There is one thing that everyone asks about: “What needs to be done to develop personality to get stronger? " Tell, fear- the only obstacle, or are there others? Could you advise some good way development personality eg your acropolis path? HAL: Yes, fear- this is one of the reasons, today we are all a little afraid of everything. I could not free myself ...

https: //www.site/psychology/14137

During the Duration of All Their Life ... (I would say that these People were looking for Themselves, and Science, as well as Their Own Development Personalities, Identified with each other as a Single Whole, and this Whole was Completely Dedicated to Their Creativity, the Art of Thought and Work ... IN THE REALITY UNACCEPTED BY THEM !!! Cognition Needed - Courage to Go Forward Without Of fear and preserving Your Own Regalia. It is necessary to sweep aside all that is false, obsolete and that has become an ALREADY UNNECESSARY BRAKE HINDING PRO-MOVEMENT ...

https: //www.site/journal/16155

Etc. One must clearly define in oneself what developed stronger, and do not forget to put it into practice. In this work, we will mainly focus on development feeling. The first most important principle for penetrating into the understanding of another creature ... to concentrate your attention on Petya and feeling like Vasya at the same time. Who holds on tightly to his personality, they may encounter fear leaving yourself. Personality will protest - its importance drops sharply from such meditations. She is no longer the only one ...

https: //www.site/religion/1868

After all, fear is nothing more than an enemy who fights for power over our consciousness. Indecision, doubt and fear- these are the three main obstacles on the way development personality... Indecision gradually turns into doubt and generates fear... This trio of paralyzing power arises imperceptibly and always sticks together: where there are signs of one, it is easy ...

https: //www.site/psychology/15280

Man by fate or life. How she will manifest herself fully depends on the level development personality... The more integrated personality with a soul, the more stable is willpower, which manifests itself as controlled energy: from dynamic ... people with remarkable willpower are conscious and spiritually developed creatures. This is true, but only in part. For the will often manifests itself through unconscious instruments personality... But we are looking at something else, namely the ability to preserve ...

https: //www..html

Not for our good. Much more often this is done for manipulative purposes - in order to obtain financial or political gain at the expense of our fear... And at the expense of our physical and psychological health. After all, the constant fear always distorts personality, it mobilizes the most primitive, dark energy and usually serves the most nefarious purposes. When a person is in power ...

https: //www.site/psychology/12192

Or a deceitful disguise. Sometimes a person, entangled in the web of mechanized relationships, forgets about his calling to be personality... He chooses life as an organism, caring only about the satisfaction of his biological needs, or ... a person. Biological - the termination of the physiological functions of the body. Social - the irreparable loss of your place in society; sometimes fear before the loss of his social "mask" leads a person to commit suicide - for example, he cannot pay off ...

I have not met people who would speak out positively about their fears, although fear is an emotion associated with a sense of danger, real or imagined, and mobilizes the body to implement avoidant behavior, escape. At the moment when people are frightened, their body reflexively goes into a state of "combat readiness" - the pulse, breathing quickens, the muscles tense, attention is concentrated for a quick and effective response to the threat from the outside. In this way, nature protects us.

If the brain knows in advance that the deviations are normal and there is no real threat, then the person experiences pleasant sensations, pleasure from the adrenaline rush. The secret to enjoying the thrill lies in the brain's ability to correctly assess the reality of a threat. It also explains why people enjoy skydiving, bungee jumping and extreme sports. Those who do this claim that their sense of danger is diminished by their skill and previous experience. We strive for such sensations in order to explore new opportunities, find new sources of food, better places to live and good allies, emotionally color our lives.

Some philosophers consider fear to be a harmful emotion with bad consequences, while others, especially those who view fear as a predominantly biological phenomenon, consider this state to be beneficial because it warns of dangerous situations. The emotion of fear, like the sensation of pain, ensures the self-preservation of the individual, and becomes unproductive or dangerous only in the most intense and lasting manifestations such as horror or phobias.

Lack of self-control can lead to social problems, misbehavior and stupid and dangerous behavior. The tendency to uncontrollable manifestation of fear is called cowardice.

The replacement of biological fears with social fears occurs rather gradually, but is irreversible. A baby is afraid of loud sounds, darkness and loneliness, having matured a little and having been in the hospital, he begins to be afraid of injections and people in white coats that cause pain. Along with entering school, fears of teachers, not learned lessons and lateness arise, and since bees or fire "bite" less often than a strict teacher or a stern father scolds, they are more afraid of the latter. And, over time, social fears come to the fore, pushing aside more primitive factors of survival.

The specific forms of manifestation of social fears depend on the characteristics of the historical era and the type of society. For example, in the 18th century, the fear of being considered a coward among a nobleman who received a challenge to a duel was stronger than the fear of probable death, which was almost inevitable if the opponent was obviously stronger. And a person went out under a pistol shot or a blow with a sword, and died with the thought that he would not be called a coward. Or the fear of being buried in the no-man's land of Stoneland, where only ardent criminals were buried.

Among the many social fears (more than three hundred phobias are read), eight main types can be distinguished, forming four pairs of fears:
1) leadership and subordination;
2) fear of responsibility;
3) fears of success and failure;
4) fears of close social contacts.

