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Orthoepic Dictionary of Tsybulko. Orthoepic norms in oral speech. Stress in verbs |
Task Formulation: 4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word. accepted kitchen dispensary Answer: drill. What do students need to know in order to complete the task correctly? ORPHEPIC NORM OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE. Distinctive features of Russian stress are its heterogeneity and mobility. The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of the word (book, signature - on the first syllable; lantern, underground - on the second; hurricane, orthoepy - on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes from place (compare: ton - tons and wall - wall - walls and walls). Stress in adjectives. In full forms of adjectives, only a fixed stress is possible on the basis or on the ending. Less commonly used and bookish words are more often stressed on the base, while frequent, stylistically neutral or lowered words are stressed on the ending. The degree of mastery of the word is manifested in the variants of the place of stress: circle and circle, spare and spare, near-earth and near-earth, minus and minus, clearing and clearing. Such words are not included in USE assignments, since both options are considered correct.!!! 1. The choice of the place of stress causes difficulties most often in short forms of adjectives. The stressed syllable of the full form of a number of common adjectives remains stressed in the short form: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful; unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable - unthinkable, etc. 2. Emphasis often falls on the stem in the form of masculine, neuter and many others. numbers and ending in the feminine form: right - right - right - right - right - right; gray - gray - gray - gray - gray; slender - slender - slender - slender - slender. 3. It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in comparative degree. There is such a norm: if the stress in the short form of the feminine falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on the suffix -her: strong - stronger, sick - sicker, alive - livelier, slender - slenderer, right - right; if the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then to a comparative extent it is preserved on the basis: beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder, nasty - more nasty. The same applies to the superlative form. Stress in verbs. 1. The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, moan - moaned. hide - hide, start - start. 2. The group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the stress in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are verbs to take. be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - lil - lilo - lili-lila. Derivative verbs are pronounced in the same way (live, pick up, drink up, spill, etc.). 3. Verbs with the prefix you-, have an accent on the prefix: survive - survived, pour out - poured out, call out - called out. 4. For verbs to put, steal, send, send, the stress in the form of the feminine gender of the past tense remains on the basis: krala, slala, sent, stlala. 5. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with irrevocable ones), the stress in the form of the past tense passes to the ending: begin - began I, began, began, began; accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted. 6. About the pronunciation of the verb call to conjugated form. Spelling dictionaries of recent times quite rightly continue to recommend stress on the ending: you call, call, call, call, call. Emphasis in some participles and participles. 1. The most frequent fluctuations of stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles. If the accent is full form is on the suffix -yonn-, then it remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it goes to the ending: conducted - conducted, conducted, conducted; imported - imported, imported, imported, imported. 2. A few remarks about the pronunciation of full participles with the suffix -t-. If the suffixes of an indefinite form -o-, -nu- are stressed, then in participles it will go one syllable forward: weed - weeded, pricked - pricked, bend - bent, wrap - wrapped. 3. The participles often have an accent on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: putting, setting, baying, taking, drinking, exhausting (DO NOT: exhausted), starting, raising, living, watering, putting, understanding, preAv, undertaking, having arrived, having accepted, having sold, having cursed, having spilled, having penetrated, having drunk, having created. Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to the orthoepic dictionary. I give a list of words that occur in task number 4 (you need to learn it). Nouns airports, fixed stress on the 4th syllable bows, fixed stress on 1st syllable beard, win.p., only in this form singular. stress on 1st syllable accountants, rod.p.mn.ch., motionless. stress on 2nd syllable religion, from faith to confess water pipes gas pipeline citizenship hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable cheapness dispensary, the word came from English. lang. through French, where the blow. always on the last syllable agreement document blinds, from French lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable significance, from adj. significant X, im.p. pl., motionless stress catalog, in the same row with the words dialogue, monologue, obituary, etc. quarter, from it. lang., where the stress is on the 2nd syllable kilometer, on a par with the words centimeter, decimeter, millimeter ... cones, cones, motionless stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in singular and plural. cranes, fixed stress on 1st syllable flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire lecturers, lecturers, see the word bow(s) localities, genus p.pl., on a par with the word form of honors, jaws ... but news garbage chute, in the same row with the