Africa
Option I
1. The state had the most possessions in Africa at the beginning of the 20th century:

2. Most African countries in terms of government are:
3.

4. The largest oil and gas fields are available in:
1) Libya, Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt 2) Libya, Nigeria, Zaire, Zambia 3) Algeria, Libya, Congo, Namibia
5.

6. The population in Africa (for 2004) was:
1) More than 600 million 2) More than 400 million 3) More than 800 million
7. Malagasy live in the territory:

8.

9. In the world market, Africa stands out for its industry:

10 In terms of gold mining, 1st place in the world is occupied by:
1) Congo 2) Egypt 3) South Africa
11.

The leading branch of agriculture is:

12. The main area of ​​drought and desertification in Africa:
1) hylaea 2) Sahel 3) selva
13. The state that occupies the 1st place in the world in terms of maritime cargo turnover:

Africa
Option II

2. In the world market, Africa stands out for its industry:
1) mining 2) mechanical engineering 3) chemical
4.

Over 70% of Africa is occupied by:
1) mountains 2) lowlands 3) plateaus, plateaus, highlands
5. The state had the most possessions in Africa at the beginning of the 20th century:
1) UK 2) France 3) Germany
6. Most African countries in terms of government are:
1) federal 2) monarchies 3) unitary
7. Federal countries include:
1) Nigeria, South Africa, Algeria 2) Nigeria, South Africa.

Ethiopia 3) Ethiopia, South Africa, Egypt
8. Monarchies of Africa:
1) Lessoto, Morocco, Swaziland 2) Morocco, Swaziland, Zambia 3) Swaziland, Lessoto, Liberia
9.

The "Copper Belt" is located on the territory of the states:
1) Zaire (Congo), South Africa 2) South Africa, Zambia 3) Zaire (Congo), Zambia
11. Most national parks are located on:
1) south and east 2) south and west 3) north and east
12.

The population in Africa (for 2004) was:
1) more than 600 million 2) more than 400 million 3) more than 800 million
13. Malagasy live in the territory:
1) South Africa 2) Nigeria 3) Madagascar
14. The largest oil and gas fields are available in:
1) Libya, Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt 2) Libya, Nigeria, Zaire, Zambia
3) Algeria, Libya, Congo, Namibia
15.

The southern part of the mainland is inhabited by:
1) Arabs 2) Bushmen and Hottentots 3) Boers
16. Dutch settlers in Africa are called:
1) Boers 2) Bushmen 3) Creoles
17. The main area of ​​drought and desertification in Africa:
1) hylaea 2) Sahel 3) selva
18.

In terms of gold mining, 1st place in the world is occupied by:
1) Congo 2) Egypt 3) South Africa
19. The leading branch of agriculture is:
1) crop production 2) animal husbandry
20. The state that occupies the 1st place in the world in terms of maritime cargo turnover:
1) Liberia 2) Egypt 3) Senegal

Republic of South Africa / Constitutional foundations, characteristics of the form of government

The country has a constitution of 1996 (came into force in 1997). The procedure for amending it depends on which chapter is being amended.

So, to change ch.

To edit other articles, the majority in the National Assembly must be 2/3 of the votes. Since the adoption of the constitution, 14 amendments have been made to it.

The Constitution guarantees equal voting rights (active and passive), freedom of political associations, freedom of speech and press, inviolability of private property, etc.

According to the constitution, the main document that lists the main principles relating to human rights is the Bill of Rights.

According to him, rights are divided into several categories: universal rights of a person and a citizen, rights in the sphere of relations between a citizen and the state, environmental rights.

The form of government cannot be unequivocally characterized as either parliamentary or presidential: on the one hand, the president has real political power, on the other hand, he is elected by the parliament and resigns in the event of the latter’s self-dissolution, which does not allow us to talk about a certain autonomy of the branches of government, which is typical for presidential republic.

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• Countries of the world
• Africa
• South Africa
  • Year of foundation
  • Geographic location, area, borders
  • Population
  • Human Development Index 1980–2012
  • Language(s)
  • Historical outline of political traditions
  • From the origins of statehood to the end of the Anglobourg War
  • Formation and development of apartheid
  • Dismantling apartheid and transition to democracy
  • Constitutional foundations, characteristics of the form of government
  • Separation and interaction various branches authorities
  • Features of the executive branch
  • Heads of State (Presidents) 1961–2014
  • Heads of government (prime ministers, after the proclamation of the republic) in 1958–1984
  • Features of the legislature
  • Features of the judiciary
  • Territorial-state structure
  • Local government and self-government
  • External influences on the formation and functioning of political institutions
  • Internal conflicts and splits
  • Official ideology, ideological splits and conflicts
  • Religion and the state, the role of religion in politics
  • Features of the party system
  • Representation political parties in the National Assembly following the 2004 general election
  • The political role of the military/power structures
  • NGOs, corporate components of the political system, interest groups and pressure groups
  • The position and role of the media
  • South Africa's position in the Press Freedom Index 2002-2012
  • Gender equality/inequality
  • National economy in the context of the world economy
  • Main indicators of the economy in 1990–2010
  • The structure of the GDP of South Africa, according to the World Bank in 2011
  • Weight in the global economy 1990–2006
  • Resources to influence international environment and international processes
  • Military spending 1990–2010
  • Participation in international organizations and regimes, main foreign counterparties and partners, relations with Russia
  • External and internal threats to the security of the state
  • South Africa's position in the Corruption Perceptions Index 1995-2012
  • Placement of the territory of the country in the zone of increased risk of natural disasters
  • Economic Threats
  • Threats to human security

