Papal crown. The Papal Tiara: History and Symbolism. Secretary of State of the Holy See

I will explain several important, in my opinion, reasons: firstly, coming to The eternal City, papal keys, tiaras and coats of arms in every church, fountain, palazzo, and especially in the Vatican, are falling on your heads. And they want to get to the Vatican, well, just EVERYONE, without exception. True, not everyone understands why he surrendered to them, but must be a must - since in Rome, it means that you need to visit the Pope.

Secondly, 2015-16. we have declared the Jubilee Year of the Catholic Church, and the next one according to the schedule will not be earlier than 2025, so do not turn your back on visiting the Vatican :)

Thirdly, when it comes to heraldry, many travelers ask me what coat of arms Pope Francis has now. And on the coat of arms of Francis, just like his predecessor, the renounced Pope Benedict XVI, the template is broken - not a tiara, but a miter sticks out above the crossed keys, and go and explain this in three words on the go, what a tiara and a miter are, and why now stopped using the tiara.
Therefore, I propose to figure it out!

What is a tiara?

Tiara - this is a high headdress of the Pope, which has an egg-shaped shape, topped with three crowns and a small globe with a cross (orb). The papal tiara is a kind of "triple crown", a symbol of papal power.

What is a tiara for?

Mostly for the coronation of the Pope. She was last crowned Pope Paul VI in 1963, who for the first time officially abandoned the use of the tiara in all ceremonies, which caused a lot of controversy on the part of conservative Catholics. Moreover, Paul VI put up his tiara for auction, and gave the money from its sale to the poor.

After Paul VI, the place of the tiara in the ceremony is taken by the miter. Mithra is actually a headdress for bishops and high clergy, but now the Pope himself wears it. In the Catholic liturgy there are several types of miter - "golden", "luxurious" and "white", and each has its own special function. For example, the "golden" miter is worn only during some particularly important processions. You can see the amazingly beautiful miter in the museum at the Milan Cathedral - it was donated to Pius IV by the Indians of the recently discovered America. The miter ended up in Milan because the Pope gave it to his nephew Carlo Borromeo, Archbishop of Milan.

Symbols and synonyms of the word "tiara"

Often, the word "tiara" is replaced by the word "triregno" - literally means "three kingdoms". Three crowns were associated with three statuses of the Roman church in the formula for the coronation of the Pope:

1. The Pope is the Father of the Church and the bearer of spiritual authority in the world;
2. Pope as Viceroy of St. Peter on earth;
3. Pope as the "spiritual father" of all earthly rulers and earthly ruler (Vatican-theocratic monarchy, do not forget this fact).

The three crowns were also identified with the three qualities of the Church:

1. Church suffering
2. Church struggling
3. The conquering church.

In the Middle Ages, more colorful and funny interpretations of the three crowns on the papal tiara appear, for example:

• Power over three continents - Europe, Asia, Africa;
• the inhabited descendants of the three sons of Noah - Semites, Japhetids and Canaanite tribes;
• Power over three spheres - heaven, earth and the underworld.

A small globe with a cross crowning the tiara is a symbol of the Universe, the Universe and the superiority of Christ over earthly power.

When does the tiara appear and how many crowns did it wear at the beginning?

According to tradition, Pope Sylvester I received the first tiara in history from the hands of Emperor Constantine the Great himself. A wonderful legend is associated with this event, and it is immortalized in an equally beautiful fresco from the 13th century in the oratorio of St. Sylvester in Rome.