Let's consider the most "interesting" types of fears.
Fear of a boss, boss, boss, commander, teacher, etc. is a typical type of social fear. Human society is hierarchical: someone commands, and someone is forced to obey. The degree of authority of the boss has gradually changed in the course of history, and now the boss cannot execute a slave, as it was in the era of antiquity, he has no right to use corporal punishment, but he can deprive him of the bonus, fire him or simply raise his voice. It would seem that this is terrible: if you don't like your boss, change your job and find someone else, but for many people who are not confident in themselves, this option seems unacceptable. So they have to endure and be afraid of their bosses, and they perfectly feel this and use their power. Thus, in some people a false feeling is created and perpetuated that their boss has the power to execute and have mercy, can scold and punish, and the life and well-being of the employee depends on him.

Fear of responsibility for the task, organization, sports team, family, subordinates. According to experts, this fear, which served as the starting point for millions of cases of hypertension, atherosclerosis, stomach ulcers, heart attacks and strokes, claimed more lives than all wars on Earth. The fear of responsibility, practically, has no biological roots, but is conditioned almost exclusively social mechanisms... The essence of this fear lies in the fact that, when making some important decision, a person takes responsibility for its consequences, and in case of failure, he is not only threatened with condemnation or punishment from society, but, even worse, he is often doomed to long-term self-accusations that can poison the rest of your life. That is why many people do not like to make responsible decisions, preferring that others do it for them. The fear of responsibility leads not only to the appearance of disturbing thoughts, but also quite visibly affects the metabolism of a person and his physiological functions. Bodily changes can manifest themselves both in the form of an increase in activity, when a person becomes restless and fussy, and in the form of a decrease in it - hypodynamia, lethargy.

Social fear of failure is associated with the fear of failing in some field, be it career, business, school, or personal life. This group includes the fear of exams, widespread among students, and others. As a separate type, the fear of undertaking is included. This very common fear, apparently, was experienced by all people and more than once, only not everyone admitted to it. Fear May Be: Lesson One young teacher, the first date of a young girl, the first steps in their own business, getting a job, giving a presentation, wedding, responsible competition, etc. All these events are united by the fact that they are new for a person, important for him, and therefore frightening. Fear helpfully throws various options for failure to the consciousness, and the frightened consciousness obediently looks through one option after another.
The types of social fear of failure are:
a) Fear of being rejected, because of which some people do not ask other people to help them, and those sometimes do not know about the desires of such "shy" people, although they could well do some kind of good deed for them.
b) Fear of poverty, because of which people save money, denying themselves everything, and when they decide to spend, then the time is already wasted.
c) The fear of not being able to pay off debts, because of which people do not take out a loan, missing out on profitable opportunities, while the accumulated savings are "eaten up" by inflation.
Social fear of success is characteristic of people who are not quite confident in themselves, who have come to terms with their position and are deeply afraid that if they succeed, they will have to take on new responsibilities, make additional efforts and hold on to the positions they have won. It would seem that this fear is the opposite of the fear of failure, but this fear is also based on a feeling of self-doubt. Practical psychologists note that the fear of success can become even more dangerous for the self-development of a person than the fear of failure, since a person is sure that he will still fall from a height, then he decides not to go in for mountaineering at all. Success in this case is seen by a person as dangerous, and he begins to avoid it, condemning himself to dull vegetation.

Fear of loneliness. Man is a contradictory being. On the one hand, he wishes
to delimit oneself from the rest of the human mass and realize oneself as a separate person, which ultimately inevitably causes the fear of isolation and loneliness. On the other hand, he strives for self-giving, self-denial, merging with the people around him, which leads to fears consisting in the fear of losing his own “I”. In the "There is no God" model, you cannot really get rid of this disease. The model creates it herself, turning it into an incurable chronicle. In the "God is" model, a person cannot feel lonely.

The fear of loneliness can be experienced by a girl who is in love with her boyfriend and fears that he might leave her, parents who are afraid that their growing children will leave to study in another city, etc. Such fears are characteristic of individuals who initially strive for dedication, trusting close contacts, and who have a passionate desire to love and be loved. F. Riemann attributed such people to "depressive" personalities, pointing out that such people easily slip into depression if they are denied love. He wrote: “Depressive individuals seek to achieve maximum intimacy and, if possible, keep it. They have so little developed egoistic aspirations aimed at providing "I" that any distance, any distance and separation from a partner causes them fear, and they make attempts to reduce the distance.

The opposite form of social fear is the fear of letting another in too closely. Some people who are influenced by impulses to increase self-reliance will fear openness and self-giving. The life of such people is associated with an increased desire for independence, which leads to their isolation from others. Their fear of intimacy will intensify when they need to approach others or when others approach. Fritz Riemann calls such individuals "schizoids" and writes that in order to protect themselves from fear of intimacy, they strive to achieve the maximum possible independence. They diligently avoid emotional contact with their environment, which leads to increased egocentrism and more and more isolation. According to Riemann, such people, due to isolation and loneliness, may have a fear of going crazy, which reflects the experience of the schizoid of losing his individuality and his insecurity in this world.

