, reformulate the thought in his own words.

III. Simplification (Simplify the content of a paragraph of text; transform complex sentences into simple ones.)

The choice of one or another compression method depends on the characteristics of a particular text.

What tasks and exercises, in my opinion, contribute to the development of skills for collapsing secondary information and highlighting the main one, as well as reformulating it in a generalized form?

Forms of work:

1. Highlight the key words in the sentence.
2. Transform a complex sentence into a simple one, while retaining its essence.
3. Create a reference phrase for the paragraph of the text you are reading, which would be the key to understanding it.
4. Concisely state the content of the sentence, paragraph, text.
5. Read sentences in which detailed words are underlined, first completely, and then without them, compare their meaning.
6. Underline words in the text that can be omitted without prejudice to the content.
7. Highlight the semantic parts in the text. In each part, identify the main point. Title each part. Formulate main idea the whole text.
8. Do the following work with the text:
   a) make a plan for him;
   b) select the most essential information in the text and write it down according to the plan.

Open lesson in the 6th grade.

Topic: Text. Text compression techniques. Preparing for a Concise Presentation

The purpose of the lesson:

1. compose an algorithm for writing a concise presentation;
2. continue to work on the formation of skills in text analysis, highlighting the main and secondary information in the text;
3. prepare students to write a concise summary;
4. moral education of students (why are good manners needed?)

Equipment:

1. Didactic material (text of presentation - 1 copy for each student)
2. Dictionary S. Ozhegova.
3. Memo “Techniques for compressing text”.

During the classes

1. Word of the teacher.

Today we will be preparing to write a concise summary.

How do you understand this term? (The content of the text is reproduced briefly, in general. Everything is excluded, without which the text remains understandable and integral.)

We continue our conversation on key concepts, without which it is impossible to do this work. You have probably already guessed what concepts we are talking about.

Name them. (Text, micro theme, main idea, plan)

What is text? (These are two or more sentences related in meaning, as well as with the help of linguistic means and arranged in a certain sequence.)

What are the main features of the text. (Connectivity, unity, integrity, completeness.)

What is a micro theme? (This is what a particular piece of text says.)

2. Explanation of the new material.

1. What do you know about the author of this text?
2. Reading the text of Academician D.I. Likhachev.
3. Text analysis.

- What is this text about? Determine his main idea. (What is good manners for?)

- How can it be titled? (What is good manners for?)

- What style can this text be attributed to? Prove your opinion.

What type of speech is this text? Prove (reasoning).

We must reproduce the content of this text succinctly.

Here are some reminders: Text compression techniques:

1. An exception(everything is excluded, without which the text remains understandable and integral);
2. Generalization(reformulate the thought in your own words);
3. Simplification(elimination of repetitions, replacement of complex syntactic constructions with simple ones).

Read the 1st paragraph of the text.

What micro theme can be distinguished in it? (Why good manners.) Is this paragraph important to the story?

What method of text compression can be used. Underline your keywords.

How can the first paragraph of the plan be titled?

1. What is good manners for?

Review the 2nd, 3rd paragraphs.

Can they be combined? Why? (General micro-theme.) Underline keywords.

What method of text compression can be used. (Generalization.)

How can the 2nd point of the plan be titled?

2. What is the basis of the “recipes” of behavior?

We read the 4th paragraph. Look through it, highlight the keywords, underline with a pencil.

What micro theme we can highlight. What method of compressing text can we use? (Simplification.). How are the sentences in this paragraph related? (Chain link, you can remove the lexical repetition.) How can you title point 3 of the plan?

3. One must be able not to interfere with each other:

a) do not make noise
b) chomp
c) speak loudly at the table
d) put your elbows on the table

Review the 5th, 6th paragraphs. Can we combine them? (Yes, a general micro-theme.) What method of text compression can we use? (A combination of exclusion and generalization.) How might the 4th point of the plan be titled?

4. The most important rule to remember.

Likhachev dresses his address to young people in the form of a letter, the text is inviting, it is convincing and emotional. The means of language characteristic of publicistic speech are used: rhetorical questions (they do not imply an answer, their task is to draw our attention to the problem under discussion), lexical repetitions, inversion (it is necessary to be neatly dressed because).

Read the condensed version of the text. What conclusion can you draw for yourself?

Express your attitude to the problem raised in the text.

How to avoid speech repetitions?

- Good manners.
- Recipes of behavior.
- Rules of good behavior.

ETIQUETTE, (work with a dictionary).

The next stage of work. Spelling and punctuation analysis of the text.