Tiara (Greek τιάρα, ancient Persian headdress) is a triple crown, a distinctive high egg-shaped headdress of the Pope, crowned with a small cross and three crowns and having two falling ribbons at the back. History of the tiara Originally a simple high hat, it acquired three crowns in the Middle Ages and took on its final shape at the beginning of the 14th century. Crowns began to be considered symbols of the Trinity or three statuses of the Church: Rome, Christendom, and spiritual dominion. The tiara may be on God the Father, more often in early Netherlandish painting; it can be worn by Aaron as a type of the priesthood. Papal crown. In ancient Greek literature, it denotes a Persian headdress made of felt in the form of a truncated cone, but above all - the crown of the Persian king, decorated with teeth and stars. Another form of the tiara is the miter with a mouth cover, worn by Darius III in a mosaic in Pompeii depicting his battle with Alexander the Great. Phrygian cap, a symbol of democracy during French Revolution, can also be regarded as a tiara. In the Middle Ages, the pope's triple crown is interpreted as a symbol of power over three spheres - heaven, earth and the underworld, or over three classical parts of the earth: Asia, Africa, Europe (inhabited by the descendants of the sons of Noah: Shem, Japheth and Ham). According to other interpretations, the three rings (rims) of the tiara are an indication of the suffering, struggling and conquering church. In this form, she has been depicted since Pope Urban V (d. 1370). The tiara is also considered an attribute of St. Peter, Pope Gregory or St. Sofia. Popes, alienated during their lifetime, or saints whose holiness was rejected, were depicted with a tiara lying on the ground (? Source). In the tiara of five rings, only God the Father appears in the images of the Trinity. Tiara - symbol Three-tiered, in the form of a bee's nest, the crown of the Pope. It has been used since the XIV century as a headdress, symbolizing the three levels of papal powers: spiritual power in the world, temporary power in Rome and supremacy over all Christian rulers. In the modern interpretation, the papal tiara indicates that the pope is the father of the Church, the earthly ruler and vicar of Christ. Tiara is a sign of papal dominion; for liturgical purposes, the pope dresses in the episcopal mitra. Three periods can be distinguished in the development of the tiara: * 1) In the VII - VIII centuries. Popes wore a kamilavka, or a white Phrygian cap (possibly introduced by popes of Greek or Syrian descent). * 2) Even before the beginning of the 12th century, a royal diadem was added to it, which by the end of the 13th century had turned into a jagged crown. * 3) The second crown was added by Boniface VIII (d. 1303), possibly as a symbolic reflection of his views on the duality of papal power, spiritual and secular. The first mention of the three crowns dates back to 1316, but the earliest monumental depiction of a tiara with three crowns is found on a statue of Benedict XII (d. 1342). Why the third crown was added is unknown, although various interpretations of the second name of the papal tiara - lat. triregnum ("three kingdoms"), for example, as expressions of the pope's authority over heaven, earth and hell. Tiara and modernity The last Pope to be crowned with the tiara was Paul VI, in 1963. The tiara of the Milan diocese was specially made for him. Then Pope Pavel gave it to the museum. After that, neither John Paul I, nor John Paul II, nor Benedict XVI were crowned with the tiara. And Benedict XVI even removed the tiara from the papal coat of arms. - the triple crown of the Pope. It was made of precious metals, decorated with precious stones ... The medieval world in terms, names and titles - Tiāra, τιάρα, soft turban of eastern peoples made of paper; for kings and priests, she was strong and straight ... Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities - 1. The headdress of the ancient eastern rulers and priests, which was worn in special occasions... 2. Triple crown of the Pope, part of the vestments of the highest clergy of the Catholic Church ... Encyclopedia of Fashion and Clothing - See crown ... Dictionary of Symbols - the triple crown of the Pope, a high egg-shaped headdress, topped with a small cross and three crowns and having two falling ribbons at the back. Tiara is a sign of papal dominion ... Collier's Encyclopedia - see Crown ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron -; pl. tia / ry, R .... Spelling dictionary of the Russian language - the papal three-tiered miter ... Explanatory dictionary Dahl - TIARA, -y, wives. Headdress of ancient oriental kings, as well as Roman ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary - TIARA, tiaras, wives. ... 1. Headdress of ancient oriental kings. 2. Three-tiered headdress of the Pope. Papal tiara ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary - tiara I The headdress of the ancient eastern kings, priests, which was a symbol of the highest power. II f. The headdress of the ancient Persians in the form of a truncated cone. III f. 1. Three-tiered headdress of the Pope. 2 ... Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary - ty "... Russian spelling dictionary - tiara Old Russian-Tslav. τιάρα. From the Greek. τιάρα, partly through lat. tiāra ... Vasmer's etymological dictionary - TIARA s, g. tiare f. gr. tiara headdress of ancient eastern kings, priests, which is a symbol of supreme power. SE Jewelry reminiscent of a tiara ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms - @ font-face (font-family: "ChurchArial"; src: url;) span (font-size: 17px; font-weight: normal! important; font-family: "ChurchArial", Arial, Serif;)   noun head decoration, hat; papal miter ... Church Slavonic Dictionary - 1). Male headdress of oriental inhabitants, turban. 2) the papal three-tiered miter, worn only on solemn occasions ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language "Papal tiara" in books "PAPAN PEDAGOGY" From the book Like a diary. Teacher stories the author Aromshtam Marina Semyonovna "PAPAN PEDAGOGY" Still, it is somehow wrong to start every day with the words: "It's a pity that I'm not a man." Unproductive. Perhaps men would have done better if they had taken up pedagogy. They are like wolves - they smell creative prey. So they would come to our class, nourish 25. Andronicus' pyramidal hat and Christian papal tiara From the author's book 25. The pyramidal cap of Andronicus and the Christian papal tiara Here is another interesting passage in the above extensive fragment from Choniates. It is said that Andronicus, before fleeing, "puts on a barbarian cap on his head, which, ending in a point, looks like a pyramid." Tiara or turban? From the book Europe and Islam: A History of Misunderstanding by Cardini Franco Tiara or turban? Nicholas V (Tommaso Parentucelli of Sarzan, a famous humanist) became Pope on March 6, 1447, was ordained on the 19th of the following month and died on March 24, 1455. Fate willed that during his time on the papal throne he witnessed two Poison and tiara From the book History of Poisoning author Collard Frank Poison and tiara The higher the rank of the church hierarchs, the more fierce the struggle was. The papacy itself, after a destructive schism, was transformed from a universal theocracy into a regional principality. However, claims to gigantic power persisted, that from the XIII century. led to 25. PYRAMIDAL HAT OF ANDRONICUS AND CHRISTIAN PAPAN TIARA From the book King of the Slavs the author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich 25. THE PYRAMIDAL HAT OF ANDRONICUS AND THE CHRISTIAN PAPAN TIARA Here is another curious passage in the above extensive passage from Choniates. It is said that before his flight, Andronicus "puts on a barbarian cap, which, ending in a point, looks like a pyramid." Chapter 2 THE TAKE OF CONSTANTINOPLE, or "BETTER A TURKISH TURBAN THAN A PAPAN TIARA!" From the book of Roksolana. Ottoman harem witch author Benoit Sophia Chapter 2 TAKING CONSTANTINOPLE, or "BETTER A TURKISH TURBAN THAN A PAPAN TIARA!" For many years military operations went in two directions - to Europe and to Asia. However, the Ottomans understood that it would not be easy to get the main treasure of daring military thoughts - Papal mission From the book History of the Inquisition author Meikok A.L. The Papal Mission From the very beginning, the papal legates behaved no better than the clergy living in the world. Their habit of traveling around the country in luxurious carriages surrounded by vassals could not melt the ice of the cold attitude of the Languedocs towards them, who have long been laughing and Papal States From the book Italy. Country history the author Lintner Valerio Papal States Decline ... For the Papal States, this period was marked by the need to strengthen defensive positions against the threat of internal division, then followed by some economic recovery and growth of political ambitions. From 1305 to 1376, during Tiara From the book Treasures and Relics of the British Crown the author Skuratovskaya Maryana Vadimovna Tiara - You, of course, have heard of the famous beryl diadem? - Of course. This is a national treasure. - Quite right. - He opened the case - on the soft pink velvet adorned the most magnificent work of jewelry art. - In a diadem thirty-nine Tiara From the author's book Tiara - You, of course, have heard of the famous beryl diadem? - Of course. This is a national treasure. - Quite right. - He opened the case. - on the soft pink velvet was a magnificent piece of jewelry art. - In a diadem thirty-nine Papal States From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(PA) author TSB IV. Realization of visible unity in the development of the church. Cathedral-Episcopal and Papal Theories. Papal infallibility From the book Catholicism the author Karsavin Lev Platonovich PAPAN COMMISSION From the book Bibliological Dictionary the author Men Alexander PAPAL COMMISSION - See Pontifical Biblical Commission Condamin Albert, hier. (1862-1940), French. Catholic exegete, theologian and orientalist. Genus. in