words gas pipeline, oil pipeline, water pipeline intention obituary, see catalog hatred pipeline news, news, but: see localities nail, nail, motionless. stress in all forms singular. SUPPORT Adolescence, from Otrok - teenager parter, from French. lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable briefcase dowry, noun call, in the same row with the words call, recall (ambassador), convocation, but: Review (for publication) orphans, im.p.pl., stress in all forms pl. only on the 2nd syllable funds, im.p.pl. carpenter, in the same poison with the words painter, doYar, shkolYar ... convocation, see call shorthand dancer cakes, cakes fluorography Christian scarves, see bows chauffeur, on a par with the words kioskёr, controller ... expert, from the French. lang., where the stress is always on the last syllable Adjectives correct, short adj. zh.r. pear old significant most beautiful, excellent kitchen agility, short adj. zh.r. salmon mosaic perspicacious, short adj. zh.r., on a par with the words cute, fussy, talkative ... but: gluttonous plum, derived from plum Verbs spoil, on a par with the words spoil, spoil, spoil ..., but: the minion of fate favor take-took take-take take-took take-took turn on, turn on turn on, turn on join-merged break in-break in perceive-perceived recreate-recreated hand-hand over drive-driven chasing-chasing get-dobrala get-got wait-wait get through-get through get through dose wait-waited live-lived cork up occupied-occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied lock up-locked up (with a key, with a lock, etc.) call-called call-call, call, call them exclude-exclude exhaust lay-lay sneak-stalked bleed lie-lie pour-lila pour-poured lie-lied endow-endowit overstrained-overstrained name-named bank-roll pour-poured narwhal-narwhala litter-litter start-started, started, started call-call-call facilitate-facilitate drenched-drenched hug-hugged overtake-overtaken rip-off encourage cheer up - cheer up exacerbate borrow-borrow embitter surround-surround seal, in the same row with the words form, normalize, sort ... vulgarize - vulgarize inquire - inquire depart-departed give-gave turn-off withdraw-revoked responded-responded call back-call back transfuse-transferred mold fruit repeat-repeat call-called call-call-call pour-watered put-put understand-understood send-sent arrive-arrived-arrived-arrived accept-accepted-accepted - accepted force tear-torn drill-drill-drill take off-taken off create-created pluck-plucked litter-litter remove-remove speed up deepen strengthen-strengthen move to hide pinch-pinch Communions pampered enabled-enabled, see relegated delivered folded busy-busy locked-locked inhabited-inhabited spoiled, see spoiled feeding bleeding amassed acquired-acquired poured - poured hired started relegated-reduced, see included… encouraged-encouraged-encouraged aggravated defined-defined disabled repeated divided understood accepted tamed lived removed-removed bent Participles clogged starting Adverbs utterly enviably, in the meaning of the predicate ahead of time, colloquial before dark prettier, adj. and adv. in comp. Single State exam in Russian is mandatory for school graduates. Many schoolchildren are sure that it will not be difficult to pass it, since Russian is their native language for the majority. Despite this, we still recommend that you show responsibility and devote several hours to studying the rules and repeating orthoepic norms. The main stage of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language will traditionally begin at the end of May and will last until the beginning of June 2018. From mid-March to mid-April, an early stage will be held. You can pass the exam in advance:
The main stages of the examEach ticket includes 26 tasks, including questions in the form of tests and writing an essay on a given topic. Next year it is planned to add a task that will reveal knowledge of lexical norms. Since 2016 in Russian Academy Educations are increasingly talking about the need to introduce the “Speaking” stage into the exam.
What words are included in the orthoepic minimum of the examOne of the differences between the Russian language and others is that the stress in words can fall on a different syllable, and not like, for example, in French, only on the last one. Therefore, only a few can correctly place the stress in words. For successful delivery orthoepic minimum in the Russian language will have to remember about 300 words. A complete list of words that are included in the USE 2018 orthoepic minimum can be found on the FIPI website. We will list only those that cause difficulties for most schoolchildren: the alphabet, airports, bows, willow, religion, on time, old, dispensary, to the top, get through, to the bottom, blinds, enviably, spoiled, from ancient times, catalog, quarter, kilometer, more beautiful, garbage chute, lighten, seal, wholesale, adolescence, partner, rights, dowry, drills, orphans, plum, funds, carpenter, cakes, chain, scarves. How to get the maximum scoreThe first part of the ticket consists of 25 tasks. Successful completion will allow you to get 34 points, which is 59% of the total USE result In Russian. Task number 26 is an essay, the maximum score for it is 24 points, i.e. the remaining 41%. Responsible preparation for the exam, concentration during it and confidence in your own abilities and knowledge will help you get the highest score. Video lesson about stress in Russian:
Among the 27 tasks of KIM in the Russian language in 2019, there will traditionally be questions on orthoepy, therefore, at the preparation stage, it is important to learn all the words included in the spelling minimum of the Unified State Examination, compiled by FIPI.
Orthoepic norms in oral speechCompliance with orthoepic norms is an important parameter for assessing oral speech, because incorrect pronunciation of words and incorrect stress cut the hearing of others and characterize the speaker as an illiterate and uneducated person.