The fear of evaluations can take two opposite forms: the fear of negative evaluations from others, on the one hand, and the fear of inattention from other people, on the other. Fear of negative assessment (shyness) means being afraid of people, especially those from whom, for some reason, an emotional threat comes: strangers because of their unknown and uncertainty; bosses endowed with power; members of the opposite sex due to the potential for intimate contact. The reason for shyness can be a strong fear experienced in childhood by a child, fear that makes him subsequently avoid initiative in contacts with other people.

Close to this fear is the fear of condemnation from others, where it is not the final result of his activity that comes to the fore in the mind, but the reaction of the closest social environment. In this case, according to the person, an attempt to do something new, which turned out to be wrong, will be met with condemnation. As D. Burns notes, the risk of rejection seems so real that an insecure person accepts as low a level of claims and activity as possible. The slogan "He who does not play, he does not lose" becomes the leading one, while the task of the psychologist dealing with such a person is to replace it with the statement: "The one who crawls does not fall, the one who runs falls down." Such a turn of thought should make the patient feel that with the previous strategy of behavior, he has no chance of achieving success in life.

This group of fears includes the fear of speaking in the company of unfamiliar people, because of which many, in general, not stupid people doom themselves to painful silence in an environment where they could well shine with knowledge or a fresh anecdote.
Some people are characterized by the fear of looking worse than others because of old or unfashionable clothes, lack of jewelry (for girls). The secret of elegance, for people suffering from their complexes, lies in the wording: “Only what you wear without self-esteem looks cheap ".

Fear of inattention from other people
This type of fear is characteristic of demonstrative, hysterical individuals who get upset if they are not paid attention to. They don't care what the occasion will be - the main thing is that they are talked about, looked at, admired, or at least hated. Their main fear is to become gray and invisible, to be ignored by the public. Such people go to the artists and become heroes of scandalous chronicles. Their credo is to attract attention at any cost!

In the process of treating phobias, the patient is exposed to the object of fear in order to help him overcome his fears. One of the types of such treatment is the impact of a situation in which the patient is faced with the object of fear for a long time, without the possibility of escape. The purpose of this method is to help the person come face to face with their fear and understand that the object of fear is not harming them. The methods of dealing with fear have not changed much so far. Only today are we trying to overcome fear through pharmacological means, and not through sacrifice and magic spells; however, fear still remains with us.

Fear is an inevitable companion of our life. Constantly changing, he accompanies us from birth to death. The entire history of mankind consists of attempts to overcome, diminish, overpower, or curb fear. Magic, religion and science contribute to this process. The hope of being able to live without fear remains an illusion; it permeates human existence and is a reflection of our dependence and our knowledge of the inevitability of death. We are only trying to oppose him with courage, trust, knowledge, strength, hope, obedience, faith and love, the pills of the “Third Reich” or the People's Commissar's 100 grams. It helps us to cope with fear and explain it, but it constantly wins again. We are skeptical about methods aimed at freeing from fear: they do not live up to our expectations.

Fear exists regardless of the culture and level of development of the people or its individual representatives; the only thing that changes is the objects of fear, because as soon as we believe that we have conquered or overcome fear, another type of it appears, as well as other means and measures aimed at overcoming it. We are no longer afraid of thunder and lightning, eclipses of the sun and others celestial bodies, treating them simply as interesting natural phenomena, but we cannot get rid of the experience of fear, since the disappearance of some prejudices does not exclude the possibility of the death of the world. Today we are afraid of the threat of new diseases, a possible transport accident, the fear of old age or loneliness. All fears are individual, as are the forms of love, which reflect the personal characteristics of each person. These fears cannot be understood by others, because they are unknowable to ourselves. For some, the trigger for fear is loneliness, for others - a crowd of people, for others…. Fear always accompanies each new step in crossing the boundaries of the familiar, requiring the determination to move from the already known to the new and still unknown.

So, it is almost impossible to imagine all the variety of human fears, since upon closer examination, new variants of a certain fear are identified. That is why it is desirable to define and describe the “basic forms of fear”.

Autophobia - Fear of being alone.
Agliophobia - Fear of pain.
Agarophobia - fear of open spaces
Agoraphobia - fear of public places
Aichmophobia - Fear of needles and other sharp objects.
Acrophobia - fear of heights
Acousticophobia - fear of a certain sound
Algophobia - fear of pain
Electrophobia - fear of chickens
Alophobia - fear of speaking
Altophobia is the same as acrophobia
Amaxophobia - fear of vehicles
Amihophobia - fear of being scratched
Anginaaphobia - fear of bottlenecks
Anginophobia - Fear of sore throat or suffocation.
Androphobia - fear of men
Ankraophobia - fear of the wind
Antlophobia - fear of floods
Antophobia - fear of flowers
Antrophobia - fear of people
Apeirophobia - fear of infinity
Apiphobia - fear of bees
Arachnophobia - fear of spiders
Arrhythmophobia - Fear of numbers.
Asthenophobia - fear of weakness
Astraphobia - fear of lightning
Ataxiophobia - fear of disorder
Ataxophobia - Fear of disorder and inaccuracy.
Athephobia - fear of ruins
Atelophobia - Fear of imperfection.
Atichiphobia - Fear of failure.
Auroraphobia - fear of the northern lights
Autoisophobia - fear of being dirty
Autophobia - fear of being alone
Afenphosmophobia - Fear of touching.
Ahluophobia - fear of the dark, night
Acerophobia - fear of sour taste
Aerophobia - fear of flying on airplanes