Marseille; in 1882 he joined the Jesus Society. Majored in History * Ancient East... Conducted a course on exegesis of the OT in Catholic. TO WHOM TIARA? author Taxil Leo TO WHOM TIARA? Benedict III ascended the throne after the death of Pope John. His election angered Anastasia, a priest who had many supporters among the dignitaries. An ambitious rival broke into the Lateran Palace; showering him with curses, tore WONDERFUL TIARA. From the book The Sacred Nativity scene author Taxil Leo WONDERFUL TIARA. Church historiographers, apparently, worked hard to justify this pope, trying to discover at least some of his exploits, in addition to the crimes he committed. So, some of them argue that Gregory was endowed with the gift of a miracle worker and not only They wore it from until the time of the implementation of the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, namely until 1965. Paul the Sixth donated a tiara specially made for him, in which he was crowned, for charitable purposes to the basilica.However, it still flaunts on the coat of arms of the Vatican and the Holy See. Although attempts to get rid of the tiara continue. So, Benedict the Sixteenth removed it from the papal coat of arms. It was replaced with a miter. Papal and meaning The headdress, symbolizing the rights and power of the “viceroys of Christ,” is distinguished by the fact that it resembles an egg in shape. It is a triple crown adorned with precious stones and pearls. In Latin it was also called "triregnum". These three crowns, or diadems, are topped with a cross. Two ribbons fall from behind. The papal tiara is not a liturgical headdress. It was worn during ceremonial processions, blessings, proclamations of dogmatic decisions and at ceremonial receptions. At liturgical services, the Pope, like other bishops, covered his head with a miter. Traditionally, it was also used for heraldic purposes. Papal tiara: history Catholics believe that the first mention of a tiara-like headdress is in the Old Testament, namely in the Book of Exodus. There Jehovah orders to build such a royal hat for Aaron, the brother of Moses. This is reflected in European painting. Aaron is often depicted wearing a tiara, especially in paintings by Dutch artists. Then this headdress is mentioned in the writings of one of the first popes, Constantine. Further in the evolution of the tiara, three periods are distinguished. The first of these is when the head of the Roman Catholic Church covered his head with a headdress resembling a helmet. It was called "Camelaoukum". Most likely, in its lower part there was a decoration in the shape of a circle, but it was not yet a crown or a diadem. It is not known when these symbols of power appeared on the headdresses of the popes. From the descriptions of the ninth century, it follows that the crown did not yet exist. In the 10th century, the vestments of the church changed. The miter appears, and in this era there is a difference between the headdresses of popes and bishops. End of the middle ages Many examples of the first tiaras known to us date from the late thirteenth century. It is known that before the pontificate of Boniface the Eighth (1294-1303), this headdress had one crown. And this dad added a second tiara there. The reasons for this are unknown. Maybe this pontiff loved luxury, or maybe he wanted to show that his powers include secular and spiritual power. But the tombstone of Benedict the Twelfth (1334-1342) in Avignon is already decorated with a sculpture, dressed in a headdress with three crowns. Although, even before the fifteenth century, images of pontiffs are found in art, where the papal tiara has only two tiaras. Gradually, a legend began to take shape that this was how Saint Peter covered his head. By the way, in the portraits of popes who were removed from their post or committed some deeds condemned by the church, this headdress usually lies on the ground. Symbolic meaning There are several versions of the meaning of the three crowns. The papal tiara, according to one of them, symbolizes the power of the pontiffs over heaven, earth and purgatory. There is also another version. She says that this is a symbol of papal power over the three continents, where the descendants of Shem, Ham and Japheth live - Europe, Asia and Africa. There is also an explanation that the crowns mean that the pontiff is the high priest, supreme shepherd and secular ruler. These tiaras were also interpreted as different levels powers of papal sovereignty. This is the spiritual authority in the church, secular in the Vatican and supreme over all earthly rulers. But over time, the Roman Catholic clergy began to interpret the tiara somewhat differently. She became a symbol of the fact that the pope is the head of the church, the secular ruler and the viceroy of Christ. Interestingly, in art, the tiara was not only an example of what the church vestments of Roman pontiffs are on solemn occasions. She is also the headdress of God the Father. But if He is depicted in a tiara, then that, as a rule, consists of five rings.

