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§ 84. General remarks about them. since the descendants of Rurik and Vladimir Monomakh, the coat of arms, the generic distinction of nobility, belongs to the independent possession of their estates, hereditary estates, then all the external attributes of ordinary noble coats of arms that exist in order to show the history of the feat, namely: helmet, outline, motto, etc. etc. - are alien to the coats of arms of this kind. The princely closed hat, crowned with a ball, above which a cross rises, and trimmed with an ermine, together with the prince's velvet mantle, also lined with an ermine, with fringe and cords, testify to the noble origin of these families. Put on the shield in the coats of arms of some princely families of the Monomakh clan, also with princely hats crowned with helmets, together with crests and shield holders, testify that the princely clan of this category merged with another noble surname and that their coats of arms are also inseparable. And in this case, of course, the entire coat of arms is covered with a princely mantle and crown.

The same differences also belong to such families, which, although they come from the sovereign princes, do not, however, bear the princely title that belonged to their ancestors, because when the tribal inheritance was fragmented, the last generations did not have an independent princely possession. Nevertheless, the origin of these surnames is also marked by the princes' attributes in their coats of arms.

As for the emblems in the coats of arms of this kind, they are nothing more than the banners that we have already seen on the seals of the estates that were in the possession of the descendants of Rurik and Monomakh. Therefore, initially, the coats of arms of princely families consisted almost exclusively of only one generic emblem. This is what is important to us; and since its original place was on city seals, where there could be no question of the color of the field, no attention was paid to this sign in the coats of arms. Therefore, in the coats of arms of different princely families, who have adopted the same urban emblems, they, essentially unchanged, are represented in different fields. We consider it unnecessary to pay special attention to this remark because the difference in color that marks the figures in the coat of arms and the field of the shield may seem to someone so important that, despite the identity of the image, we will consider them different figures only because the color the fields are not the same in different coats of arms with the same emblems. Such a conclusion would contradict the basic rule of our princely heraldry, on the basis of which the unity of the origin of the princely surnames and the ownership of one clan patrimony is marked by the same emblems in the coats of arms.

Just as the princely generations, descending from one ancestor and owning one lot, retain one common nickname, for example. princes of Rostov, Belozersk, etc., and to this common name add special nicknames, and in the coats of arms of these surnames, regional and city banners are juxtaposed with other signs of valor, with other emblems, which either mean the possession of a special city, a separate volost, or more often that the ancestor of the surname sat on the Kiev, Novgorod throne, or, finally, some kind of feat. With such a combination of emblems, the place that is given to the generic banner deserves special attention; namely: among the older generations it occupies either the entire field of the shield or the middle shield in the coat of arms; then in subsequent generations it is placed in the first, second quarter and is often repeated crosswise, so that with the help of the genealogy table of Rurikov's house and the families that descended from him, it becomes clear why the main emblem was given one or another place in the coat of arms. To this, however, it must be added that sometimes exceptions were made to the aforementioned rule.

Speaking about the history of city coats of arms, we have already shown how the figures depicted in them are ancient and historically correct. The above should serve as an answer to a question that may be suggested by someone: do the princely coats of arms owe their emblems to the banners of the city seals, or, on the contrary, are they adopted by the princes to the cities? It is difficult to give a general answer to this question, since the history of not all city emblems is known. We consider it sufficient to cite only some examples in the resolution of this question.

The coat of arms of Moscow was originally a faithful and vivid depiction of the Grand Duke striking external and internal enemies, a portrait of the Tsar and subsequently his heir. Then when Grand Duke Moscow became the sovereign of all Russia, his private, personal coat of arms, his seal and banner acquired the meaning of the coat of arms of the city. Further, the Novgorod coat of arms, so often found in the coats of arms of our princely families, was initially the seal of the veche, then the governor of Novgorod, and finally the city itself. The seal of Kiev - the Archangel Michael - was used first on the seals of the great princes of Kiev and later became the banner of the city.

From these examples it is possible, in our opinion, to deduce the conclusion that the banners for the seals were originally given to the cities by their princes; then, when the emblems were transferred along with the possessions to subsequent generations, the ancestral figures were given the meaning of a personal coat of arms, and now they remain indisputable evidence that one or another principality belonged to the ancestors of a famous surname, and at the same time that surnames using the same banner , come from a common ancestor. This basic idea stipulates the system in which the coats of arms of the Russian princely and noble families of Rurik's offspring should be stated.

Following the beginning of seniority, we will outline: 1) the coats of arms of the surnames, from Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, Grand Duke of Chernigov, and his son, Oleg, who happened - the princes of Chernigov; 2) childbirth, coming from Rostislav Mstislavich Smolensky, i.e. princes of Smolensk and Yaroslavl; 3) descended from the Grand Duke Vsevolod Yuryevich the Big Nest: a) the princes of Rostov, b) the princes of Belozersk, c) the princes of Galitsky, and d) the princes of Starodub, and 4) the princes of Lithuania, coming from Gedimin and who were on the inheritance of Izyaslav and Vladimirovich Polotsk his Bryacheslav.

§ 85.I. Princely and noble families of the offspring of the Grand Duke Svyatoslav Yaroslavich of Chernigov. Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, from the vast possessions of his father Yaroslav Vladimirovich, inherited Chernigov, and all the numerous offspring of this prince have the emblem of Chernigov prevailing in the coat of arms: in a gold field, a black eagle, with a gold crown on its head, with outstretched wings, holding a gilded cross in its paw ... Svyatoslav had five sons, of whom Oleg received the Chernigov principality; by his name, the Chernigov princes, who had been at war with the Kiev grand dukes for so long, are called the Olgovichi. The successor of Oleg of Chernigov was Vsevolod II, followed by his son Svyatoslav, and the son of this latter Vsevolod Chermny (i.e. Red) reigned first in Chernigov, later in 1206 and 1209. in Kiev and died in 1214, leaving behind three sons: 1) Prince Vladimir, 2) Prince. Oleg and 3) Prince. Michael. The last of them received the inheritance from his parent in 1207 Pereyaslavl on the Dnieper, then reigned in Chernigov, in 1225 and 1228. - in Veliky Novgorod, where, leaving the prince of his eldest son Rostislav, he returned to Chernigov. Like other Russian princes, Prince Mikhail had to go to the Horde, and for refusing to worship idols, he was martyred in the Horde, at the behest of Batu in 1246; from the progeny of Michael, we will focus on his three sons, the ancestors of the following princely and noble families, namely:

1) His third son Simeon Mikhailovich, Prince of Glukhovsky and Novosilsky, is the ancestor of the princes Odoevsky, Belevsky and Vorotynsky. Of these, the last two generations died out, only the Odoyevsky princes remained, which got their name from the fact that the son of Prince Simeon Glukhovsky, Roman, moved, due to the violence of the Tatars, to live from Novosil to Odoev, where his descendants remained: the son of Roman, Prince Yuri and the son of this latter Prince Semyon Odoevsky, the direct ancestor of one of the most glorious Russian families ( Pedigree book ... T. 1.P. 182-184).

2) The fourth son of Prince Mikhail of Chernigov Prince. Mstislav Karachevsky is also the ancestor of many princely families, but of them still continue: 1) Prince. Koltsov-Masalsky and 2) princes Gorchakov. - The Masalsky princes trace their family back to Mstislav Karachevsky, through his son Titus and the grandson of Prince Svyatoslav; the son of the latter, Yuri, who was already called Masalsky, had a son Vasily, the great-grandfather of Prince Vasily, who took the nickname Ring-Masalsky, unlike other, now defunct generations of princes Masalsky, such as the Litvinov-Masalsky and Klubkov-Masalsky ( Ancient Russian vivliofica. Vol. 9, p. 246); from another son of Prince Titus Mstislavovich, Prince. Ivan Kozelsky, the princes Gorchakov led their family, according to the nickname of their ancestor Ivan Gorchak ( Pedigree book ... T. 1.P. 193).

Finally, there is the third branch of the house of the book. Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky:

3) The offspring of Yuri Mikhailovich, Prince of Torus and Obolensky. His son, Prince Vsevolod Yuryevich, had a son, Prince Andrei Shutikha-Mezetsky, and from this last Prince Alexander Baryatinsky, the ancestor of the princes Baryatinsky ( In the same place. P. 202). Another son of Yuri, Prince Konstantin Obolensky, the closest ancestor of the Obolensky princes, had two great-grandchildren, princes Ivan and Andrei, from the first, through the grandchildren of his princes Ivan, nicknamed Repnya, and Vasily Telepnya, as well as through the great-grandson of Vasily, nicknamed Tyufyak, they lead their own family (not counting the extinct generations) princes Repnins, Tyufyakins and noblemen Telepnevs ( Pedigree book ... T. 1. P. 218-222; Ancient Russian vivliofica. T. 9.P. 190). And from Prince Andrei Konstantinovich, through his two sons: the first prince Ivan Dolgoruky and the second prince Vasily Shcherbatov, the princes Dolgorukovs and Shcherbatovs ( Ancient Russian vivliofica. T. 9.S. 6. See: P.V. Dolgorukov. The Legend of the Family of the Dolgorukov Princes. Ed. rev. and add. SPb., 1842.S. XIV-XIX; Vestnik Mosk. Islands of Russian history and antiquities. T. 10.P. 46-50, 70, 72 (Separate materials)). From the same root, i.e. Princes of Chernigov, there were princes Volkonsky, who got their name because the son of Prince Yuri Mikhailovich Tarusky, Ivan, nicknamed the Fat Head, took possession of the patrimony of Saprygin, in the Aleksinsky district (in the present Tula province) on the Volkonka river.