Bacteriophobia - fear of bacteria
Ballistophobia - fear of missiles
Barophobia - fear of gravity
Basiphobia - fear of walking
Batmophobia - Fear of stairs and steep slopes.
Batophobia - fear of depth
Batrachophobia - fear of reptiles
Bacillophobia - fear of germs
Belonophobia - fear of needles
Bibliophobia - fear of books
Botanophobia - Fear of plants.
Brontophobia - fear of thunder

Venastrophobia - Fear of beautiful women.
Verminophobia - Fear of germs.
Wiccahobia - Fear of witches and witchcraft.

Gadephobia - fear of going to hell
Halophobia - fear of speaking
Gamophobia - fear of marriage
Harpaxophobia - fear of robbers
Gatophobia - fear of cats
Hafephobia - fear of other people's touch
Hedonophobia - fear of pleasure
Heliophobia - fear of the sun
Helminthophobia - fear of worms
Hematophobia - fear at the sight of blood
Geumatophobia - fear of a certain taste
Gephyrophobia - fear of crossing the bridge
Gigrophobia - fear of dampness, moisture
Hydrophobia - hydrophobia
Gymnophobia - fear of the naked body
Gynophobia - fear of women
Hypegiaphobia - fear of responsibility
Hypnophobia - fear of sleep
Hippophobia - fear of horses
Godophobia - fear of travel
Homichlophobia - fear of fog
Hormephobia - fear of shock
Graphophobia - fear of the writing process

Demonophobia - fear of demons
Demophobia - fear of the crowd
Dendrophobia - fear of trees
Dermatophobia - fear of the skin
Dykephobia - fear of justice
Dipsophobia - fear of drinking
Dysmorphophobia - fear of ugliness
Domatophobia - fear of buildings
Doraphobia - fear of honey
Dromophobia - fear of crossing the street

Zealophobia - fear of jealousy
Zoophobia - fear of animals

Isoptrophobia - fear of mirrors
Imnophobia - fear of lakes
Ichthyophobia - fear of fish
Yatrophobia - Fear of doctors.

Kainophobia - fear of the news
Cacophobia - Fear of ugliness.
Kakorafiaphobia - fear of failure
Carcinophobia - fear of getting cancer
Cardiophobia - fear of heart disease
Carnophobia - fear of eating meat
Catagelophobia - fear of appearing funny
Catoptrophobia - Fear of mirrors.
Kenophobia - fear of emptiness
Keraunotnetophobia - fear of artificial earth satellites
Keraunophobia is the same as brontophobia
Kimophobia - fear of the storm
Kinesophobia - fear of movement
Kinetophobia - the same as kinesophobia
Kinophobia - fear of dogs
Cypridophobia - fear of venereal diseases
Claustrophobia - fear of confined spaces
Kleptophobia - fear of theft
Clinophobia - fear of going to bed
Cnidophobia - fear of being bitten
Koinoniphobia - Fear of rooms.
Coulrophobia - Fear of clowns.
Copophobia - fear of getting tired
Cremnophobia - fear of precipitation
Cryophobia - fear of ice, frost
Crystallophobia - fear of glass, crystal

Leucophobia - Fear of white.
Lilapsophobia - Fear of tornadoes and hurricanes.
Linonophobia - fear of ropes, cords
Lissaphobia - fear of going crazy
Lociophobia - Fear of childbirth.
Logophobia - fear of words

Maniaphobia is the same as lissaphobia
Melissophobia is the same as apiphobia
Mesophobia - fear of pregnancy
Merintophobia - fear of being bound
Metallophobia - fear of metals
Mechanophobia - fear of machines and mechanisms
Misophobia - fear of dirt
Monophobia - fear of one single thing, the same as autophobia
Musicophobia - fear of music

Necrophobia - fear at the thought and sight of death
Neophobia - fear of new things
Nephophobia - fear of clouds
Nobody phobia - fear of the dark
Nosemaphobia - fear of suffering
Nosophobia - fear of getting sick
Nomatophobia - fear of names

Odinophobia is the same as algophobia
Odontophobia - fear of teeth
Oicophobia is the same as domatophobia
Olfactophobia - fear of an unpleasant odor
Ombrophobia - fear of rain
Ommatophobia - fear of the eyes
Oneirophobia - fear of dreams
Onomatophobia - fear of certain names
Osmophobia - fear of a certain smell
Ophidiophobia - fear of snakes
Ophiophobia is the same as ophidiophobia
Chlophobia is the same as demophobia
Ohophobia - the same as amaxophobia

Pantophobia - fear of everything in the world
Paralipophobia - fear of neglecting one's responsibilities
Parthenophobia - fear of young girls
Patophobia - the same as nosophobia
Patriophobia - fear of bad heredity
Pediphobia - fear of children
Peccatophobia - fear of sinning
Peniaphobia - fear of poverty
Pyrophobia - fear of fire
Pnigerophobia - fear of suffocation
Pogonophobia - fear of beard
Poinephobia - fear of punishment
Ponophobia is the same as copophobia
Potamophobia - fear of rivers
Potophobia - fear of drinking, alcohol
Psychophobia - the same as chromatophobia
Pteronophobia - fear of feathers