A union (trade union, trade union) is a form of state structure in which the federal state is a state entity with legally defined political independence.
Federal device design:

Austria 2. Australia.

3. Argentina. 4. Belgium 5. Bosnia and Herzegovina 6. Germany 7. Russia 8. Switzerland 9. Serbia 10. Canada 11. Mexico 12. USA 13. Argentina 14. Brazil 15. Venezuela 16. Nigeria 17. Nepal. 18. India 19. Malaysia 20. Federated States of Micronesia 21. Myanmar 22. United Arab Emirates 23. Pakistan 24. Saint Kitts and Nevis 25. Sudan. 26. South Sudan 27. Somalia. 28. Ethiopia.
The rest of the countries are merged.
United country- a form of government in which its parts are administrative-territorial units and do not have the status of a national entity.

Unlike a federation, in a single state, there are the highest powers of state power, common for the whole country, a single legal system, a single constitution. Most of the countries are united.

The mainland occupies 1/5 of the land of the globe and is inferior in size. The population is over 600 million people. Currently, there are more than 50 sovereign states on the continent, most of which were colonies until the middle of the 20th century.

European colonization began in this region from the 16th century. Ceuta and Melilla - rich cities in (in the territory), the end points of the trans-Saharan trade route - were the first Spanish colonies. Further colonized mainly the West coast of Africa. By the beginning of the XX century. The "dark continent" had already been divided by the imperialist powers into dozens of colonies (see the atlases of Modern and Contemporary History, grades 9,10,11 of the secondary school).

Almost all African states are typologically assigned to the group. The exception is the only economically developed state on the continent - the Republic of South Africa.

The success of the struggle of African states to strengthen political and economic independence depends to a very large extent on which political forces are in power.

In 1963, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was established. Its goals are to help strengthen the unity and cooperation of the states of the continent, to defend their sovereignty, and to fight against all forms of neo-colonialism.

Another influential organization is the League of Arab States (LAS), formed in 1945. It includes the Arab countries of North Africa and countries. The League is in favor of strengthening the economic and political cooperation of the Arab peoples.

Most African countries from the era of wars of independence fell into the era of civil wars and ethnic conflicts. In many African states over the years of independent development general rule became a privileged position of the ethnic group whose representatives were in power. Hence the many inter-ethnic conflicts in the countries of this region.

About 20 years went on civil wars in Angola, and Mozambique; For many years, war, devastation and famine have reigned in Somalia. For more than 10 years, the inter-ethnic inter-confessional conflict has not stopped in Sudan (between the Muslim North and adherents of Christianity and traditional beliefs in the south of the country). In 1993, there was a military coup in Burundi, and there is a civil war in Burundi and Rwanda. The conflict spilled over to neighboring states. Civil wars are not uncommon in (the first of the countries of "black Africa", which gained independence back in 1847).

Democracy does not take root in - 23 years out of more than 30 years after gaining independence, the country lived under a military regime. In June 1993, democratic elections were held and immediately after that, another military coup, all democratic institutions of power were again dissolved, political organizations, rallies and meetings were banned.

Examples of the struggle for political power can be continued.

Nevertheless, there are practically no places left on the map of Africa where the problem of state independence has not been solved. The exception is Western, which has not yet acquired the status of an independent state, despite the 20-year struggle for liberation waged by the Polisario front. In the near future, the UN intends to hold a referendum in the country - independence or accession to Morocco?

Separately, the situation in the Republic of South Africa should be considered, where there is a transition from “democracy for a minority” to non-racial principles of local and central government: the elimination of apartheid and the creation of a unified, democratic and non-racial one. For the first time, non-racial presidential elections were held. Elected Mandela - the first black president of South Africa. Ex-president- Frederick de Klerk joined the coalition cabinet. South Africa is restored (after 20 years of absence) as a member of the UN.

In conclusion, we note that for many African countries the transition to political pluralism and multi-party system has become a big test. Nevertheless, it is precisely the stability of political processes in African countries that is the main condition for their further economic development.

Africa is the second largest continent in the world, while Eurasia holds the lead.