1. What spelling can be difficult?
2. Punctograms?

(Books on good manners rarely explain why good manners are needed. You need to be neatly dressed because you respect others.)

Lesson summary. What is Concise Summary? What text compression techniques can you use?

On house: write a concise summary.

😉 Greetings to my regular and new readers! Friends, why are good manners needed in our time? Let's try to figure it out.

What is good manners

Good manners are the foundations of a well-bred person's behavior in society. The way of dealing with other people, the expressions used in speech, tone, intonation, gait, gestures and facial expressions. These are all called manners.

At the heart of all good manners is the concern that a person does not interfere with a person. To make everyone feel good together. We must be able not to interfere with each other. Don't think that good manners are superficial. By your behavior, you bring out your essence.

“Everything in a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts” A.P. Chekhov

You need to cultivate in yourself not so much manners as what is expressed in them. This is a respectful attitude towards the world, towards society, towards nature, towards animals and birds. You don't have to memorize hundreds of rules, but remember one thing - the need to respect the people around you.

“Behavior should be sublime, but not bizarre. Thoughts should be subtle, but not petty. The character should be balanced, but not weak-willed. Manners should be well-mannered, but not cutesy. "

Proverbs

• Good manners are worthless.
• Politeness opens all doors.
• Do not exalt yourself, do not humiliate others.
• A kind word to man - that rain in drought.
• Accuracy - the politeness of kings.
• Bowing, the head will not break off.
• A kind word and the cat is pleased.
• A kind silence is better than a thin grumbling.
• Keep your tongue on the string.

Love your neighbor as yourself

The first and most important rule of social conduct is courtesy, kindness, and consideration for others. This rule never changes.

The source of this rule is the Bible: "Love your neighbor as yourself." Knowing how to behave properly is only part of having good manners. Doing them is what matters.

One of the basic principles modern life is to maintain normal relationships between people. Striving to avoid conflicts. But in life we ​​often have to deal with rudeness, harshness, disrespect for the personality of another person.

The society has always appreciated and still appreciate the modesty and restraint of a person. Ability to control your actions. Communicate carefully and tactfully with other people.

Habits are considered bad manners:

• speak loudly, without hesitation in expressions;
• swagger in gestures and behavior;
• slovenliness in clothes;
• rudeness, manifested in outright hostility towards others;
• inability to restrain your irritation;
• deliberately insulting the dignity of people around;
• tactlessness;
• foul language;

"Nothing costs us so cheaply or appreciates more than courtesy." We interact with large quantity people and politeness will not hurt us in this. A successful person is polite in any situation.

And if you don’t know what good manners are, that’s cause for concern. But no matter how busy or burdened you are, you still need to remember good manners.

Good manners

• do not show undue curiosity;
• Give people appropriate compliments;
• keep your word;
• keep secrets;
• do not raise your voice;
• know how to apologize;
• do not swear;
• hold the door in front of people;
• answer questions;
• give thanks for what they do for you;
• be hospitable;
• follow the rules of etiquette
• do not grab the last piece of cake;
• when saying goodbye to guests, accompany them to the door;
• be polite, courteous, and helpful;
• do not hustle in line.

Why good manners are needed (video)

Friends, leave your comments to the article "Why are good manners in society". 🙂 Share this information on social media networks. Thanks!

There are many books on "good manners". These books explain how to behave in society, at a party and at home, with the elders and the younger, how to speak and how to dress. But people usually draw little from these books. This happens, I think, because books on good manners rarely explain why good manners are needed. There are many books on good manners. But people usually draw little from these books, because they rarely explain why good manners are needed.

What is the basis of good manners leadership? Is this a simple collection of "recipes" for behavior? All good manners are based on one concern - that the person does not interfere with the person, so that everyone feels good together. What are the “recipes” for behavior? All good manners are based on one concern - that a person does not interfere with a person.

We must be able not to interfere with each other. Therefore, there is no need to make noise. Therefore, there is no need to chomp, loudly put a fork in a plate, speak loudly at dinner. You don't have to talk with your mouth full so that your neighbors don't have any fears. And you don't have to put your elbows on the table - again, so as not to disturb your neighbor. It is necessary to be neatly dressed because this reflects respect for others: it should not be disgusting to look at you.

As you can see, in the so-called good manners there is deep meaning... And you need to cultivate in yourself not so much manners as what is expressed in them - a careful attitude towards people, towards nature. You don't have to memorize hundreds of rules, but remember one thing - the need to respect others. And then the manners themselves will come to you, the memory of the rules of good behavior, the desire and the ability to apply them will come.