Rhabdophobia - fear of beating

Siderodromophobia - fear of traveling by rail
Siderophobia - fear of the stars
Sycrophobia is the same as bacteriophobia
Sitophobia - the same as phagophobia
Sciophobia - fear of the shadow
Scolionophobia - Fear of school.
Scopophobia - the feeling that everyone is looking at you
Somniphobia - Fear of sleep.
Sociophobia - Fear of social evaluation.
Stygiophobia is the same as gadephobia
Sfexophobia - fear of wasps
Scholionophobia - fear of school

Taasophobia - fear of sitting idle
Thalassophobia - fear of the sea
Thanatophobia - the same as necrophobia
Taphophobia - fear of being buried alive
Tachophobia - fear of high speed
Theophobia - fear of God
Teratophobia - fear of monsters
Terdekaphobia - fear of number 13
Thermophobia - fear of heat
Thixophobia - fear of touching something
Tocophobia - fear of having children
Toxiphobia - fear of poisoning
Topophobia - fear of certain places
Traumatophobia - fear of getting hurt, getting hurt
Trypanophobia - fear of injections
Triskaidekaphobia is the same as terdekaphobia

Phagophobia - fear of food
Phasmophobia - fear of ghosts
Pharmacophobia - fear of drugs
Fengophobia - fear of daylight
Philophobia - Fear of love.
Phobophobia - fear of fear
Phonophobia - fear of speaking loudly; fear of noise
Photophobia - fear of strong light
Phrygophobia - fear of freezing

Heimatophobia - fear of cold
Getophobia - fear of hair
Chionophobia - fear of snow
Choleraphobia - fear of cholera
Chromatophobia - fear of a certain color
Chrometophobia - fear of money
Chromophobia - the same as chromatophobia

Ecclesiaphobia - Fear of the Church
Ecophobia - fear of home environment
Electrophobia - fear of electricity
Eleftherophobia - fear of freedom
Elurophobia is the same as gatophobia
Enetophobia - fear of pins
Entomophobia - fear of insects
Eosophobia - fear of dawn
Ergasiophobia - fear of surgery
Ergophobia - fear of work
Erevtophobia - fear of blushing
Eremitophobia - fear of loneliness
Eremophobia - fear of rest; the same as eremitophobia
Erythrophobia is the same as erythophobia
Erotophobia - fear of physical intimacy
Ephebiphobia - Fear of adolescents.
Echrophobia - fear of buttons

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Experiencing emotion fearand in the context of personality development

Introduction

Chapter 1. Fear as a basic emotion of personality

1.1 Development of emotions

1.2 The emotion of fear

Chapter 2. Personal development

2.1 General idea about personality in psychology

2.2 Influence of the emotion of fear on the formation of personality

Chapter 3. Research of diffuse fear of personality

3.1 Research methods and organization

3.2 Analysis of research results

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The problem of personality has always aroused particular interest, both in domestic and foreign psychology. What makes a person do exactly that, why does he adhere to a certain pattern of behavior, what motivates him? In any attempt to understand the human personality, the most important thing seems to be to reveal its main driving forces. The desire to understand the meaning of our own existence is the impulse that prompts us to life, self-disclosure and self-expression. Who am i? Why do I live? What can and should my life be? These are the questions facing those who do not want to "go with the flow" and look indifferently at themselves and their surroundings. Reflections on such questions reflect the orientation of the personality, which is the main characteristic of any individual, and drives a person throughout his conscious life. In fact, each person answers these questions with his own life, how he understands and perceives himself, the world around him and society as a whole, how he uses his potential for what to strive for and what he avoids.

In order to know a person and be able to predict his further behavior, expand personal capabilities and take a person beyond the boundaries of subjective being, we need to know those driving forces that affect the individual and set a certain form of behavior, thereby enclosing the personality in a certain framework of individual behavior. Understanding human behavior depends on the study of his subjective perception of reality. If we want to explain why a person thinks, feels and behaves in this way, we need to comprehend his inner world. But the inner world of a person is presented to us only through emotions, because emotions are the foundation on which any human behavior is built. Only subjective emotional experience is the key to understanding behavior. Therefore, a further aspect of our psychological research is the study of the subjective experiences of a person - namely, the orientation of the personality and the driving force that affects the formation and further guides the orientation of the personality. With the help of cognition of the driving forces of personality, we will be able to expand the individual boundaries of a person, which will contribute to personal growth, which are directly related to internal changes and reassessment of previous experiences at each new stage of life.

According to D. Kelly, a person needs reliable and sustainable ways foreseeing events affecting his life. It is the future that worries a person, not the past.

But the past is the foundation of the present, where the parents give the first experience of a child's communication with the still "incomprehensible" world. Each of the people perceives reality through their own models or constructs necessary to create a consistent picture of the world, and the child's parents lay the foundation for this picture of the world and the way of reacting. As he develops his own and historical, this person adapts to environment and builds it in such a way that the maximum of "comfort" and favorable conditions for the life of the individual is achieved, this acts as the main life motive, namely the orientation of the personality.