Symbols of papal authority on the coat of arms and flag of the Vatican gold and silver keys crossed and tied with a red cord, crowned with papal tiara

"Gift of Constantine" fresco in the Monastery of Santi Quattro Coronati, Rome. 13th century.

Legend has it that one day the Emperor Constantine fell ill with leprosy as punishment for the persecution of Christians in Rome. Medicine was, as they say, powerless - magicians and priests in Rome did not think of anything better than advising the emperor to bathe in a bathtub filled with the blood of babies. At first Constantine obeyed their advice and gathered 3,000 mothers with nursing babies, but, seeing their suffering and the crying of babies, he changed his mind. Then at night, as it should be, in a dream someone two appeared to him - as it turned out later, Peter and Paul, who advised him to climb Mount Soratte and receive healing, after consulting with Pope Sylvester.

Constantine's envoys bring Sylvester to Rome, and he tells the emperor his dream: in order to be healed, he must dress in rags and spend a week in a grotto, groaning and suffering, repenting for the persecution of Christians. After a miraculous healing, Constantine believed in Christ and was baptized, and Sylvester received a tiara from him as a reward and became not only the viceroy of Christ on earth, but also the heir to the Western part of the Roman Empire, when Constantine left Rome (the so-called "Gift of Constantine" - a tale , which was later refuted by scientists).

Crowns on tiara: on the first, on the second - count!

If you put all the jokes and tales aside, you get the following picture: the first crown on the papal tiara appears around the 8th century, when, after a long struggle, the Pope gains power over Rome and the surrounding area, the future powerful Papal States in Central Italy.

The second crown meant that the Pope became not only the spiritual shepherd of all Christians, but also a powerful secular ruler:

The third crown appeared at the beginning of the 14th century, and symbolized the Universality of the Church, its all-embracing and uniting forces. The third crown on the papal headdress we owe to Pope Clement V, the Avignon captive, the Pope, who began to disband the powerful Knights Templar.

You can think about all this at your leisure as you walk through the Cathedral of St. Peter and in the grottoes under the basilica. I promise that I will devote the next post to papal heraldry and analyze the symbols and legends of some of the most powerful popes and church orders. Then you can walk around the city, practically "reading" information directly from the facades of churches and palaces!

Pharaonic Upper Egypt identical in form to the tiara of Pope Innocent III.
Pope Innocent # 3 ruled 1198- 1216, crushed the Cathars, was about to attack Jerusalem through Egypt(!!!)
His reign is characterized by the highest concentration of power in Europe in papal hands.

The last pope to be crowned with a tiara was Paul VI in 1963. The tiara for him was specially made by the Milan diocese, of which he was bishop before his election.
After the coronation of Paul VI, the tiara was placed on the altar of St. Peter's Basilica as a sign of the Pope's humility and his renunciation of glory and power in accordance with the spirit of the Second Vatican Council.

Later, in 1967, it was sold by Pope Paul VI for the Mother Teresa Foundation,
bought by US Catholics for $ 1 million and donated to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington.

Pope Paul VI did his best to transfer the power of the Catholic Church into the hands of the Jews.

A year after visiting the Holy Land, on October 4, 1965, for the first time in the history of the papacy, Pope Paul VI visited the United States. There he issued a special decree (bull), which withdrew from Jews charges of Jesus Christ's death.
With this, he reconsidered the attitude towards Judaism within the Catholic Church.

The adopted Declaration on the Church's Relationship with Non-Christian Religions (Nostra Aetate) read:

“What was done during the Passion of Jesus cannot be imputed to the guilt of not all Jews who lived then, nor the Jews of our time. great love, so that all people find salvation. Therefore, the duty of the Church is to proclaim the Cross of Christ as a sign of God's love for all and the source of all grace. "

Thereafter, the Catholic Church began to regard the Jews as the "sons of the covenant." This trip also resulted in the Vatican's recognition of the State of Israel and the establishment of diplomatic relations on December 30, 1993.