Interesting Facts about African countries:

• Algeria is the largest country in Africa. More than 80% of the territory is occupied by the Sahara desert.
• Angola. The capital of Angola - Luanda is considered the most expensive city to live in, but at the same time, 50% of the country's population cannot read and write.
• Benin is a small country, famous for the town of Ouida, which is considered the stronghold of the voodoo religion. Benin is one of the countries in Africa that fully provides itself with all the necessary food.
• Botswana is one of the least explored countries in Africa. More than 70% of the territory is occupied by desert.
  
  
• Burkina Faso is a country with a very low standard of living. It is rare to find a person over 65 years old in the country. The country is rarely visited by tourists.
• Burundi is a country without hospitals. There are only about 200 doctors and nurses in the entire state, so the level of medical care is one of the lowest in the world.
• Gabon is one of the most stable and rich on the African continent. About 80% of the country's territory is occupied by tropical forests.
• The Gambia is the smallest country in Africa by area.
• Ghana is the first state in West Africa to gain independence from the British people.
• Guinea is the leader in bauxite reserves. Included in the 10 poorest countries in the world.
• Guinea-Bissau. There is not a single power plant in the country. Electricity is supplied from city generators and is switched on for only 2-3 hours a day.
• Democratic Republic Congo. The main attraction of the republic is the Congo River, which is one of the deepest in the world.
• Djibouti is one of the driest countries in the world.
• Egypt is one of the cheapest and most popular resorts in the world. It is famous for its developed infrastructure in tourist cities. But outside the tourist area, the Egyptians live very poorly. It is in Egypt that one of the seven wonders of the world is located - the pyramid of Cheops.

  One of the wonders of the world is the Pyramid of Cheops. Egypt

• Zambia is the first country in Africa to make banknotes from plastic instead of paper. The most visited place by tourists is the village of artisans of Mukuni.
• Zimbabwe. One of the world's coffee exporters. The country is very high level unemployment in 2020 is about 80%.
• Cape Verde is a country of 18 islands. The state is engaged in the production and export of footwear.
• Cameroon. Half of the territory of the state is occupied by forests, in which the largest goliath frogs in the world live. The population lives below the poverty line, but despite this, the people of Cameroon are always hospitable and good-natured towards tourists.
• Kenya is the country with the largest East Africa international airport. Kenya is different from other states. There are no seasons in the country, there are only seasons: dry and rainy.
• Comoros. A country where it is impossible to pay with a bank card. There are no ATMs on the territory of the state.
• Congo is known for the most dangerous dormant volcano in the world - Newiragongo.
• Cote d'Ivoire. More than 60 peoples live in the state. It is in this country that the largest church in the world is located.
• Lesotho is located in the highlands. There are two diamond mines in the country.
• Liberia. The country has not yet fully recovered from the war in 1980. The population lives below the poverty line. The only country in the world without a single traffic light.
• Libya. 90% of the area is covered by desert. A state with a very limited number of animals and plants. The absence of flora and fauna is provoked by the arid climate.
• Mauritius is a tourist resort, which ranks second in terms of living standards on the African continent.
• Mauritania. All the rivers in this country dry up in the summer, except for one - Senegal. 100% of Mauritania's population is Muslim.
• Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world. The country is the world's first producer of vanilla.
• Malawi is the poorest republic in Africa. The country is known for its orchids; more than 400 species of them grow on the territory of the state.
• Mali. The country occupies one of the first places in the world in the export of gold.
• Morocco is a tourist country, which is visited by more than 10 million tourists annually. In the country, namely in Casablanca, there is the tallest religious building - the Hassan 2 Mosque.
• Mozambique. About 25% of the country's population do not consider themselves followers of any faith, although they are not atheists. Meat is rare in Mozambique.
• Namibia. On its territory is the world's largest underground lake. Tourists are attracted to Namibia by the "skeleton coast" - a surf line strewn with whale skeletons.

  Skeleton Coast is one of the most memorable places

• Niger. About 80% of the republic's area is occupied by the Sahara Desert. Niger is the first in the world in terms of fertility.
• Nigeria is the country that ranks first in Africa in terms of population. The country is engaged in the extraction and export of oil and oil products.
• Rwanda is the country with the highest inhabitants on the planet. Not in Rwanda railways and trams. The country is one of the few in Africa that does not experience a shortage of drinking water.
• Sao Tome and Principe are islands that are extinct volcanoes. The islands are popular with a local attraction - Mouth of Hell (a place in the rocks, from where a jet of sea water beats).
• Swaziland is a state with 2 capitals: Mbabane and Lobamba. The country is ruled by a king, but his power is partially limited by parliament. The republic ranks first in the world in terms of the number of HIV-infected people.
• Seychelles is one of the most expensive resorts in the world. The Seychelles consists of 115 islands, of which only 33 are inhabited.
• Senegal. The national symbol of this country is the baobab. The famous Paris-Dakar rally is held annually in the capital of Senegal.