From the previous exposition of the history of the princely and noble families, descended from the Chernigov princes, it turns out that (except for private family emblems) the clans originating from this root have the right: the older ones - to the Chernigov coat of arms without any addition, and the younger, in combination with the Kiev coat of arms in a sign that their ancestors sat in the Kiev great reign. That's why:

1) The Odoevsky, Koltsov-Masalsky and Gorchakov princes have one image of the Chernigov seal in the gold field ( In the coat of arms of the Gorchakov nobles (Grb. IV, 85), the Chernigov banner was also preserved, but in a field, with a red sling to the left, divided into two halves of blue and gold) so only for the book. Koltsovo-Masalskikh difference, that the eagle holds a small red shield in its right paw, covered with a princely hat; this shield shows the letter M with a cross, and under it there are three stripes marked in gold ( Herbovnik, I, 4; II, 2; V, 1. (In the text, abbreviated Grb.)). This is still the coat of arms of the city of Masalsk, despite the fact that it now belongs to the Kaluga (and not Chernigov) province. As proof of the significance that our coats of arms have, we allow ourselves to bring the following lines from the decree on granting Masalsk the described coat of arms: “This city was part of the possessions of Chernigov and belonged to one of the tribe of the princes of Chernigov, who during their time under the Lithuanian state, from where under Russian in the reign of Grand Duke John Vasilyevich returned, had this coat of arms "( Decree of 1777 March 10 (No. 14596). Since ancient times, the coat of arms of the Masalsky family was a capital letter M of white color, with a golden cross in the middle, in an azure-colored shield (Okolski S. Op. Cit. Vol. 2. P. 218). The coat of arms of Korczak is placed under this banner.). And about the coat of arms of the city of Odoev it is said that only the coat of arms of Chernigov was assigned to it, "as the inheritance of the eldest tribe of the princes of Chernigov" ( Decree of 1777 March 10 (No. 14596)). These testimonies, in our opinion, are of extraordinary importance, firstly, because they show how the city banner was constantly and invariably preserved through whole centuries and despite any chances it remained the same, and on the other - as to the elder of the family generation passed without any addition the coat of arms of the main inheritance of his city.

2) In the book. Baryatinsky and Volkonsky in the coat of arms a shield, cut into two halves, of which the coat of arms of Kiev is depicted on the right: in the blue field the Archangel Michael, and in the left - Chernigov ( Coat of arms. I, 5; III, 1).

3) In the book. Obolensky and Repnins ( The clan of princes Repnins in the male knee died out in 1801 and continues along the female knee in the surname of the princes Repnin-Volkonsky, due to the marriage of the daughter of General Field Marshal Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin with Prince Grigoriy Semyonovich Volkonsky. (See: Biographies of Russian generalissimos and general-field marshals.SPb., 1840. T. 2. S. 230.)) one and the same coat of arms, namely: the shield is divided into two unequal parts, the upper one is spacious and the lower one is smaller. In the upper part, cut into two halves, in the right red field - the Kiev coat of arms, and in the left gold - Chernigov; in the lower small part of the shield, two birds are visible, holding an arrow in their mouths, and golden balls in their paws (the coat of arms of Obolensk) ( Coat of arms. I, 6; II, 3).

4) The Dolgoruky princes, in addition to the coat of arms of Chernigov in the 1st quarter and the coat of arms of Kiev in the red field in the 2nd part, have in the 3rd quarter of their four-partly divided coat of arms in a black field a hand coming out of the clouds, clothed in armor and holding an arrow, and in the last quarter - a silver fortress in a blue field ( In the same place. I, 7).

5) In the coat of arms of the Princes Shcherbatovs, the Chernigov seal is placed on the middle small shield; the first and fourth parts of the large shield are occupied by the Kiev coat of arms in a blue field, and the second and third - by the image of a silver fortress in a black field ( In the same place. I, 8). The fortress can mean here nothing more than the possession of the mountains, or, according to the explanation of the historian Prince. Shcherbatov, who wrote the genealogy of his ancestors, resettling them to Tarusa ( Ancient Russian vivliofica. Vol. 9, p. 73).

6) The coat of arms of the princes Tyufyakins has the Chernigov banner in the second quarter of its four-part coat of arms; its other emblems are as follows: in the first quarter in a red field, a warrior in silver armor, with a sword raised up, in the third part - in a silver field, a gray bird with an arrow pierced through the neck, and in the fourth part - in a blue field, a tent marked silver ( Coat of arms. II, 4),

and 7) in the coat of arms of the Telepnevs, the Chernigov banner occupies the first place, the second quarter - in the blue field, a golden star, the third - in the red field, a hand with a sword emerging from the clouds, and the last - in a silver field - a deer ( In the same place. V, 11).

§ 86. II Coats of arms of princely and noble families of the offspring of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich. This branch of Monomakh's offspring is split into two generations by two sons of the Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich of Smolensk: Rurik, who inherited the city of Vyazma, the ancestor of the princes of Vyazemsky, and his brother, Davyd Rostislavich, whose descendants, owning Yaroslavl and Smolensk, gave birth to Yaroslavl and Smolensk. This division happened as follows: Davyd Rostislavich had a son, Mstislav, and a grandson, Rostislav; this last had two sons: Prince. Fyodor the Wonderworker, Yaroslavsky, and Gleb Rostislavich, Smolensky. The offspring of both were numerous, but to this day there are few genera that originated from this root; namely: from Yaroslavl - kn. Shakhovsky, Shchetinins ( Although the genus of Prince. The Shchetinins are still going on, their coat of arms has not been placed in the Herbovnik. This and similar omissions are explained by the fact that, when the nobles were required to present their coats of arms to be included in the Herbovnik, not all noble families managed to fulfill such a government requirement. This also explains why the coats of arms of ancient princely families, which should have found a place for themselves in the first part of the Armorial, are placed in its other volumes. Wed: Herbovnik. X, 27), Zasekins, Solntsevs-Zasekins, Lvovs and Prozorovskys, and from the princes of Smolensk went: Prince. The Dashkovs and Kropotkins, as well as noble families, without a princely title: the Vsevolozhsky, Tatishchevs, Yeropkins and Rzhevsky.

It follows from what has been said that the aforementioned genera are entitled to the following emblems: 1) the banner of c. principality of Smolensk; 2) the Yaroslavl banner and 3) the Kiev coat of arms, since their ancestor was in the great reign of Kiev. These banners are located in the coats of arms of individual surnames in the following order:

1) The senior line of the princes of Smolensk - pr. The Vyazemskys kept in their coat of arms one Smolensk banner, it is also the Vyazemsk one ( Decree of 1780 oct. 10 (# 15072)): in a silver field, a black cannon on a golden gun carriage and a bird of paradise on a cannon ( Coat of arms. I, 9). Exactly the same coat of arms of the prince. Kropotkin ( In the same place. V, 2) and the Rzhevskys ( In the same place. I, 37).

2) Book. The Shakhovskys, Lvovs and Zasekins have in a small shield that occupies the heart of the coat of arms, the Yaroslavl banner: in a gold field, a black bear to the left with a gold poleaxe on its shoulder. Then, in the first and fourth parts of their four-part shield, the Kiev coat of arms is placed in a blue field, and in the second and third - the Smolensk coat of arms ( Coat of arms. II, 5-6; V, 2).

3) Book. The Sontsovs and Sontsovs-Zasekins have one with the book. Shakhovsky's coat of arms with the only difference that the bear depicted on the middle shield with a black in a gold field with a gold poleaxe on its right shoulder is turned to the right ( In the same place. II, 6; VIII, 1; IX, 1. Compare: Armorial. V, 14).

4) Book. The Prozorovskys, keeping the Yaroslavl banner on a small shield in the heart of the coat of arms, have the Kiev coat of arms in the first quarter, the Smolensk coat of arms in the fourth, and in the second part: in the silver field of a black dragon with a crown on its head and red wings, and, finally, in the third part: a silver bear walking to the left ( In the same place. I, 11).