But a person is a social being and simple adaptation will not lead him to desired result, namely personal growth. Here you should take into account important point that the concept of "adaptation" appears in two aspects. There is a biological adaptation, when a person or any other biological organism adapts to the changing conditions of the surrounding reality, in which vital needs play a leading role, contributing to the survival of the organism. And there is social adaptation. And if we consider social adaptation in more detail, then we will see that this is not a simple adaptation to the surrounding reality, but the construction of interpersonal and intergroup relations within certain social groups, within different cultures and in different time intervals, here we mean generations of people. An example is an ascetic who, being alone, adapts to his environment, but after all, he did not set this goal for himself from birth, but came to it in the process of socialization and life, developing in society. A person from birth to the end of his life lives among various social groups and therefore he needs precisely to build relationships among the members of these groups. And if we consider a person simply as a creature adapting to the surrounding reality, then we risk losing the personality, in the full understanding of this word, because an easy adaptation of a person to changing social conditions can be considered as the absence of basic values, without which the human personality loses its meaning. It follows from this that the development of a social subject is not a simple adaptation or biological adaptation, but the construction of relationships. And these relationship building depends on the orientation of the personality, which includes drives, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, views, beliefs, worldview, character traits, self-esteem, because, ultimately, only these experiences are responsible for behavior.

Leont'ev considers personality as a social essence of a person, and therefore he believed: “.... temperament, character, abilities and knowledge of a person are not part of the personality as its substructures, they are only conditions for the formation of this formation, social in its essence. Direction and will belong to the individual, because an act of will cannot be considered outside the hierarchy of motives, and direction is a direct expression of motivational structures, i.e. the core of the personality. ”Direction is one of the components of the personality as a whole and acts as its leading characteristic. It is in this property that the goals for which the personality acts, its motives, its subjective relations to various aspects of reality are expressed. The orientation of the personality is based on the steadily dominant system of motives that has arisen in the process of life and upbringing of a person, in which the main, leading motives, subordinating everything else to themselves, characterize the structure of the motivational sphere of a person. The motivational sphere of the individual as a whole is inextricably linked with needs, which objectively and in a natural way determine human behavior. On this foundation, the life goals of the individual are formed. The life goal acts as a general integrator of all private goals associated with individual activities. The realization of each of them is at the same time a partial realization of the general life goal of the individual. The emergence of this kind of hierarchical system of motives ensures the highest stability of the personality. What is especially significant for a person, acts, ultimately, as the motives and goals of his activities and determines the true core of his personality.

From the above, we can make the assumption that: the orientation of the individual's personality (including all its components) depends on the strongest fear of a person who came from childhood and, under the influence of society, was transformed into a fear more acceptable to society; (the child is afraid to fall asleep in the dark - fear of being useless). A person will try with all his activities to avoid this fear - to be of no use to anyone. To be more precise in defining the strongest fear of personality, we will introduce a new term - diffuse fear of personality. Diffuse - (lat. Diffundo, diffusum, pour out, spread) scattered, evenly distributed, spilled. Diffuse fear is an emotion that arose as a result of parent-child relationships, transformed later under the influence of society, and influencing the formation of the orientation of the personality, thereby regulating human behavior.

The further goal of our study is to study the diffuse fear of the personality, which is laid down in childhood and further influences the orientation of a person's personality.

Research objectives:

1) identify the development of diffuse fear in the context of personality development;

2) show the influence of diffuse fear on the behavior and perception of the world by a person;

3) to study the influence of diffuse fear on the orientation of the personality;

4) highlight the classification of diffuse fear based on personal subjective experiences.

The object of our further research will be diffuse fear in the structure of personality.

The subject of the research will be the influence of diffuse fear on the formation and development of personality orientation.

Hypothesis: orientation as the basic basis of personality completely depends on diffuse fear, thereby making each person unique in their behavior and perception of the world.

Chapter 1. Fear as a basic emotion of personality

1.1 Development of emotions

A special, very important side of a person's inner life is made up of emotions and feelings. For the subject, the reliability and evidence of his own inner world acts, first of all, as an emotional reality, as his experience. All of us at every moment of time are in a certain emotional state, we experience certain feelings. In a descriptive, phenomenological sense, emotions represent the subject's biased attitude to the environment, to what is happening to him. The experience of this relationship is an emotion, or feeling, they express acceptance or rejection of what happens to a person in a given situation.

A person constantly experiences emotions: he is satisfied or dissatisfied, he is in a good mood or not very good. Emotions permeate the entire personality of a person, can speed up or slow down thinking, affect volitional processes. Emotions are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases; it is difficult to somehow qualify them, they can only be compared with one person.

A person's emotions can be judged by vegetative, biochemical (endocrinological) characteristics, blood pressure and pulse. The expression of the eyes, folds of the eyelids, face, posture of a person matters.

Emotions are an expression of a person's attitude to something, a very subtle and sensitive mechanism of self-regulation of a person in his relationship with the external and internal world, that is, emotions are needed to adapt a person to the constantly changing conditions of the external and internal environment, they guide our life.