  The Paris-Dakar Rally is a dream for many

• Somalia is one of the most armed countries in the world. For local residents, the constant carrying of firearms is considered the norm. Somalia is a country of anarchy.
• Sudan is a state where marriages with deceased people are allowed at the legislative level. Sudan is the world's largest importer of gum arabic.
• Sierra Leone. One of the poorest countries in the world. Half of the population of the republic cannot read and write.
• Tanzania. A third of the country is occupied by nature reserves. The republic is characterized by a low level of education. According to statistics, only half of Tanzania's children attend school. The country has 2 capitals and the largest crater in the world - Ngorongoro.
• Togo is a country known for having the largest traditional market in the world where you can buy absolutely everything. Togo is a country of contrasts, where monolithic elite high-rise buildings border on the adobe huts of the poor.
• Tunisia is a popular tourist country, famous not only for its unique culture and nature, but also for the Rose of the Sahara landmark. This crystal is formed in the desert from salt and sand. Many tourists buy a crystal as a souvenir to decorate aquariums and houses.

  The amazing phenomenon of the "Rose of the Sahara"

• Uganda is the youngest republic in the world. Average age residents of Uganda is 15 years. The country hosts one of the deepest lakes in the world - Albertina.
• CAR is a state with incredible reserves of uranium, gold, oil and diamonds. But despite this, the country is among the 30 poorest republics in the world.
• Chad. The country is named after Lake Chad, which is located on its territory. There is no complete rail link in the country. This republic strikes with its dry and arid climate, the maximum temperature in the shade in summer reaches 56 degrees Celsius.
• Equatorial Guinea is a state in which the earth is painted bright red due to the special composition of the soil. IN Equatorial Guinea gold mining is available to everyone.
• Eritrea is one of the poorest countries on the planet. Not in Eritrea national language. This country became famous in the world thanks to the 30-year war of independence.
• Ethiopia is the most populated landlocked state on the planet. Ethiopia is an agricultural country where cereals, sugarcane, potatoes and cotton are grown.
• South Africa is the most diverse national republic African continent. South Africa is the most developed country in Africa.
• South Sudan is one of the least developed republics in Africa. The country does not even have running water. South Sudan is famous for constant civil wars and political upheavals.

The area of ​​South Africa is 3.1 million square meters. km. The region is characterized by the development of the mining industry.

Table: South African countries

North Africa washed by mediterranean sea, Atlantic Ocean and Red Sea. The area is about 10,000,000 sq. km. Most of this part of the African continent is occupied by the Sahara Desert.

Table: North African countries

West Africa is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. Covers the Sahel and Sudan regions. This part of the continent is leader in the number of HIV infections and malaria.

Table: West African countries

The states of Central Africa in 2020 have a very good complex natural resources Therefore, the countries are not only actively developing the industrial sector, but are also the leading subjects of the foreign trade of the African continent.

Table: Central African countries

East Africa occupies the highest part of the mainland. It is in this part that the highest point in Africa, Kilimanjaro, is located. Most of the territory is savannas. East Africa has the largest number of national and protected parks. East Africa is characterized by frequent civil wars and armed conflicts.

Table: East African countries

On the territory of the African continent there are 55 countries that are washed by:

1. Mediterranean sea.
2. by the Red Sea.
3. Indian Ocean.
4. Atlantic Ocean.

The area of ​​the African continent is 29.3 million square kilometers. If we take into account the islands near Africa, then the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthis continent increases to 30.3 million square kilometers.

The African continent occupies approximately 6% of the entire area of ​​the globe.

most big country in Africa is Algeria. The area of ​​this state is 2,381,740 square kilometers.

Table. Largest states in Africa:

List of largest cities by population:

1. Nigeria - 166,629,390 people. In 2017, it was the most populated country in Africa.
2. Egypt - 82,530,000 people.
3. Ethiopia - 82,101,999 people.
4. Republic of the Congo. The population of this African country is 69,575,394 inhabitants.
5. Republic of South Africa. In 2017, 50,586,760 people lived in South Africa.
6. Tanzania. 47,656,370 people live in this African country.
7. Kenya. This African country has a population of 42,749,420.
8. Algeria. This country of tropical Africa is home to 36,485,830 people.
9. Uganda - 35,620,980 people.
10. Morocco - 32,668,000 people.

The African continent occupies 20% of the land surface of planet Earth. Its map of area and population is in second place after Eurasia. The countries of the continent are developing countries, many of them are backward. Most people live in capitals and large cities.