5) The princes Dashkovs in the middle shield depict a gold cross and a hexagonal star in a silver field, and between them a crescent moon with its horns facing down ( In Polish Heraldry, this emblem is called Koributh; she was placed in the arms of many Lithuanian princes, and in the arms of the prince. The Dashkovs can be explained by the fact that the Smolensk principality was under the rule of Poland for a long time. Cf .: Okolski S. Op. cit. Vol. 2.P. 524-5 25 and below under the coat of arms of Koributh); then other emblems, common with the coats of arms of other surnames of the same root, namely: in the first and fourth fields of the four-part coat of arms, the Kiev coat of arms in a blue field, and in the second and third - Smolensk in a red field ( Coat of arms. I, 10).

6) In the Vsevolozhsk coat of arms, the shield is divided into two parts: in the upper, blue, the Kiev coat of arms is depicted, and in the lower, in a silver field, the Smolensk coat of arms ( In the same place. II, 19).

7) In the coat of arms of the Tatishchevs, the field of the shield is divided into two parts, and of them in the upper one is in a red field: a white banner with a golden pole (perhaps the former Smolensk coat of arms, cf. p. 180), and in the lower one, the Smolensk banner, i.e. e. bird of paradise on a gun carriage. The Counts Tatishchevs, who were granted this dignity in 1801, have the shield field divided into three parts: of them in the lower two, in the heart and legs, the indicated emblems are placed, and at the top is added a two-headed black eagle with three crowns ( Coat of arms. II, 17; VII, 5).

8) The coat of arms of the Yeropkins consists of only the Smolensk banner, with the fact that above, above the cannon, a sword is depicted, with a pointed tip facing to the right side ( In the same place. II, 18).

To the same category of noble surnames, i.e. leading their kind from Rostislav Smolensky ( The births of the Dmitriev-Mamonovs and Aladyins are omitted by the Velvet Book among those originating from the book. Rostislav Mstislavich Smolensky. Placing here a description of the coats of arms of the aforementioned surnames, we consider it our duty to explain that, on the basis of the evidence presented by them, and some editions of the genealogical books, the ancestors of the aforementioned clans descend from Prince Rostislav Mstislavich through his great-grandson Alexander Netshu. Lacking, however, sufficient data to show which generation they came from and how they are related to the common ancestor, we did not place them in the Rurikov family tree at home. (Armorial. II, 21; V, 13); Vestnik Mosk. Islands of Russian history and antiquities. T. 10.S. 123. (The family of the Monastyrevs.)), belong: 1) Dmitrievs-Mamonovs, descended from the descendant of Prince. Rostislav Mstislavich Alexander Netsha. Therefore, they have in their coat of arms, divided into two parts, of which the upper is cut, in the first part - the coat of arms of Kiev, and in the second - Smolensk; in the lower part, surrounded on three sides by silver clouds, there is a perpendicular silver arrow in the red field, flying upward through the silver crescent, turned with its horns upward; above each of them one can see a silver octagonal star and between them a golden crown with four peacock feathers (isn't this a modified coat of arms of Sas with a crest?). The same feathers rise above the helmet ( Coat of arms. II, 21. Compare: Armorial. IV, 17); and 2) Aladyins, which in the upper half of the broken shield have the Smolensk coat of arms, and in the lower half - two silver fish floating crosswise ( In the same place. V, 13).

Section 87. III. Coats of arms of princely and noble families of the offspring of Grand Duke Vsevolod Yurievich Big Nest... The very name of the ancestor of this generation of Russian noble families, Vsevolod the Big Nest, shows that his offspring were numerous; now there are few families left from this root. They fall into the following four categories: 1) The eldest son of Vsevolod Yuryevich (grandson of Vladimir Monomakh) Konstantin, through his grandson Vasilko of Rostov and two sons of this last Boris and Gleb, was the ancestor of the princes of Rostov and Belozersky. From the first to this day there are princes Kasatkins and Lobanovs-Rostovs, and from the second - princes Beloselsky, Vadbolsky, Sheleshpansky and Ukhtomsky. 2) The second son of Vsevolod Yuryevich Yaroslav was in Galich and is the ancestor of the Galitsky princes: the Lyapunovs, Berezins, Osinnins and Ivins; and finally 3) from the last son of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Ivan Starodubsky went the princes Starodubsky: Gagarins, Romodanovsky, Khilkov and Gundurov.

What emblems in the coats of arms are the aforementioned surnames entitled to?

1) The princes of Rostov, by descent from Vladimir Monomakh, who sat in the Kiev grand reign, and by possession of their inheritance Rostov, have Kiev banners in their emblems, i.e. Archangel Michael, and Rostov - in a red field, a silver deer running to the right ( Decree of 1778 June 2 (No. 14765)). In the broken shield of the coats of arms of Prince. The Kasatkins and Lobanovs-Rostovs, the upper part is occupied by the Kiev coat of arms, and the lower - the Rostov coat of arms ( Coat of arms. I, 12; II, 7).

Of the princes of Belozersky, the banner of the principality, which was in the original possession of their ancestors, i.e. in the blue field there is an image of a cross and a moon (see the coat of arms of Leliv), and under them two fish, like the St.Andrew's cross, floating ( Decree of 1781 Aug. 16 (No. 15209)), remained without adding to the coats of arms of the princes Beloselsky, Vadbolsky and Ukhtomsky. The coat of arms of the princes Sheleshpansky, in essence, while retaining the same emblem, differs from the designated ones only in that the fish are placed at the legs of the shield (i.e., occupy a third of it below); the heart and the top of the shield are divided into four fields, differing: the first quarter is red, the second is blue, the third is gold and the fourth is green. In the middle there is a golden cross, and under it is a silver moon, with its horns facing upwards ( Coat of arms. I, 13; IV, 1-3).

2) From the clan of the princes of Galitsky, there were no princely families left ( Of the Galician princes, the descendants of Vladimir Monomakh, through his great-great-grandson Roman Mstislavich and this last son, Daniel Romanovich, were granted the princely title Babichev and Drutsky-Sokolinsky, whose ancestors were in the Ostrog reign. (Russian genealogical collection, published by Prince Peter Dolgorukov, St. Petersburg, 1841. Book 4. S. 7-9, 16; Encyclopedic Lexicon. T. 4. S. 28.) Coats of arms of these surnames, with an explanation of their genealogy, placed in 5 volumes of the Herbovnik under No. 4 and 5. The emblems in them are Polish, and will be explained below), and the noble generations continuing to this day, as a sign of their noble origin from Vladimir Monomakh, distinguish their coats of arms with a princely mantle and crown. As for the emblems, the Lyapunovs' coat of arms depicts a black one-headed eagle holding a sword in its right paw, and in the left a golden bar, a crown is visible above the sword ( Coat of arms. IV, 16. Compare: below, in the section on the coats of arms of noblemen leaving Poland, the emblem Soltyk), and the Berezins' shield with a red field depicts a silver wall ( Coat of arms. II, 20).

3) The Starodub banner is, as mentioned above, an old oak tree. This emblem is repeated in the coats of arms of all genera, originating from this root; namely:

a) Coats of arms of the book. The Gagarins and Khilkovs, who are completely similar to each other, have in the heart of the shield a golden shield with an image of an oak on it, on the surface of which is visible a prince's crown with an outgoing arm in armor and a sword raised upward, and a bear at the root of the oak. Then, in the four-part shield, the first and fourth parts are blue and have: the first is an image of a hand clothed in armor with a sword raised up, and the last is a tree and a black bear walking from it to the right; and the second and third parts are in a silver field: the right one is of an old oak, and the second is a red fortress ( Coat of arms. I, 4, 14).

b) In the coat of arms of the Gundorov princes, the shield is cut into three and split into two parts. On the middle, silver, shield one can see an irritated black bear ravaging an ant's nest at the root of an oak tree; then in the first and sixth parts an old oak is depicted in a blue field, in the second and fifth in a golden field: in the first - an eagle, and in the second - the Kiev coat of arms, and, finally, in the third and fourth in a red field, clothed in armor and from clouds outgoing hand with a sword; the shield is crowned with three helmets, of which each has a princely hat; The crests are composed: on the left helmet of an emerging black bear, on the middle - of a hand armed with a sword, and on the right - of an old oak. Shield holders two bears ( In the same place. VII, 1).

c) The clan of the Romodanovsky princes died out at the end of the last century and by the decree of 1798 on April 8, their surname and coat of arms were acquired by Ladyzhensky. Therefore, the coat of arms of the prince is placed in the Herbovnik. Romodanovsky-Ladyzhensky; but, having separated the coat of arms of the Ladyzhensky ( In the same place. II, 49), the Romodanovskys will have a coat of arms similar, with some changes, to the coat of arms of the Gundarev princes. And their shield is cut into three and split into two parts; the middle, silver, shield shows a bear at the root of an oak tree. Then, in the first and sixth parts, an oak is depicted in a silver field, in the second and fifth in gold fields: in the first - a black bear walking to the left, in the last - an old Dub prince holding a staff in his left hand, and, finally, the third and fourth parts are occupied by the image hand armed with a sword. Helmets, crests and supporters are the same as those of the book. Gundorovs ( Coat of arms. IV, 5).