There are many books on good manners. But people usually draw little from these books, because they rarely explain why good manners are needed. What are the “recipes” for behavior? All good manners are based on one concern - that a person does not interfere with a person. To learn not to interfere with each other, you do not need to make noise, chomp, speak loudly at dinner, put your elbows on the table; you need to be neatly dressed. Good manners have a deep meaning - respect for people, nature. You don't have to memorize hundreds of rules, but remember one thing - the need to respect others. Then you will have the desire and ability to apply the rules of good behavior.

EXCLUSION of repetitions; one or more of the synonyms; individual members of the proposal, some homogeneous members of the proposal; clarifying and explanatory structures; introductory words (some, not all!); fragment of the sentence; one or more sentences: skipping sentences containing secondary facts; skipping sentences with descriptions and reasoning; reduction complex sentence at the expense of a less significant part.

SIMPLIFICATION merging several sentences into one; replacement of a sentence or part of it with a demonstrative pronoun; replacement complex sentence simple / breakdown of a complex sentence into abbreviated simple ones; replacing a fragment of a sentence with a synonymous expression: translation of direct speech into indirect speech; education complex (or simple with homogeneous members) sentences by merging two adjacent sentences telling about the same subject of speech.

EXCEPTION: Supply Level Contraction of Individual Sentence Members Placed in an absorption box, coal absorbed poison gas and released clean air suitable for breathing. Placed in an absorption box, the coal absorbed the poisonous gas and released clean air.

Breaking down a complex sentence into abbreviated simple ones Let us bow down to him, the man who raised bread, and let us be honest and conscientious before his great deed, great and humble at the same time; before leaving the bakery with a loaf or a brick of warm bread, let us again and again remember with reverent heartfelt sympathy about the hands that sowed and grew this bread. Let us bow down to the man who has grown bread, and let us be conscientious before his great and humble deed. Before leaving the bakery with a brick of warm bread, let us remember with heartfelt sympathy about the hands that grew this bread.

EXCEPTION: Sentence Level Elliptical / Incomplete Wide Russian open spaces... Coal, gold and copper are hidden in the depths. In one hand he held a fishing rod, and in the other he held a kukan with a fish. Russian open spaces are wide. In the depths - coal, gold and copper. In one hand he held a fishing rod, and in the other - a kukan with a fish.

EXCEPTION: micro theme level Skipping sentences containing secondary facts It happens that on a frosty day, tits fly through the open windows. Or in the canopy of houses. I tamed the tits that flew into my little house, and they quickly settled down in it. It happens that on a frosty day, tits fly through the open windows. I tamed the tits that flew into my little house, and they quickly settled down in it.

GENERALIZATION OF SPECIFIC, SINGLE PHENOMENA SUPPLY LEVEL Geologists, engineers, technicians, workers set out to storm the taiga in order to snatch from it the cherished secret of the Siberian platform - to find a diamond deposit and provide them with the industry. People set out to storm the taiga in order to snatch from it the cherished secret of the Siberian platform - to find a diamond deposit and provide the industry with them.

Not so long ago, scientists believed that success in life is directly related to our intellectual abilities. The more a person knows and can do, the more likely it is that he will achieve a lot in life. However, it turns out, as modern scientists say, a head filled with knowledge is not yet salvation from serious life failures and failures. The intellectual abilities and skills required for subsequent work are just the foundation, the foundation. On this foundation, the building of professional success can be built only if a person has certain personal qualities. And one of these essential qualities is the ability to understand others, feel their mood, empathize with them. Psychologists have come to the conclusion that the perception of art, in particular, can help develop this ability. A person who enjoys picturesque or sculptural images, feels the beauty of a verse or melody, feels the rhythm of a pattern - such a person is capable of the emotional experience necessary for life. Through empathy, a person feels his involvement in those who live next to him, participates in what is happening around. Therefore, having the ability to understand, feel and empathize, a person will be able to maintain harmonious relations with the world, which means he will be able to achieve success in this world.

Not so long ago it was believed that success in life directly depends on our intellectual abilities, knowledge and skills. Now scientists come to the conclusion that intellectual baggage is necessary, but not sufficient condition achieving success. To achieve success, a person, among other things, must have the ability to understand others, feel their mood, empathize with them. This ability can be developed, in particular, through the perception of art. A person capable of emotional experience will be able to maintain harmonious relations with the world, which means he will be able to succeed in it.