Africa is located simultaneously in all four hemispheres. The shores of the mainland in the west are washed by the cold waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and in the southeast by the warm waters of the Indian Ocean. The northern part of the coast borders the Mediterranean Sea. The northeastern coastline faces the Red Sea.

origin of name

There are several assumptions about the origin of the name of the mainland, one of which was voiced by the Arab traveler Leo Africanus (XVI century). He claimed that the name has Arabic roots, from the word "faraka" - "to divide." The interpretation implies the separation of Africa and Eurasia (particularly Asia) by the Red Sea.

Another hypothesis is connected with the Roman conquests of the lands of modern Tunisia in the 2nd century BC. BC. A colony called Africa was founded in the occupied territories, after the Afarik tribes living there.

Continent area

The total area of ​​Africa is 30,221,53 km2. From north to south, the mainland stretches for 7623 km, from west to east 7260 km.

Extreme points on the mainland

The names and locations of the points are summarized in the table:

Relief

Africa is located on an ancient platform, due to which it has a surface consisting mainly of plains and plateaus in the center of the mainland and hills along the periphery. Height - 750 m above sea level.

The relief is different in the northwestern and southeastern parts:

The map has a conditional border between the African countries of Angola and Ethiopia. The extinct volcano Kilimanjaro, located 339 km from the capital of Tanzania, Dodoma, is the highest point on the mainland, which is at a level of 5895 m. Lake Assal is located in the Afar depression, which is the lowest point in Africa. The bottom of the lake is 157 cm below sea level.

Population

The population of the mainland is 1.3 billion people. The average density is 25-30 people per km2.

Accommodation of people (number of people per km 2):

• Valley of the Nile - 1700.
• Islands: Mauritius - 667, Comoros - 433, Seychelles - 197.
• East Africa, the republics of Rwanda, Burundi - 421.
• Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia - 60-70.
• Botswana, Libya, Namibia, Mauritania - 2-4.
• Sahara desert - 0.4.

Racial settlement:

• Representatives of the Caucasian race are dispersed in Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia. Settlers from Holland and England live in the southern part of the mainland.
• Representatives of the Negroid race occupy central and southern Africa.

Climate

The formation of the African climate is influenced by the position of the mainland in the tropics, the flat terrain and the proximity of the Atlantic and Indian oceans.

Climatic conditions in the equatorial zone are represented by high temperatures (on average 26-28C 0) and frequent precipitation up to 5000 mm per year. Due to this, there is a high level of humidity and the growth of abundant vegetation in the form of impenetrable jungles and tropical forests (Gilea).

In the subequatorial climatic zone, there is a clear separation of the rainy and dry seasons. During the dry period, the average temperature reaches +30С 0 . Duration from 3 to 10 months. During the rainy season, the annual amount of precipitation does not exceed 1000 mm, the average temperature is + 20С 0.

The territory of the tropical zone is subject to high temperatures, the average is + 35-40С 0. In the deserts of the Sahara, Kalahari, during the day the temperature can reach + 58С 0, and at night it can fall below 0С 0. Precipitation is scarce, from 0 to 100 mm per year. The tropics are characterized by dry trade winds and sandstorms.

In the subtropical zone on the northern and western side, dry summers and wet winters are observed with more than 500 mm of precipitation per season. The average temperature is +20С 0 . In the southeast, precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year.

African countries

Africa, the map (with countries and capitals) of which includes 62 states, is divided into 5 regions:

Of these, 54 states are recognized as independent, the rest belong to the territories of France, SADR, Spain, Portugal, and Great Britain.

North Africa

The map of northern Africa occupies a vast territory of 10 million km2. This part of the mainland includes the Sahara desert and the largest African countries with an area of ​​more than 1.5 million km 2: Egypt, Algeria, Sudan, Libya. Due to the large influx of tourists to the capital of Egypt (Cairo), Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, the economy is developing.

Access to the Mediterranean provides favorable trade relations with Europe and Asia. The extraction of minerals has been established - phosphorites, oil, natural gas. Developed industry. Agricultural land is occupied by the cultivation of cereals, cotton, citrus fruits, and olives.

South Africa

It occupies an area of ​​3.1 million km 2. The population is 48.9 million, of which 79% is the Negroid race. The main religion is Protestantism and Catholicism.

Largest cities: Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria, Port Elizabeth. The southern part of the mainland is rich in gold, diamonds and iron ore. Of agricultural crops, residents prefer corn, wheat, sorghum, yams.

In South Africa, the number of people infected with HIV is more than 6 million (18%), which corresponds to the scale of the epidemic.

Central Africa

It is located in the center of the mainland in the equatorial and subequatorial belts. Territory - 7.3 million km 2. Due to the humid climate, it has large forest areas, which are used by local residents for timber harvesting. Grow cocoa beans, yams, rice, fruits, sugar cane. Cattle breeding is developed in the desert regions. Mainly cattle and sheep are bred.

Central Africa is rich in copper, diamonds, as well as cobalt and lead ores. Industry, in accordance with the rich diversity of natural resources, is developed in several directions: woodworking, oil refining, metalworking and textiles.