Section 88. IV. Princely births of Gedimin's offspring. After what has already been said above about why we consider it necessary to place the princes of Lithuania in the row of princely families that originated from Vladimir Monomakh, we consider it superfluous to remind that even if the offspring of Izyaslav Vladimirovich, who received Polotsk as his inheritance, were cut off, nevertheless the land, which Gediminas and his descendants possessed, was from time immemorial Russian. And since the emblem of the patrimony and grandfather of the prince is important in the princely arms, the arms of the descendants of Gediminas, of which many families have marked themselves with exploits for the benefit of Russia, should close the category of the arms of the Russian noble families, whose ancestors were the owners of the patrimony of Vladimir St. and Yaroslav. We would, however, consider our review incomplete if we did not mention here the testimony of some of our chronicles, as well as genealogies, that Gedimin not only owned the Russian patrimony, but also descended from the offspring of the Prince of Polotsk Izyaslav Vladimirovich and, consequently , is in consanguinity with the Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir. It is hardly possible to positively reject this legend until all the branches and generations of the Rurik's house have been dismantled and with the help of criticism restored, until the inscriptions on the tombs of the appanage princes are brought into the system and checked with chronicles and other sources. In any case, the evidence of Polish and Lithuanian chronicles and stories (Stryjkovsky and others), telling that some famous Roman Palemon-Publius-Libo, in the time of either Augustus Caesar, or Nero, or Attila, sailed to Lithuania, formed its wild inhabitants and that the Palemonovs' grandchildren ruled Lithuania as early as the 11th (?) century ( Karamzin. T. 2. Note. 35), are not at all trustworthy and reveal only a desire to intermarry with the Romans at all costs. The glory of Rome and the tradition of its strength and power easily explain this desire.

Our chronicles and genealogies say that in 1128 the Polotsk princes Rogvoldovich were ousted from their possessions by the Grand Duke Mstislav Vladimirovich, who took possession of Polotsk, and the Polotsk princes fled to Constantinople. At that time, the Lithuanians were tributaries of the princes, partly of Kiev and Chernigov, partly of Smolensk and Krivsky, and were under the control of their own hetmans. Vilna, fearing Mstislav the Great, succumbed to the King of Hungary and summoned the two sons of the former Polotsk prince Rostislav Rogvoldovich to reign from Greece. One of these princes was called David, the other was Movkold. The first became the prince of Vilna and was the father of Vit (Vitenes), nicknamed the Wolf, and Erden; from Movkold was born Mindovg, who had sons Vyshleg and Damont (Dovmont). The latter was at one time the Grand Duke of Pskov and according to St. baptism bore the name of Timothy. After Vitus on the Lithuanian throne was his son, Prince Proyden, followed by Vityan and, finally, Gedimin ( In the same place. T. 4. Note. 103; Vestnik Mosk. Islands of Russian history and antiquities. T. 10. (Separate materials.) P. 74). Since his time, along with the increase in Lithuania's power, its very history has become clearer and more reliable. From the sons of Gedimin came Lithuanian princely families, the genealogy of which was compiled by us according to the testimony of the Velvet Book and some other Russian sources; but respect for the subject makes us express the conviction that this information requires strict and conscientious verification with the acts that have come down to us from ancient Poland and Lithuania. Many of the documents stored in the Lithuanian Metric could facilitate the execution of such a work for a person familiar with the history of Poland and its heraldry. This survey will be supplemented by information provided on the basis of Polish sources when setting out the coats of arms of families leaving Lithuania and Poland (see § 90).

In any case, there is no doubt that the possession of Prince Izyaslav Vladimirovich - Polotsk merged with Lithuania in its own sense, concluded within the current Vilnius province. Gradually, this principality grew, and the power of Gedimin was already so great that in the west of Russia he constituted a counterbalance to the Moscow Grand Duke in the East, and since the regions of this latter were subject to the Tatars, the Russians looked at Gedimin as a purely Russian Grand Duke. It is clear why the son of Gediminas Narimunt was called to reign in Novgorod, where, however, he was not for long.

During his lifetime, Gedimin divided the hereditary fiefdom between his children, of which Karachev and Slonim gave Mondovit, Narimunt - Pinsk, Eunutiy - Vilna, Olgerd - Krev and Ktom, Keistutia - Troki, Koryada - Novgorodok, and Lyubart was accepted into his land by the Volyn prince , whose daughter he married, because Lubart was bypassed when dividing his paternal heritage ( Johannis Dlugossi seu Longini canonici quondam Cracoviensis historiae Polonicae libri XII. Lipsiae. 1711. Lib. X. P. 60; Paprocki. Herbi Rycerstwa Polskiego. W Krakowie. 1584. P. 589; Vestnik Mosk. Islands of Russian history and antiquities. P. 76). Soon after that, Olgerd's son and grandson Gediminas Jagiello married the Polish queen Jadwiga and, together with her hand, received the Piast crown, united the principality of Lithuania with Poland ( Ustryalov N.G. Investigation of the question, what place in Russian history should the Grand Duchy of Lithuania occupy? SPb., 1839; Borichevsky I.P. Orthodoxy and the Russian people in Lithuania. SPb., 1851; Serchevsky E.N. Notes about the family of the princes Golitsyn ... St. Petersburg, 1853, pp. 1-12).

Lithuanian princely families originate from the three sons of Gediminas: Narimunt, Olgerd and Lubart. The first had a son, Alexander, and the latter, Patrick Zvenigorodsky. From the eldest son Patrick, great-grandson of Narimuntov, Fyodor, the princes Khovansky descended. Behind the second son Yuri was the daughter of Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich, Princess Anna, Anastasia in monasticism. Yuri Patrikeevich had a son, Prince Vasily, from whom Prince Ivan Bulgak descended, and from him, through his two sons, Prince Mikhail Golitsa and Prince Andrei Kuraku, the princes Bulgakov-Golitsyns, who later retained the same nickname, the Golitsyns, and the Kurakins, lead their family. From another son of Vasily Yuryevich, Danil Shchenya, the Shchenyatevs descended, whose clan was cut short. Finally, from the third son of Patrikeev Alexander descended the princes Koretsky, who, as the genealogy says, "got worn out in Moscow," but remained in Poland.

From Olgerd, another son of Gediminov, they trace their lineage (without mentioning the extinct generations), through the second son of Dmitry Olgerdov - the Trubetskoy princes, and through the third son, Constantine, the Chartoriysky princes.

Finally, from Lubart, through his son Theodore, went, among other things, the princes Sangushko.

The Lithuanian coat of arms has long been the chase (pogonia). Our chronicle ( Addition to the Ipatiev Chronicle // PSRL. T. 2. P. 246. Okolsky has a detailed explanation of the meaning and history of the chase. (See: Okolski S. Op.cit. Vol. 2. P. 442-446)) kept the following information about its introduction: "Prince Viten began to reign over Lithuania (in 1278), invented a coat of arms for himself and to the whole principality of Lithuania a seal: a knight on horseback with a sword, now they will make a chase." It was this emblem - the chase - that was preserved in the coats of arms of most of the Lithuanian princes; but to distinguish between different surnames it was not the same either in the position of the rider, or in the figure that was depicted on the shield protecting his shoulder, or, finally, because only one armed hand was represented in the coat of arms. Thus, there are five types of chases in Polish heraldry; namely: 1) a knight on a white horse covered with armor and shishak in a red field. With his right hand he holds a naked sword, and on his left is a shield with a double, six-pointed cross, on the horse is a saddle with three ends; 2) the same rider, but with a spear, which he holds, as if intending to throw it at the enemy; 3) a naked rider on a horse without a saddle and a bridle holds a naked sword in the air, above his head; 4) in a golden field, a hand in armor emerging from the clouds with a drawn sword, this figure is repeated in the crest, and 5) in a red field, a hand with a sword, and in the crest, a warrior, who is also armed with a sword ( Okolski S. Op. cit. Vol. 1. P. 542-543; Vol. 2.P. 442- 451). Below will be the coats of arms of the clans of Russians and those leaving Poland and Lithuania, using different types chase.