Understanding the nature of emotions and feelings presupposes going beyond the limits of the per se sensory sphere and considering them in the context of human life. The basis for the emergence of emotional states are the needs and motives of a person .. The mechanism of the emergence of emotions in its most general form can be reduced to the following.

Sources of human activity, motivation for activity lie in the sphere of needs and motives. Their satisfaction presupposes setting goals, solving specific life tasks. The real life conditions in which the achievement of the set goals aimed at meeting the needs is carried out determine the variety of emotional experiences. Conditions, objects and phenomena that contribute to the satisfaction of needs and the achievement of goals evoke positive emotions: pleasure, joy, interest, excitement, etc. On the contrary, the situation perceived by the subject as preventing the realization of needs and goals, causes negative emotions and experiences: displeasure, grief, sadness, fear, sadness, anxiety, etc.

Consequently, it is possible to state a double conditionality of emotions: on the one hand, by needs, on the other, by the specifics of the situation. Emotions establish a connection and relationship between these two series of events, signal the subject about the possibility or impossibility of satisfying his needs in the given conditions. "Emotions, - wrote A. N. Leont'ev, - perform the function of internal signals, internal in the sense that they are not psychic reflection directly the most objective reality. The peculiarity of emotions is that they reflect the relationship between motives (needs) and the success or the possibility of successful implementation of the subject's corresponding activity. "

Emotion itself is a form of subjective attitude that manifests itself in certain experiences: joy, sadness, admiration, hope, doom, etc. In this case, we are not talking about reflection or awareness of relationships, but about their immediate-sensory reflection, about experience. As A. N. Leont'ev notes, emotions arise after the actualization of needs and motives and before the subject's rational assessment of his activity.

According to S. L. Rubinstein's definition, emotions are a subjective form of the existence of needs (motives). This means that motivation is revealed to the subject in the form of emotional states in the form of experiences, which signal to him about the need-value of objects and encourage him to direct activity towards them.

At the same time, emotions and motivational processes are not identified. Emotional experiences are the final effective form of the existence of motives. They do not reflect all those processes that prepare and determine the satisfaction of needs and the achievement of goals. ...

Human feelings, in contrast to emotions, are complex holistic formations that are organized around certain objects, persons, or even subject areas (for example, art) and certain areas of activity. A person's feelings are always objective. The objectivity of feelings is expressed in the fact that the feelings themselves are differentiated depending on the objective sphere to which they relate. Allocate moral, intellectual and aesthetic feelings. They are called objective and higher senses; they contain all the richness of a person's emotional relationship to reality.

Feeling is one of the main forms of a person's experience of his relationship to objects and phenomena of reality; it is distinguished by relative stability and constancy. Human feelings arise as a generalization of emotions - the formation and development of feelings expresses the formation of stable emotional relationships. Unlike situational emotions and affects, reflecting the situational meaning of objects in specific conditions, feelings highlight phenomena that have constant motivational significance. Next, we will take a closer look at the formation of emotions.

There is one specific class of cerebral nervous processes (pre-nervous at the early stages of evolution) - these are specific processes of the reflective and regulating behavior of the brain activity, the processes of constructing images, ideas, concepts, etc., the processes of constructing nervous information models the world, body and states of the living being itself in the form of emotions, drives, intentions, etc. This is the mental activity of the brain, which has the function of regulating the behavior and activities of animals and humans in accordance with environmental conditions on the basis of their reflection, their cognition. Another class of cerebral nervous processes is trophic, energetic, etc. Without them, mental activity is impossible, but the concept of the psyche is inapplicable to them. The separation of the two classes of nervous processes should be vertical: both are formed at all levels of nervous activity, from subneuronal molecular (and possibly atomic) processes to general cerebral processes.

The psyche is nothing more than a complex system of cerebral nervous processes lying between the action of a stimulus and the behavior it causes, that mental processes are the effect of certain stimuli within a person and the cause of his certain reactions.

Neurons of consciousness are neurons that selectively respond to specific external influences (colors, visual patterns, faces in general and faces and photographs of certain people, phonemes, words, syllables, a combination of words, etc.) and selectively, selectively excited when presenting certain goals actions and plans for their implementation.

At different periods of age-related development, the qualities of what is called emotions are unequal. The development of emotions in ontogenesis goes through a number of stages in accordance with general patterns development of the psyche. They are formed in direct connection with the increasing complexity of needs and the quality of their satisfaction.

The first needs of a newborn are determined by instincts - congenital complexes of unconditioned reflexes. The main importance among them belongs to the instinct of self-preservation (including food) and reproduction (preservation of the genus). These innate, organic impulses provide the minimum necessary for life for a newborn to adapt to living conditions and constitute his leading needs. One of them, the earliest in need of satisfaction, is the need for food .. The instinctive movement of the newborn to the mother's breast or to the bottle of milk, which is accompanied by the revitalization of the sucking reflex, becomes the basis for the development of emotions. When the optimal amount of food is consumed, an initial feeling of satisfaction arises (the end of fasting). On the contrary, the incompleteness of the emerging need causes a reaction of dissatisfaction in connection with the continuing fasting. In other words, elements of feeling arise! in the course of the complicating motor and sensorimotor reactions of the child. Their inner essence is variability, complex ensembles of metabolism in the body, variability of homeostasis. ... Reactions in connection with the satisfaction (dissatisfaction) of needs appear already in the first day after birth. However, these early organic forms of feeling are only rudiments of emotions, "systemic feelings", protopathic, thalamic species emotional reactions that differ little from drives. On the basis of such increasingly complex systemic feelings, new, more differentiated needs that arise as the child's psyche develops, specific human forms of feeling are formed. In the structure of emotional reactions changing with age, the interdependence between somatic and mental (in particular emotional) components appears the more fully, the younger the child's age and the less pronounced the relative autonomy, "independence" of mental reactions. The first period of the formation of emotions is the stage of organic feeling (from birth to 3 years).