East Africa

It stretches along the coast of the Indian Ocean, the area is 7.7 million km 2. The population is 94 million people, of which 99% are Africans, and 1% are Europeans, Indians and Arabs. The region is distinguished by a rich variety of soils, flora and fauna.

Animal husbandry flourishes and Agriculture(coffee, spices, tea, tobacco, grapes). The presence of islands comfortable for recreation (Seychelles, Madagascar) attracts a large flow of tourists. The slowdown in the development of the region is caused by long-term conflicts between ethnic groups and civil wars.

West Africa

West Side The African continent has an area of ​​5.1 million km 2 and includes 16 states. In the southwest it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, in the east - the Cameroon Mountains, in the north - the Sahara, with which the Sahel serves as a border. Here the first independent state of Ghana was formed, throwing off the shackles of colonialism.

West Africa is considered a poor and underdeveloped region, despite the rich deposits of minerals (oil, uranium, ore, tin, diamonds, gold). The population is engaged in the cultivation of monocultures (cocoa, peanuts, palm oil).

Political situation unstable: terrorist acts, coup d'état, protests are recorded.

The main attractions of Africa

Africa (map with countries and capitals) is famous for its sights. Man-made monuments and amazing nature with its variety of rare species of plants and animals amaze the imagination.

The majestic pyramids of Egypt or the Pyramids of Giza

The Pyramids of Giza consist of a diagonal complex of the pyramids of Cheops, Herf, Menkaur and small satellite pyramids that serve as tombs for the wives of the pharaohs. The majestic buildings are located on the Giza plateau in the Libyan Desert, not far from the ancient city of the same name. They date back to the first half of the third millennium BC, during the time of the rulers of Egypt of the IV dynasty.

Pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs. The initial height was: Cheops - 146.7 m, Herf - 136.4 m, Menkaure - 66 m. Outside, the Cheops and Herf pyramids were lined with limestone, and Menkaure with pink granite. Inside the pyramids there are tunnels, a gallery, underground and ground chambers with air ducts.

Great Sphinx

The sculpture of the Sphinx is facing east, behind it are the pyramids of Giza. Made in the form of a mythical creature with a human head and a lion's body. The face of the Sphinx is damaged: the nose and ceremonial beard are missing. Between the paws of the sculpture is a granite slab, installed by order of Thutmose IV. Under the left paw is hidden a secret room with an underground passage leading to Herf's pyramid.

The monument is made of limestone blocks, its length is 72 m, width 20 m. The author and purpose of the sculpture are still unknown.

Valley of the Kings

It is a mountain gorge with the tombs of the pharaohs and their wives of the 16th-11th centuries. BC, located on the west bank of the Nile, near Thebes. The internal structure of the tombs is represented by a long tunnel and a burial chamber. The walls are painted with paintings depicting the deeds and great deeds of the deceased. Jewelry, precious stones, expensive utensils were buried together with the deceased.

During the entire period of research, 63 tombs were found. Mummies of rulers with sarcophagi were transported to the Cairo Museum.

Cairo Museum

Located in the capital of Egypt on Tahrir Square, 650 km from the Valley of the Kings. The credit for founding the museum in 1858 belongs to the French Egyptologist Auguste Mariet.

The Cairo Museum is a treasure trove of more than 160 thousand exhibits of a bygone civilization. The first floor is occupied by voluminous and heavy sarcophagi, statues made of stone and granite, a collection of papyri, as well as fragments of walls with paintings from tombs. Mummies of pharaohs and their wives, jewelry, figurines of gods, and ritual accessories were placed on the second floor.

Ancient city of Carthage

Africa (map with countries and capitals) contains the history of states and cities that were destroyed during the conquests and the struggle for power. One of these places is ancient Carthage, the ruins of which are preserved on the hill of Byrsa in the territory of modern Tunisia.

The city was founded by the Phoenicians in 814 BC. Subsequently destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC, cleared of rubble and rebuilt to form an administrative center. Today, on the site of old Carthage, foundations with walls of houses and Roman baths, columns, steles, tophet (the burial place of sacrificed children and animals) have been preserved. The Museum of Carthage was erected on the top of the hill.

Bandiagara

In Mali, in western Africa, there is a unique natural complex with the Dogon tribe inhabiting it. This is the Bandiagara Highlands. The object is an elevated precipitous plain, with sandstone cliffs located on it, which reach 500 m in height and extend for 150 km.

In the rocks and on the plains, clay villages of the Dogon were built - the keepers of ancient traditions and rituals. Granaries, chapels, altars, places of public meetings, burials of tellems (precursors of the Dogon) were arranged in the caves. Rock paintings (XIV-XV centuries) are a shrine in which every 3 years a circumcision of ten-year-old boys is carried out.