Initially, in the coats of arms of many of the Gediminas' descendants of the chases, one was used, and later, to distinguish one noble family from others of the same root, other emblems were added, and for many of them, the grounds must be sought in Polish heraldry. That the banner of the chases passed to the princes by inheritance along with the possession, is proved by the fact that in the most ancient acts, which had the purpose of approving this emblem for a certain generation, it is mentioned that a sign that already belonged to it is left behind it. As proof, we cite the following excerpt from the letter given to the princes Czartoryski in 1442 by King Vladislav of Poland: "Desiring to commemorate his mercy and favor to the brothers Ivan, Alexander and Mikhail Czartoryski, for their special devotion to their Polish crown, the king, according to the princely origin of the aforementioned persons and by their kinship with the royal house, they forever grant all their family in general and each of its members separately the right to use the princely seal, which was used by their grandfather and father, that is, a horse on which an armed husband sits, holding a naked sword in his hand. This privilege was repeatedly confirmed by King August I, among other things, at the Lubel Sejm in 1569 ( Here are the true words of the letter: "Significamus tenore praesentium, quomodo cupientes fratrum nostrorum illustrium Ivonis, Alexandri et Michaelis ducum de Czartorejska honori exerdere qui singulari affectione et fidelitate erga nostram Majestatem promotion polity et proprietor coronam regni exhibucent , praefatos duces et consanguineos nostros, communiter et divisim sigillo eorum ducali frui, quo ex avo et patre ipsorum uti consueverunt, sculicet equo, cui subsidet vir armatus, gladium evaginatum acu tenens, volumus et decernimus, approbamus et. Herb. Polsk. Nieseck. (ed. Bobrowicz) Vol. 3. P. 224. Paprocki. Gniazdo Gnoty. P. 644)

In addition to the Czartoryski ( Bobrovicz. Herb. Pols. Vol. 3.P. 222) one chase without any other attributes remained with the princes of Koretsky ( Ibid. Vol. 5.P. 228) and Sangushkov ( Okolski S. Op. cit. Vol. 3.P. 78). The same was the coat of arms of the princes Golitsyn, which is evidenced by the sign on the ancestral utensils of Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, kept in the Armory, and the coat of arms on the portrait of the same prince ( Tr. Moscow Islands of Russian history and antiquities. T. 7.P. 83; Appendix). But later (when exactly - it is difficult to determine), due to the need to distinguish the coats of arms of surnames, from the same root occurring, attributes were added, also not devoid of heraldic meaning, and Pogona was given a place in one or another part of the coat of arms according to the seniority of the origin of the surname from the common ancestor ...

Since Narimunt reigned in Novgorod, and the descendants of Gediminas sat on the Polish royal throne, only the princes who came from Narimunt have the right to the coat of arms of Novgorod (therefore, Prince Trubetskoy cannot have it); Polish coat of arms could be included in the coat of arms of all Lithuanian princes ( The subsequent presentation will prove that different generations of the Gediminas' house adopted the emblems in the coats of arms according to the guidance of the genealogy of the Lithuanian clans, which was preserved in the Velvet Book. Therefore, when explaining these coats of arms, we must adhere to the same source).

Accordingly: 1) at the book. The Khovansky coat of arms is depicted as follows: in the heart of the four-part shield, a red shield covered with a princely hat is occupied by the Lithuanian coat of arms; in the first and fourth parts of the large shield there is a Polish coat of arms - in a red field, a white single-headed eagle, and in the second and third parts, a Novgorod coat of arms: in a crimson silver field, a throne, which depicts a cruciform sovereign rod and a long cross; above the chair is a triple candlestick with burning candles, on the sides of the throne are two black bears standing with their hind legs on a golden lattice, under which fish are visible floating in the river ( Coat of arms. I, 1).

2) The coat of arms of the princes Kurakin is the same ( Coat of arms. I, 2), but in the arrangement of the figures, the only difference is that the Novgorod coat of arms (without the image of the river) is placed in the second only a quarter, and in the third part, in a blue field, a silver cross, a hexagonal star and between them a golden crescent, turned with horns downward (coat of arms Coribut). This emblem could be the banner of one of the cities that were in the possession of the ancestors of this family, and, indeed, it resembles the coats of arms of the cities of Borozna and Zenkov; but, being afraid of any guesses that are not based on positive data, and thinking that the explanation of the coats of arms should be the concern of their owners themselves, we limit ourselves to one description, especially since, we repeat, the coat of arms of the hereditary patrimony, the coat of arms of the relative from which comes generation. Other attributes are less essential, although they are not accidental or arbitrary.

3) The coat of arms of the princes Golitsyn changed, as far as is known, three times, until it reached modern form... Initially, it only contained a picture of the Lithuanian pursuit. Then in the coat of arms of the book. The Golitsyns included the following attributes: in the heart of the large shield, the Lithuanian chase was placed in a special shield, in the first quarter the Polish coat of arms was depicted, in the second - the Novgorod one, then the last two quarters were left for emblems, so to speak, special, private: in the lower right part were visible in the blue field there is a silver cross and a hexagonal star, and between them is a golden crescent with its horns turned down (like the princes Kurakin); and in the last, finally, a quarter in a blue field there is a silver cross, which has a black two-headed eagle in the middle ( Serchevsky, in the Notes on the Family of Princes Golitsyn (St. Petersburg, 1853, p. VI), believes that the silver cross means the victory of the Lithuanians over the Teutonic Order. The same coat of arms was previously used by the Volyn Voivodeship. Korona Polska. Vol. 1.P. 154). Currently, the shield in the coat of arms of the Golitsyn princes is split into two parts and its lower half is cut. The upper part is occupied by the image of the Lithuanian pursuit, in the lower right part of the Novgorod coat of arms is visible, and finally in the left - the same white cross with a double-headed eagle in the middle, which is described above ( Coat of arms. I, 2).

And 4) from the Trubetskoy princes ( In the same place. II, 1) The chase takes (as it should be in seniority) the third quarter of the four-part shield, then in the first part two vultures are depicted holding the princely crown with their front paws, in the second part - the Polish coat of arms (in a blue field) and, finally, in the fourth - a bull's head in a silver field.

In the same section, we must place the coat of arms of the Most Serene Princes Menshikovs. Their genus, as it is said in the letter to Alexander Danilovich Menshikov for the princely dignity, granted in 1707, comes from a noble Lithuanian family. In addition to other attributes testifying to the award of princely dignity (a two-headed eagle with three crowns) and the military prowess shown by Menshikov on land and at sea (a cannon surrounded by cannonballs and banners, as well as an equipped ship), his coat of arms shows a Lithuanian chase (but instead of red in the blue field). We meet this coat of arms on the papers of Prince Menshikov soon upon granting him princely dignity ( Among the manuscripts of the Imperial Public Library, Prince Menshikov's announcement of April 20, 1712 to the Russian and auxiliary troops about the passage of the ships of the Grand Chancellor Prince Radziwill, which will go along the Vistula to Danzig, has been preserved. We write out the title of Prince Menshikov: "We are Alexander Menshikov of the Roman and Russian states, the prince and duke of Izhersky, the hereditary lord of Oraniburkh and other of his tsarist majesty of the All-Russian first real privy councilor, the commander-general-field marshal of the troops and the governor-general of the provinces of many St. Petersburg and St. Andrew and the Elephant and the Black and White Eagle, etc. ") in the same exact form in which it is depicted in the Herbovnik ( Coat of arms. I, 15).

The land, which today is called the Kaliningrad Region, had extensive ties with the Russian lands even in ancient times. This fact finds its confirmation not only in archeology, for example, in the discovery during excavations of a number of Russian princely helmets of the X-XII centuries, but also in the genealogies of many boyar families Ancient Rus... According to ancient genealogical legends, more than 70 noble Russian surnames originate from people from Ancient Prussia. You can understand the reasons for this phenomenon by examining the events of the distant XIII century.

The exodus of the Prussians to the East Slavic lands occurred primarily under the influence of the Teutonic invasion of Prussia. The penetration of the Germans took place in three stages. First, German merchants and traders appeared in the eastern part of the Baltic States, who by 1158 organized the first trading posts here. Then the Catholic missionaries, under the pretext of Christianizing the pagans, founded bishoprics in these places since 1186 and, in addition to economic penetration, planted their own ideology. 1200 became a turning point in the fate of the Eastern Baltic, serving as a starting point for the start of direct armed aggression by the West. The new “Bishop of Livland” appointed by Pope Innocent III, the former canon of Bremen, Albert Buxgewden von Apeldern, left for the island of Gotland, and, having created a base there, with a detachment of 500 soldiers set off to conquer Livonia (part of modern Latvia).

This detachment became the nucleus of the "Order of the Knights of God" (otherwise - the "Order of the Swordsmen"), which took an active part in the aggressive campaigns to the lands of the historical tributaries of Russia - Estonians ("chudi"), Livs (chronicle "lib"), Letts (Latvians) , Curonians ("Kors"), Latgalians ("lotygola"), as well as Russians proper (Novgorodians, Pskovians and Polotsk citizens).

After 1226, the Teutonic knights, invited to the Baltic States by the Mazovian prince Konrad (in Russian chronicles referred to as "Prince Kondrat Kazimirovich") (1187 -1247), whose wife was the Vladimir-Volyn princess Agafya Svyatoslavovna, was also involved in the hostilities of the sword-bearers. Novgorod-Seversky. If the Swordsmen, together with the Danes from the Dannebrog Order (founded by the Danish king Voldemar II in 1219), moved from the mouth of the Western Dvina and the coastal regions of Estonia, then the Teutons with the Poles advanced from across the Vistula and its tributaries - to the north and east - across the territory inhabited by the Prussians tribes. At the disposal of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Hermann von Salz, at the first stage of the conquest of Prussia, there were only ten full-fledged Teutonic knights, but soon hundreds of militant adventurers from various European countries (primarily from some German principalities) - the so-called. "Pilgrims" - wandering mercenaries, ready for payment and the right to robbery to provide any services in the conquest of new territories. This powerful military pressure of the new conquerors on the resisting Prussians led to the migration of many of them from their native possessions, covered by the war, to the East Slavic lands.