The crown is one of the regalia of the popes. The insignia was not always exactly the crown. Until the 8th century, it looked like a white cap. Such a headdress was called a kamilavka. In the 12th century, it was joined by the tiara, which, over the course of a century, also acquired teeth. Thus, the egg-shaped cap has ringed one crown. In the 14th century, another joined him. Boniface the 8th ordered to place it on the kamilavka. Thus, the pope displayed his own views on it in the symbol of his power. The high priest realized his office as the headship over two spheres of society's life - secular and spiritual. Soon, a third crown appeared. Who and why hoisted it to the first two is unknown. However, the first depiction of the three-headed papal crown is dated 1342. The modern church interprets the number of crowns as a symbol of the Holy Trinity - father, son and spirit. With regard to the authority of the high priests, crowns are viewed as dominion over hell, earth, and heaven.

Pope's triple crown crowned with a cross. The official name of the headdress is triregnum. This is a Latin word. The cap, which once became the basis of the diadem, is of Persian origin, as is the name of the headdress "kamilavka". The Pope assumes power immediately after his election by the Conclave. This is the name of the council of cardinals considering candidates for high office. However, for centuries the high priests themselves took up their duties only after the coronation. However, since the 1970s, the procedure has been pushed aside. In 1963, Paul the 6th wore a tiara, and his successor, John Paul 1, is no longer there. All subsequent high priests did not do this either. The charter prescribed the possibility of choosing whether to be crowned or not. So far, dad's choice is not in favor of traditional hats.

The last tiara of the pope Paul the 6th is kept in one of the museums in Rome. The Pope gave the attribute of power there himself. The high priests stopped wearing crowns, but they did not stop presenting them to them. So, in 2010, for example, the tiara was presented to Benedict the 16th. A group of Catholics from Germany made a present to this pope. The headdress was ordered to be made by the specialists of the Sofia workshop, which specializes in the vestments of the ministers of religion. The gift was symbolic and served as a souvenir. The tiara is made of brass, silver and zinc. The sample is decorated with semiprecious minerals. Benedict the 16th gave the present for safekeeping to Bavaria, to the house where he was born. Now the building serves as a museum.

In terms of composition, a symbolic present to Benedict the 16th is odd to real papal crowns. Traditionally, they were made only from precious raw materials. Pure gold was used, as well as an alloy of this metal of the 750th test. The egg-shaped cap underlying the items was usually made of silk, embroidered with gems and pearls. Some crowns were made entirely of metal. The teeth were also decorated with diamonds and other precious stones. They also inlaid the cross on the top of the headdress. Tiaras of dads were not rated. They are still considered priceless and sacred.

True papal crowns cannot be found on sale. But, you can become the owner of other jewelry of the high priests. Thus, several of the jewels of the last crowned Pope Paul the 6th were put up for auction on eBay. The starting price of the lots was only $ 850. However, they sold a cross and a ring with diamonds for millions of conventional units. Both pieces are studded with diamonds. Total number crystals - 13. A dozen of them decorate the cross. There is only one stone on the ring, but its weight is almost 13 carats. In addition to the artistic value and the value of materials, things have a historical and cultural meaning. Buyers of papal jewelry were also ready to overpay for the investment prospects of the items.

By the way, the same Paul the 6th gave the lion's share of his attributes not to auctions, but to UN funds. Dad emphasized that he was presenting products for charitable purposes. The society sold gold items with diamonds, rubies, emeralds, sapphires for only $ 70,000. The low price was set on purpose in order to quickly raise funds and send them to help those in need.

Tiaras remained the only attributes of the high priests not subject to bargaining. Crowns are kept either by the popes themselves or in museums. Distinctive feature religious crowns are silk ribbons embroidered with precious threads and Catholic symbols. There is always a gold fringe at the ends of the stripes. The ribbons are attached to the back of the headgear. From the back of the head, matter falls onto the mantle of the heads of the church. By the way, the mantle remained in the everyday life of the dads. The high priests wear it to this day. The tiara was even removed from the coat of arms of the popes, where it had been adorned for many centuries. The image now includes other symbols of the Catholic Church - pallium and miter. Pallium is a white ribbon with 6 embroidered crosses. Miter is a trapezoidal hat worn by priests during divine services.

 

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