It is worth noting that the norms of orthoepy are not something static. Over time, the pronunciation of some words changes under the influence of the most various factors. All modern norms are collected in an orthoepic dictionary, but for successful delivery in 2019 USE year in Russian, graduates of the 11th grade will know quite well the orthoepic minimum, which includes about 300 words. Structure of KIM 2019The exam in Russian lasts 3.5 hours (210 minutes). The 2019 Russian language ticket will include 27 tasks, 5 of which will be aimed at checking how the graduate speaks the language norms of oral speech. Among these tasks of the USE in 2019, there will definitely be questions on the placement of stress in the words included in the orthoepic minimum. All ticket tasks will be divided into difficulty levels as follows: Thus, for the correct performance of 27 tasks, the examinee will be able to score 58 primary points. List of words for spelling assignmentsEspecially for students of the 11th grade who are going through the stage of preparation for the Unified State Examination in 2019, the FIPI compiled an orthoepic minimum - a mini-dictionary, which lists all the stressed vowels in difficult-to-remember words. We bring to your attention such a dictionary with a convenient division of words alphabetically and indicating the correct stress. Spelling dictionary FIPI 2017 Nouns (37): Airports, fixed stress on the 4th syllable Bows, fixed stress on the 1st syllable BOROD, V. p., only in this form of unit. h. stress on the 1st syllable BukhgAlterov, R. p. pl. h., fixed stress on the 2nd syllable Religion, from: confess the faith Citizenship DEFIS, from German language where the stress is on the 2nd syllable Dispensary, the word came from in English through French, where the stress is always on the last syllable Agreement Document Leisure Blinds, out French where the stress is always on the last syllable Significance, from the adjective significant Catalog, in the same row with the words: dialogue, monologue, obituary, etc. QuarterAl, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable selfishness Cranes, fixed stress on the 1st syllable Lecturers, lecturers, see the word bAnt (s) Localities, R. p., pl. h., on a par with word forms: honors, jaws ..., but: news Intention Illness news, news, but: see the word localities Nail, nail, fixed stress in all forms of units. h. Adolescence, from Otrok - teenager Parterre, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable Briefcase handrails Beet Orphans, I. p., pl. hours, stress in all forms pl. h. only on the 2nd syllable Means, I. p., pl. h. Convocation Customs cakes, cakes Chain Scarves, see bows Chauffeur, on a par with the words: kioskёr, controller ... Expert, from French, where the stress is always on the last syllable Adjectives (10): VernA, short adj. well. R. Significant The most beautiful, adj. in superlatives Kitchen Clever, short adj. well. R. Mosaic Wholesale Perceptive, short adj. well. p., on a par with the words: cute, fussy, talkative ..., but: gluttonous Plum, derived from: plum Verbs (79): Take - took Take - take Take - took Take - took To join - joined break in - burst in perceive - perceived Recreate - recreated Hand over - hand over Drive - drove chasing - chasing Dobrat - dobrala get - got there wait - waited Get through - get through, get through Wait - waited live - lived Stopper Occupy - occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied Lock - locked Locked up - locked up (with a key, with a lock, etc.) Call - called Call - call, call, call put - put Glue Sneak - Sneaked lie - lied Pouring - lilA Pour - poured lie - lied Endow - endow Overstrained - overstrained name - name tilt - tilt Pour - poured Narvat - narwala START - STARTED, STARTED, STARTED call - call lighten - make it easier Poured - poured hug - hugged overtake - overtook rip off - rip off encourage cheer up - cheer up sharpen Borrow - lend zlbeat paste over surround - surround To seal, in the same row with the words: form, normalize, sort ... get to know - get to know depart - departed give away - gave away Uncork - uncorked Revoke - revoked Respond - responded Pour - poured Fruit Repeat - repeat call - called call - call - call Pour - pourA put - put understand - understood send - sent arrive - arrived - arrived - arrived accept - accepted - accepted To tear - tore Drill - drill - drill Remove - removed CREATE - created pluck - plucked REMOVE - REMOVED deepen Strengthen - strengthen scoop Pinch - pinch Click Participles (22): Delivered Folded busy - busy LOCKED - LOCKED Inhabited - Inhabited Endowed Acquired NalitA started STARTED relegated - relegated encouraged - encouraged - encouraged aggravated disabled repeated divided understood Accepted Tamed lived Removed - removed Bent Participles (6): start BEGINNING having given Raised PonJav Arrived Adverbs (11): In time Dobela TO the top DonElzya DOWN DRY AFTERdark prettier, adj. and adv. comparatively TOP Over a long time Not long |
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