Although Ancient Prussia was not part of Kievan Rus, however, close ties between the inhabitants of both countries have been noted since ancient times. According to some Russian chronicles, back in the middle of the 9th century. Novgorodians (that is, the Slovenian Ilmen) "call from the Prussian land, from the Varangians, the prince and the autocrat, that is, Rurik, but he owns them as he wants" . In those days, the Prussians' areas directly bordered on Russia, and, moreover, some areas inhabited by closely related Yatvingians, from 983, after the successful campaign of Prince Vladimir Krasno Solnyshko, were among the Russian possessions.

In the XIII century. immigrants from Prussia (the so-called "Prussians") are actively moving to Novgorod lands... This was explained by the close and well-oiled political and trade contacts of the Prussians with Novgorod. Their first mass resettlement began shortly before the invasion of the Kryzhaks-Teutons into the West Prussian lands and, possibly, was caused by an acute conflict between professional Prussian soldiers and the pagan priestly elite.

According to the ancient Russian chronicle, already in 1215 a combat detachment of the Prussians was acting on the side of the free-loving Novgorod boyars in their struggle with the prince as a shock military force.Gradually, the number of Prussian settlers increases so much that they form a separate colony in the city, referred to since 1215 as "Prussian street" (now - Zhelyabov street). Recognizing the fact that Prussian warriors served in Russian squads, the famous historian S.V. Veselovsky pointed out that some of them took root in their new homeland, were subjected to Russification and became the ancestors of service dynasties.

One of these settlers was Misha Prushanin, who arrived in Russia with a large retinue, and laid the foundation for the families of the Morozovs, Saltykovs, Burtsevs, Sheins, Rusalkins, Kozlovs, Tuchkovs and Cheglokovs. "Their ancestor - Misha Prushanin - is told in the Saltykov family tree - left Prussia for Novgorod at the beginning of the XIII century". Having converted to Orthodoxy with the name of Mikhail Prokshinich and settled on Prusskaya Street, as a wealthy man, in 1231 he erected and rebuilt the Church of St. Michael, in which he was subsequently buried. In battles with the Swedes and Livonians (this is how the sword-bearers began to call themselves after 1237) Misha Prushanin, who became the founder of the noble boyar family of the Misinichs - Ontsiferovichs, showed himself to be an outstanding military leader.

So, in the battle on the Neva in 1240, commanding a squad, he destroyed three Swedish ships. Unlike Alexander Nevsky and his court, who fought on horses, Misha Prushanin's squad was on foot and included not princely servants, but free Novgorodians, the backbone of which, apparently, was the very detachment of professional Prussian warriors who arrived in Novgorod in 1215, although its composition was significantly updated. There is evidence that another hero of the Battle of the Neva - Sbyslav Yakunovich, who became a Novgorod mayor in 1243, belonged to the boyars of the Prusskaya Street of Novgorod the Great.

Misha Prushanin's descendants also played a significant role in the social and political life of Novgorod, his grandson Mikhail Terentyevich Krivets was at one time a Novgorod mayor. The family coat of arms of the princes Saltykovs descended from this surname retained the ancient Prussian symbolism: a black eagle in a golden field with a crown on its head and a hand in armor with a sword coming out on the right. The great Russian writer M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, who left in the story "Abroad" interesting descriptions Prussia of the 19th century, also belonged to this illustrious family. It is believed that Misha Prushanin is of origin and boyar family Morozov.

Departure of "Prusians" and "Sudinovs" to Russia is not limited only to Misha Prushanin. Other immigrants from the Southeastern Baltic countries also gained considerable fame here. Ancient chronicles tell that in the middle of the XIII century. to the Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich "an honest and kind husband left the Prussian land", who, having received holy baptism in Novgorod, was named Gabriel and was a brave commander of the Neva conqueror. The great-grandson of Gabriel was Fyodor Aleksandrovich Kutuz, and the son of his other great-great-grandson Ananiy Aleksandrovich was Vasily Ananievich Bolenische - mayor in Novgorod in 1471. From them came the famous Golenishchev-Kutuzov family, who gave us a wonderful commander who crushed the invincible French emperor to smithereens Bonaparte. The coat of arms of the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs also bears a seal of Prussian origin: it consists of an image in a blue field of a black one-headed eagle with a crown on its head, holding a silver sword in its right paw. In addition to the Kutuzovs, the noble families of the Korovins, Kudrevats, Shestakovs, Kleopins, Shchukins, Zverevs and Lapenkovs originated from Fedor Kutuz.

After the conquest of Prussia by the Teutonic Order, the emigration of the Prussians to the Russian lands intensified even more.

One of its directions was the Galicia-Volyn principality and the so-called "Black Russia" ( Western part modern Belarus), which was then under the rule of the Russian-Lithuanian prince Troyden. In the Volyn Chronicle under 1276 we read: “Prousi came to Troydenovi from his land, involuntarily before the Germans. He took them to him and plant some of them in Gorodnya (Grodno), and plant some of them in Slonim. " In turn, the Ipatiev Chronicle announced under 1281 that Prince Volodymyr Volynsky had a close friend, "byash a native of Prus," died in the campaign.

In the middle of the XIII century. Another direction of the Prussian emigration, the Novgorod-Pskov one, was also developed, which was extremely important for the future fate of the Russian state.

According to one of the ancient testimonies, the Prussian nobil, i.e. the prince, “Glanda Kambila Divonovich, tired of fighting with the Order (ie, with the crusaders), and having been defeated by them, left with his young son and many subjects” to Russia - to Novgorod the Great and was soon baptized, receiving the name John.

The exodus of a significant part of the Prussians to the East is confirmed by many documents. In 1283, the last independent Prussian nobil, the Yatvyazh (Sudavian) leader Skurdo from Krasima, left for the “Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Zhemait” to the “Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Zhemait”, and from there part of the Prussians went to the Russian lands. Among them was Glanda-Kambila, the son of Divonis, a prince of one of the Prussian lands. The prototype of the legendary Divonis may have been a real historical character - Divane Klekine, one of the leaders of the Great Prussian uprising in 1260-1275, known for defeating the crusaders in the Battle of Sirgun in 1271, but later died during the storming of the Chénese castle. The sons of Divonis - Russigen and Kambila continued stubborn resistance to the invaders. But, having suffered defeat in this war, Glanda Kambila Divonovich left the Prussian lands for Novgorod Rus, where he was baptized and found a new homeland. The son of Glanda is Andrei Ivanovich Mare, at the beginning of the fourteenth century. having moved to Moscow, he became a boyar with the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan Kalita and his successor Simeon the Proud. By genealogy, he had five sons, from whom 17 ancient families originated, including the Romanovs, Sheremetyevs, Kolychevs, Vereshchagin, Boborykins, Zherebtsovs, Koshkins, Ladygins, Konovnitsins, Khludenovs, Kokorevs, Obraztsovs, Neplyuevs, Sukhovo-Kobylins extinct genus of the toothless. ...

Note that in their family coats of arms there are corresponding symbols: a crown - as a sign of origin from the legendary kings of Prussia, two crosses, meaning the conversion of Glanda-Kambila and his descendants to Orthodoxy, and a pagan oak. In some coats of arms there is a generic symbol of the most ancient Prussian rulers - a black one-headed eagle with outstretched wings, clawed paws, sometimes - with a crown on its neck ...

From Feodor Andreevich Koshkin - one of the five sons of A.I. Mares - the lineage leads to the Russian tsars. His grandson was nicknamed Koshkin-Zakharyin, his great-grandchildren were called Zakharyins-Yurievs, and from Roman Yurevich Zakharyin went Zakharyins-Romanovs and simply Romanovs. The daughter of Roman Yuryevich - Anastasia - in 1547 became the wife of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, and from that time the rise of the Zakharyin-Romanov family began. The nephew of Queen Anastasia, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (1554-1633), after the death of his cousin Fyodor Ioannovich, was considered the closest legitimate claimant to the throne. However, Boris Godunov came to power, who hastened to deal with his rivals. In 1601, using false denunciations, Godunov ordered the arrest of all the Romanovs, and Fedor Nikitich was tonsured as a monk. Under the name Filaret he was exiled to the North - to the Holy Trinity Anthony-Siysk Monastery, but after Godunov's death he was elevated to the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov. In September 1610, Metropolitan Philaret was arrested again by the Polish king Sigismund III, and only in July 1619 he returned from captivity, after which he was made Patriarch of All Russia. During Filaret's stay in Polish captivity, the Zemsky Sobor was convened in Moscow, which on February 21, 1613 elected his 16-year-old son Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the reign, who gave rise to a new tsarist dynasty that ruled Russia for the next 300 years.

The article was prepared on the basis of the author's speech at round table"The Kaliningrad region in the historical destinies of Russia" March 14, 2015 within the framework of the 1st Kaliningrad Forum of the World Russian People's Council "Frontiers of Russian statehood: global challenges, regional responses."