Victoria Falls

It is located on the Zambezi River, between the two South African states of Zambia and Zimbabwe. The width of the Victoria Falls is 1800 m, the height is 120 m. The visibility of the fog formed when the water falls extends for 50 km. In the language of the locals, the name of the waterfall sounds like “Buzzing Smoke”.

At the edge of the waterfall, a depression is formed, filled with water and called the "Devil's Pool". During the drought period, the water level drops, which allows tourists to swim safely in this backwater.

Dallol volcano in Ethiopia

The volcano is located in the Afar basin of the Danakil desert, 48 m below sea level. This is a dormant volcano, the last activity was recorded in 1926. Then an acid lake formed in its place.

The color of the surface of the crater shimmers from yellow to brown. This is due to the leaching of potassium salts, manganese, and iron ions from the depths of the volcano. Salt crystals and fumaroles create an amazing landscape, which is why Dallol is compared to the moon of Jupiter.

Ethiopian Danakil Desert

The Danakil Desert occupies 100,000 km 2 of the area of ​​two states - Ethiopia in its northern part and Eritrea in the southeast.

It is considered one of the most dangerous places on the planet due to high volcanic activity. On the territory of Danakil there are 6 volcanoes, 3 of which are dormant, 1 dormant and 2 active. The air in the desert is saturated with poisonous sulfur vapors, and the temperature is kept within + 50C 0. Acid and oil lakes are found along its entire length.

Sahara Desert

Sahara is located in the northern part of the African continent and covers an area of ​​6-8 million km 2. The sands of the desert extend over the territory of 10 states. Sahara is unsuitable for life due to high humidity and temperature (+50С 0 during the day, below 0 at night). The exception is oases, where inland waters come to the surface and contribute to the growth of vegetation necessary to feed livestock.

The fauna is represented by 4,000 species, many of which come to the surface only at night. The bowels of the Sahara are rich in minerals: oil, gas, gold, copper, uranium.

Namib Desert

The Namib is called the place that God created in anger. The southwestern location of the desert on the mainland played a role in its formation due to the Benguela Current off the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The Namib goes deep into the mainland and joins the Kalahari, covering an area of ​​100,000 km2.

This is the oldest desert, its age is more than 80 million years. On the territory you can find rare shrubs, herbs and the amazing Velvichia plant.

In the middle of the desert dried and charred tree trunks, which are more than 1000 years old, have been preserved. Sand on the periphery of the Namib yellow color, and in the center has a red-brown tint. The dunes and dunes stretch up to 20 km in length, and the highest of them reaches 383 m.

Giraffe Center in Kenya

The center, founded in 1970 in the suburbs of Nairobi, serves as a habitat for the rare species of Rothschild giraffes (no more than 700 worldwide). A program is being implemented here to prevent the extinction of the subspecies. Individuals breed in the conditions of the reserve and are subsequently released into the wild.

A hotel for tourists has been built on the territory of the center, which makes it possible to take a closer look at giraffes and feed them by hand right from the windows of the rooms.

Valley of the Whales Wadi al-Khitan

Wadi al-Hitan is located in the north of Egypt in Faiyum. It is a protected area where the remains and waste products of ancient whales (archaeocetes), sharks, crocodiles, turtles are collected.

Fossils have allowed paleontologists to reproduce appearance whales. Studies have shown that in the process of evolution, land archaeocetes lost their hind limbs, the shape of the body became streamlined, and the habitat changed to aquatic.

Baobab Sunland

Baobab Sunland is located on a farm of the same name in the Limpopo province in southern Africa. He gained fame due to his age (more than 6000 years) and size: height 22 m, trunk circumference 46 m.

Having freed the baobab from the internal decayed part, the owners of the farm in 1933 set up a beer bar with a cellar there. The capacity was 15 people. The inner part consisted of two cavities with partitions connected by a narrow passage. In 2016 and 2017 most of the baobab split and was destroyed.

Kirstenbosch garden

The Botanical Garden was founded in 1913 at the foot of the Stem Mountain, 13 km from Cape Town. The total area of ​​green spaces is 528 hectares and contains more than 7,000 rare plant species.

On the territory of Kirstenbosch, greenhouses are equipped, in which plants of endangered species from the savannas, karru, are bred. Near each type of flowers, bushes information plates are placed. Particular attention is paid to the national symbol of South Africa - evergreen proteas. In areas not subject to cultivation, thickets of bushes, flowers and forests of stunted trees grow.

Congo river

The Congo is a full-flowing river 4370 m long, located in the central part of the African continent. It originates in the southeast of the DRC and flows into the Atlantic Ocean, crossing the equator twice. The food of the Congo comes from rainwater.

The main attractions of the Congo:

• Semiporozhny Stanley Falls, with a fall height of 60 m. Included in the Guinness Book of Records.
• Livingston Falls - sections of the river with rapids, with a total length of 350 km and a fall of 270 m.