List of sources and literature

1. Belyakov V. Kutuzov's sword // Pravda. 1991.11 November.
2. Bochkarev V.N. The struggle of the Russian people against the German-Swedish aggression. Alexander Nevskiy. M. 1946.
3. Burov V.A. About pedigree novgorod boyars Mishinich - Ontsiferovich // Antiquities of the Slavs and Rus. M., 1988.
4. A.A. Zimin Formation of the boyar aristocracy in Russia in the second half of the 15th - first third of the 16th century. M., 1988.
5. Kosmolinsky P.F. Coat of arms from the carriage door // Coat of arms. 1992. No. 2.
6. V. I. Kulakov Social stratification of the Irzekapinis burial ground // Social differentiation of society. M., 1993.
7. Lakier A.B. Russian heraldry. M., 1990.
8. Novgorod the first chronicle of the older and younger versions. M.-L., 1950.
9. Monuments literature of Ancient Russia. M, 1985.
10. Pashuto V.T. Pomerania. "Pomezanskaya Truth". M., 1955
11. Petrov P.N. The history of the families of the Russian nobility. In two books. M., 1991, Book. 2.
12. Shaskolsky I.P. The struggle of Russia against the crusading aggression on the shores of the Baltic in the XII-XIII centuries. L., 1978.
13. Ipatiev Chronicle // Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume 2. St. Petersburg, 1908. sheet 294. Yakov Krotov's Internet library http://krotov.info/acts/12/pvl/ipat39.htm

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(in the old days the Oksakovs) - come, judging by the genealogical books, from the noble Varangian Shimon (in the holy baptism of Simon) Afrikanovich or Ofrikovich - the nephew of the Norwegian king Gakon (or Yakun) Blind, who arrived in Kiev in 1027 from 3 tons of squads and who built the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra at his own expense, where he was buried. His son, Yuri Simonovich, was a boyar under V. K. Vsevolode Yaroslavich. The great-grandson of Yuri Simonovich, Protasya Fedorovich, had a son, Benjamin. At Benjamin - Vasily (nicknamed Vzolmen), Moscow tysyatsky. Vasily has sons: Yuri (Grunka), Theodor (Voronets) and others. Yury Vasilyevich had a son, Andrei-Theodore (Koloma), who had 4 sons: Benjamin, Theodor (Drunkard), Alexander (Taurus) and Daniel (Solovets). Veniamin Andreevich or Feodorovich had 2 sons: Feodor and Alexei (the Great) Veniaminovich. The first, Theodore, had a son, Ivan, nicknamed. Oksak, from whom the Oksakovs (in the old days), and now the Aksakovs, "took the lead". Members of this family in pre-Petrine times served as governors, solicitors, stewards, were in Moscow. nobles and were awarded for their service by estates from the Moscow sovereigns. In the XVIII century. one of the Oksakovs, Nikolai Ivanovich (b. 1730, † 1802), served under Catherine II as a major general and governor in Smolensk and Yaroslavl. When imp. Pavle was a lieutenant general; 28 oct. 1800 granted in action. secrets. Sov., but, wishing to preserve the military uniform, which he had worn for more than half a century, was renamed as Lieutenant General at his own request and was appointed a member of the Military Collegium. His son, Mikhail Nikolaevich, was with the im. Alexander I, Lieutenant General, Member of the Military Collegium and Senator. In the current century, the Aksakov family has produced prominent Russian writers who have become widely known.

Bashmakovs... A descendant in the 8th tribe of boyar Protasiy Fedorovich, Danilo Vasilievich, had the nickname Shoe. It was from him that the noblemen Bashmakovs originated. Vasily Andreevich Bashmakov was a siege commander in Velizh in 1580 and 1581, and Afanasy Grigorievich was a clerk of the zemstvo order under Ioann the Terrible. This surname is included in the Velvet Book. It is unknown if she currently exists. There is another one of the same name to her, the beginning of which became known in the 17th century, her representatives served as clerks, solicitors, stewards, Moscow nobles, and one of them, Dementiy Minich, was a printer under Tsar Fedor. Ivan Bashmakov was a lieutenant colonel of the regular troops during the siege of Azov, in 1696 Ivan Pimenovich, Ivan Leontyevich and Lukyan Ivanovich were stolniks under Peter I. Dmitry Evlampievich, colonel of the cavalry regiment, then acting. stat. Counselor, was married to Varvara Arkadyevna Italianskaya, Countess Suvorova-Rymnikskaya. Several children remained from this marriage.

Godunovs- Russian extinct noble family originating, according to the legends of ancient genealogists, from Murza Chet, who left the Horde for Moscow, was baptized with the name of Zakhari and built the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma. For the first time, the surname of G. comes across in the ranks in 1515, in the person of the voivode Vasily Grigorievich G. - From the clan of G. there were 2 tsars, 1 boyar and a butler, 2 equestrians, 4 boyars, 7 okolnichy, 2 duma clerks and 1 kravchiy. After the accession of the Romanov dynasty, the G. served as stolniks and Moscow nobles. The family of G. ceased at the beginning of the 18th century, with the death of the stolnik Grigory Petrovich G. The genealogy of G., compiled by G. I. Studenkin, is placed in the II volume of the Russian Gentile Book (published by Russkaya Starina).

Grains- Russian. nobles. a clan descended from Prince Chet (baptized Zakhariy) - the Horde Murza, who left for Russia under the Grand Duke Ivan Danilovich Kalita in 1330 and received St. baptism with the name of Zechariah. He built the Ipatiev Monastery near Kostroma, for the decoration of which the Godunovs did much. Chet was the ancestor of several noble Russian noble families:,, Zernov, Shein and others. His grandson, Dmitry Zerno, had children of Ivan Godun (from where the Godunovs), Fedor Sabur (from where the Saburovs) and Dmitry, whose grandson, Veniamin, is the ancestors of the Velyaminovs- Grain (Coat of arms IV, 26).

Islenevs- Russian noble family of the same origin with the Aksakovs, Vorontsovs, Velyaminovs; their ancestor, the legendary prince Shimon Afrikanovich, supposedly the nephew of Gakon the Blind, King of Norway, left with the Great. book Yaroslav Vladimirovich "from the Varangians" to Kiev. His descendant Goryain Vasilyevich Velyaminov, nicknamed Istlenie, was the ancestor of I. Stepan Ivanovich I., a steward, and his son Ivan were in the 17th century. voivods. Petr Alekseevich Islenev, general lieutenant, is known as an associate of Suvorov (1794). The genus I. is included in the VI part of the genealogy book of the Moscow province. (Herbovnik, IV, 20). Another clan of I., which died out at the end of the eighteenth century, came from Illarion I., a former solicitor of the aft palace under Fyodor Alekseevich.

Kozlovs- Russian noble family. Descended from the legendary "from Prus" Mikhail Prushanin - the ancestor of the Morozovs and Saltykovs. Mikhail's descendant Grigory Ignatievich Morozov, nicknamed "Goat", was the ancestor of K. His son, Ivan, accompanied, in 1495, Grand Duchess Elena Ioannovna, the bride of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander, to Lithuania, and one of the grandchildren, Fyodor Ivanovich, was killed in 1547 by citizens of Kazan on Sviyaga. This genus K. is included in the VI part of the genealogy book of the Tver and Pskov provinces (Gerbovnik, III, 73). Another clan of K. dates back to the end of the 15th century, and another to the middle of the 16th century. - Ivan Posnikov, son of K., a native of Nizhny Novgorod († in 1625), was granted a fiefdom for the Moscow siege seat. From his descendants: Alexander Alexandrovich (born in 1837) was the Moscow Chief of Police, St. Petersburg. mayor, then lieutenant general and honorary guardian, and Pavel Alekseevich translator of Byron. This genus K. is included in the VI and II parts of the pedigree book of the Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow provinces.

Kutuzovs- Russian noble family. His ancestor Gabriel left, as it were, from Germany to Novgorod to lead. book Alexander Nevsky. His great-grandson Alexander Prokopich, nicknamed Kutuz, was the ancestor of K. and Golenishchev-K. Of his descendants, Vasily Fedorovich K. was a boyar. book Vasily Vasilyevich Dark (1447). Mikhail Vasilievich K. was ambassador to Moldova (1490). The genus K. is included in the VI, I, III and II hours of the genus. book Novgorod, Pskov, Ryazan and Tver provinces. (Herbal, V, 17).

Morozov- a noble family descended from Mikhail Prushanin of Novgorod, whose descendant in the VI tribe, Ivan Semenovich, nicknamed Moroz, was the ancestor of M. One of his sons, Lev Ivanovich, was a boyar; on the day of the Kulikovo battle, he commanded an advanced regiment and was killed by the Tatars. In the XV century. separated from this clan, Shein,, Bryukhovo-Morozov and. Since the XIV century. until the end of the 17th century. fourteen M. were boyars, two were devious and one was a bed-man. Rod M. died out in 1689.