Cape of Good Hope

Located in South Africa, 70 km from Cape Town. It is the southern tip of the Cape Peninsula, which, making a bend to the north, ends at the extreme southwestern point, called Cape Point. It is in this place that a lighthouse with a sign "Cape of Good Hope" and an observation deck are installed.

The cape has beaches with white and yellow sand and unique fauna (penguins, cheetahs, rhinos). It is famous for the fact that in this place the confluence of the Indian and Atlantic oceans occurs, which is clearly seen in the color and temperature difference of the waters.

Mount Kilimanjaro

Kilimanjaro is located in East Africa in the Republic of Tanzania. It is a dormant cone-shaped stratovolcano with three peaks: Shira, Kibo, Mawenzi. The highest of them - 5895 m (Uhuru peak of the Kibo volcano) is covered with a glacier. The peaks are extinct volcanoes.

There are 5 climate zones on Kilimanjaro. Up to a level of 3000 m, fruits, forests grow, meadows bloom. At 4000-5000 m the vegetation gives way to wasteland. Above 5000 m, the Arctic zone begins, where there is no flora and fauna.

dragon mountains

They are located in the southeast of the African continent, south of Kilimanjaro. The ridge of the basalt Dragon Mountains stretches for 300 km in length, and the highest point reaches 3482 m (Thabana-Ntlenyana). In their length they pass through the territories of South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho. They are part of the Drakensberg National Park.

The age of the mountains is 400 million years, which is confirmed by the presence of the remains of dinosaurs and their embryos in the rock layers. Nature and fauna are represented by rare endemics.

Serengeti

The national park is located in Tanzania, while its northern part smoothly passes into the Masai Mara reserve (Kenya), and the southeastern part into the Ngorongoro crater. The foundation of the park is attributed to 1951. The area of ​​​​the territory is 14763 km 2.

The landscape of the park is flat, with alternating safaris, forests and meadows. The unique flora and fauna contains 500 species of birds, 3 million large animals and over 1000 rare plants.

Limpopo River

The river crosses the southern part of the continent in South Africa, Mozambique, Botswana, Zimbabwe and flows into the Indian Ocean. It originates in the Witwatersrand mountains, taking many tributaries along its way. The total length is 1750 km.

The river is famous for the abundance of crocodiles and hippos in its waters.

Mining industry (gold, diamonds, uranium) and partly shipping are developed in its basin. Part of the river is part of the Kruger National Park.

table mountain

Located in the Western Cape province, 7.5 km southwest of Cape Town. highest point 1085 m. The mountain is made of sandstone, has steep slopes and a flat top with an area of ​​3 km, formed due to erosion and weathering.

At the top there is a park with orchids, silver trees and fynbos. For the convenience of tourists, a funicular was built. Through a worldwide vote, Table Mountain has been recognized as one of the 7 wonders of nature.

Africa (map with countries and capitals) is replete with interesting places worth visiting.

Of these, the most popular are:

Tourists from all over the world flock to Africa, the hallmark of which is the heritage of ancient civilizations, preserved traditions, culture of countries and capitals, as well as unique flora and fauna.

Article formatting: Mila Fridan

Video about Africa

Animal world of Africa:

Satellite map of Africa. Explore satellite map of Africa online in real time. detailed map Africa is based on satellite imagery high resolution. As close as possible, the satellite map of Africa allows you to explore in detail the streets, individual houses and sights of Africa. The map of Africa from the satellite easily switches to the normal map mode (scheme).

Africa- part of the world, which includes the mainland Africa and numerous islands. In terms of area, Africa is the second continent after. Africa is washed by the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In total, there are 55 states in Africa, 5 unrecognized countries and the same number of dependent island countries. According to scientists, Africa is the cradle of mankind, because it was on the territory of this continent that the remains of hominids, the ancient ancestors of modern man, were discovered.

The climate in Africa is varied. This is the only continent that includes climatic zones ranging from the southern subtropical to the northern subtropical. Since the equator crosses Africa, and in many areas there is practically no sufficient amount of precipitation, there is no natural regulation of the climate in Africa.

In terms of nature and wildlife, Africa is the most exotic continent with great diversity, contrasts and the most beautiful and unique landscapes and landscapes that can hardly be seen anywhere else.

Africa- a real storehouse of various attractions that belong to various civilizations and peoples. The most popular and visited African attractions are Pyramids of Egypt, Serengeti reserves, Victoria Falls. In Africa, the modernity of large states and the originality of small, few peoples and tribes are harmoniously combined.

The African world is not just beautiful, unique and inimitable. It is this exotic that attracts tourists. Africa is a fairly hospitable country, and any traveler will find entertainment to their liking. In Africa, you can go surfing, diving, ecotourism, or prefer a calm and measured holiday on the lakes or on the ocean or sea. Africa is also famous for its desert safaris and national parks.