Novosiltsevs- the noble family comes, according to the legends of ancient genealogists, from the Lithuanian native Yuri Shaly, or Shel, who arrived in Moscow in the middle of the XIV century. His son Yakov Yurievich, nicknamed Novosilets, the founder of N., was a dean of Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave and built the city of Serpukhov in 1372. His son Ivan Yakovlevich was the boyar of Vasily the Dark, his grandson Vasily Ivanovich, nicknamed China, was the governor in Torzhok (1477) and Novgorod (1478), and his great-grandson Dmitry Vasilyevich (d. 1520) was an okolnichy under Grand Duke Vasily Ioannovich. Ivan Petrovich, nicknamed Saltyk, was the ambassador to Turkey (1571), and then managed the printed order. Vasily Yakovlevich H. (died 1743) N. was the president of the collegium of manufactures, then of the commerce collegium and a senator; friend of Biron, during whose fall he was exiled to his villages. This genus N. is included in the VI part of the genus. book lips. Ryazan, Moscow, Tambov and Tula (Herbovnik, VIII, II).

Pleshcheevs- a noble family descending from Fyodor Akinfievich Byakont, who left Chernigov for Moscow in the XIV century and was a former boyar of the Great. Prince Simeon the Proud. His eldest son Eleutherius-Semyon - later St. Alexey, Metropolitan of All Russia; Alexander, nicknamed Pleschey, was the governor in Kostroma (1375), then a boyar; his descendants bore the surname P., and some branches of the offspring of his brothers adopted the same surname. Mikhailo Borisovich P. († in 1468) was the boyar of Vasily the Dark and John III. He has a son, Andrei, and a grandson, Mikhail Andreevich. Timofey-Yurlo P. († in 1504) was an okolnichi of John III, Fedor († in 1546) and Dmitry († in 1561) Mikhailovich were okolnichi. Alexei Romanovich P. († in 1607) was a roundabout under False Dmitry and Vasily Shuisky. Ivan Afanasyevich was the cup-holder of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, and his nephew Mikhail Lvovich was a boyar under the ruler of Sophia and under Peter the Great; he controlled the orders of the great treasury. Leonty Stepanovich, judge of the zemstvo order, was killed during the mutiny on May 25, 1648. The poet Alexei Nikolaevich P. belongs to the same family. The P. Rod is included in the VI part of the genealogy book of the Moscow, Oryol, Penza and Tambov provinces (Gerbovnik, I, 44) ...

Protasevichi or the Vorontsov-Velyaminovs - a noble family, originating, according to the legend of ancient genealogists, from the fabulous prince Shimon, the son of the Varangian prince Afrikan, after whose death he was expelled from the fatherland by his uncle Yakun the Blind; in 1027 he came to Russia to Yaroslav the Great and converted to Orthodoxy. He took part in the battle with the Polovtsy in Alta (1060). In 1073, Shimon made the largest donation for the construction of the Pechersk Church in honor of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos: he gave the Monk Anthony a precious belt of 50 pounds of gold and the legacy of his father - a golden crown. He had only one son, Yuri. The undoubted ancestor of this family is Protasiy Fedorovich, who was a boyar under the Grand Duke Ioann Danilovich Kalita. From him descended the Venyaminovs, Vorontsovs, Vorontsov-Velyaminovs,,, and. His descendant in the sixth generation, Veniamin Andreevich, was the immediate ancestor of V.-V. Ivan Vasilievich, nicknamed Shchadra († in 1522), and his brother Ivan, nicknamed Oblaz († in 1524), were devious. Vasily Ivanovich was ambassador to the Crimea in 1517. The current industry V.-V. descended from Vasily Ivanovich, the former (1686-92) steward of Tsarina Praskovya Feodorovna. Of his descendants, Nikolai Pavlovich (born in 1823) is the trustee of the Kharkov educational district. Rod V.-V. included in the VI part of the genealogy book of the Tula province. Coat of arms. V, 6. See "Velvet book." (II, 14-24, 295); Roman diploma. Emperor for the title of count, given in 1760 to Roman and Ivan Ilar. Vorontsov, in "Ross. Magazine." Tumansky (I, 271); "Ross. Genus. Prince Dolgorukov" (IV, 71), etc.

Saburovs- a noble family, of the same origin as the Godunovs. The great-grandson of Murza Chet Fyodor Ivanovich Zernov, nicknamed Sabur, was the ancestor of S. His eldest son, Mikhail (+ 1464), served Dmitry Shemyaka, and then Vasily the Dark and John III. His brothers, Vasily (+ 1485) and Semyon Peshko (+ 1484), were also boyars; from the last of them came the extinct at the end of the 16th century. the Peshkov-S branch. From their younger brother Konstantin Sverchk originated the Sverchkov-S. Branch, which died out in the 17th century; the eldest of his sons, Yuri Konstantinovich (+ 1512), boyar, was the father of Solomonia - 1st wife Basil III; her brother, Ivan-Vasily Konstantinovich, was kravchim. Vasily Borisovich († 1578) and Bogdan Yurievich S. († 1598) were boyars. The daughter of Bogdan Yuryevich Evdokia (+ 1619), monastic Alexander, was the 1st wife of Tsarevich John Ioannovich, son of the Terrible. Andrei Ivanovich S. (1797-1866) was the chief hofmeister and director of the Imp. theaters. His nephew Peter Alexandrovich (born in 1835) was an ambassador to Athens (1870-1879), an ambassador to Berlin (1879-1884), now a senator; famous archaeologist and collector of antiquities. The genus S. is included in the VI and IV hours of the genus. book Saratov, Tambov, Penza, Smolensk, Moscow and Vladimir provinces. (Herbbook. I, 43).

Saltykovs or the Soltykovs - princely, county and noble families. The ancestor of S. Mikhail Prushanin, or Prashinich, "an honest husband from Pruss", who lived at the beginning of the 13th century. His son Terenty was a boyar of the prince. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky and distinguished himself in the Battle of the Neva (1240). His great-grandson Ivan Semyonovich Moroz had five sons, who were nicknamed Morozovs. Descended from one of them, Mikhail Ignatievich, nicknamed Saltyk or Soltyk, was the ancestor of the surname S. Under Anna Ioannovna, Kravch Vasily Fedorovich S. († 1730), the empress's uncle, and Semyon Andreevich S. († 1742), were elevated to the rank of count. general-in-chief, former moscow gene. governor. In 1814 he was elevated to the princes of the Russian Empire with the title of lordship Nikolai Ivanovich S. From his second son Alexander (+ 1837), former member State Council, the branch of the princes Saltykov-Golovkin began. The count's branch of S. went from the son of Count Semyon Andreevich S. - Vladimir (+ 1751). Genus. S. recorded in the VI and V hours of the genus. book lips. Moscow, Tula, Yaroslavl Penza, St. Petersburg and Mogilev. The coat of arms of the nobles S. see Ross. Gorbovnik Part VII, 28, and Counts and Princes S. - Part IX, 2. The most famous of the S.: 1) Alexander Nikolaevich, the son of Nikolai Ivanovich, was an assistant minister of foreign affairs and for some time after the Peace of Tilsit corrected the post of minister; subsequently was a member of the Council of State; 2) Andrei Mikhailovich († 1522), arms maker. book Vasily Ioannovich; 3) Vasily Mikhailovich, brother of the previous one, famous for his brave defense of the mountains. Opochki against Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky in 1518 4) Vasily Fedorovich (+ 1755) under Anna Ioannovna was adjutant general, police chief general in St. Petersburg and a senator; 5) Mikhail Alexandrovich († 1851) was the adjutant of the prince. Potemkin, Trustee of Kazan University, Senator and Honorary Trustee.

Solovtsov- a noble family, the ancestor of which is considered Danilo Andreevich Solovets, the great-grandson of the Moscow thousand Vasily Veniaminovich, the ancestor of the Aksakovs, Velyaminovs, Vorontsovs, Vorontsov-Velyaminovs and Islenevs. Fyodor Leontyevich S. was granted estates in 1558. Yakov Pavlovich S. (died 1674) was a Duma nobleman. The genus S., divided into two branches, is included in the VI part of the genus. book Nizhny Novgorod and Simbirsk provinces. (Herbovnik, VIII, 23 and 51).

Tuchkovs- a noble family descended from the boyar Vasily Borisovich Morozov, nicknamed Tuchko (+ 1481); his son Mikhail Vasilievich (+ 1534) was a boyar and a butler, his grandson Mikhail Mikhailovich (+ 15b7) was an okolnichi. Alexey Vasilievich (+ 1799) was a senator, he has sons Nikolai, Pavel and Alexander. Their brother Sergei (+ 1839) was a senator. Pavel Alekseevich T. (1803-1864) was adjutant general, member of the State Council and Moscow governor-general. The genus T. is included in the VI part of the genus. book St. Petersburg, Moscow and Yaroslavl provinces. (Herbovnik, III, 63).