In contrast to processes, the design of which is based on the processing of information coming from exteroreceptor systems, in the development of emotional reactions the assimilation of information coming from interoreceptor systems, mainly visceral, is of primary importance. Both external and internal conditional connections with time turn into a conscious act. Both are closed on proprioceptors.

The appearance in a child at the age of about a year of the first unstable figurative representations of reality, constituting the elements of thought, at the same time reveals the beginning of the simplest epicretic, conscious emotions. More and more defining views mental activity children, as a result of a combination with each other and with the ideas of satisfaction (dissatisfaction), as pleasant (unpleasant), good (evil), acquire that emotional flavor that determines the qualities of their individuality. Later, the child's disposition towards loved ones is formed from a feeling of pleasantness, then sympathy, and even later, love ..

However, up to 3 years old, this sensory component remains inseparable from the simplest organic needs and is still diffuse, homogeneous, mentally undifferentiated. The formation after 3 years of the primary representation of "I" and the child's separation of himself from the environment marks not only the formation of the beginning of consciousness, but also the development of epicritical feelings in him - emotions in the full sense of the word. The stages of development of epicritical emotions, the beginning of which falls on 3-4 years, continues for many years, but the most noticeable signs of this stage can be traced up to 12-14 years.

The connection of developed emotions with organic needs (drives) has been prevalent for many years. Only at the beginning of adolescence (10-12 years old) emotions begin to acquire an independent mental (subjective) expression. All the previous years were a period of complex improvement and differentiation of emotional reactions. As the epicritical emotionality improves, another process is going on in parallel - the loss of biologically conditioned uncontrollability of drives, inhibition and cortical correction of organic feelings.

Thus, emotions are a special class of mental processes and states associated with needs and motives and reflecting in the form of direct sensory experiences the significance of phenomena and situations acting on the subject. A person's feelings are his attitude to the world, to what he does, what happens to him in his direct experience.

One of the earliest conscious emotional states is well-being, which is based on the association of impressions received from outside with feelings of changes taking place in the child's own body. Since the impressions of objective reality with age are more and more supplemented by the impressions of human relations, since in parallel the moral feelings of the child begin to develop. They are the result of a child's combination of ideas about changes in well-being with ideas about the norms of people's relationships, their actions, deeds, about norms in collective (social) life ..

The development of moral feelings, based on the growing importance of the social (social) principle in the structure of feeling, forms not only positively, but also negatively colored emotions. The movement of those and others and their inherent contradictions become one of the main stimuli for his further development of emotions.

The most important feature of emotions is their ability to generalize and communicate. A person's emotional experience is much broader than the experience of his individual experiences: it is also formed as a result of emotional empathy that arises in communication with other people.

The emotion of fear belongs to the category of fundamental human emotions and accompanies an individual from birth to death.

1.2 Emotion - fear

In psychology, fear denotes an emotion that arises in situations of threat to the biological or social existence of an individual and is aimed at a source of imaginary or actual danger .. Fear cannot be equated with anxiety. Anxiety, in contrast to fear, is generalized or pointless fear. Fear is a very definite, specific emotion that deserves a separate category. Considering fear as a separate emotion, distinct from the phenomenon of anxiety, will allow us to analyze the specific impact of fear on cognitive processes and behavioral acts. Some objects and situations signal danger to us more forcefully than others, and we call them natural fear activators. Natural signals of danger are pain, loneliness, unusual objects, a sudden approach of an object, a sudden change in stimulation, and these fears further lead us through life, where the individual attaches paramount importance to one of them. Fear consists of certain and quite specific physiological changes, expressive behavior and specific experience, where experience is the work of consciousness to establish a semantic correspondence between consciousness and being, as well as arising from the expectation of a threat or danger. In young children, as well as in animals, the feeling of threat or danger is associated with physical discomfort, with physical discomfort. " I"; the fear with which they respond to a threat is the fear of physical injury. As a person grows up, the nature of objects that cause fear changes. The potential for physical injury is not a threat to most of us, if only because of its rarity. More often than not, we are afraid of things that can hurt our pride and reduce our self-esteem. We are afraid of failures and psychological losses that a real revolution can make in the soul of each of us.

Fear belongs to the category of fundamental human emotions. Fear motivation is conditioned reflex, because it encodes emotionally processed information about a possible danger. The very same feeling of fear appears involuntarily, against will, accompanied by a pronounced feeling of excitement, anxiety or horror. Fear is classified as situationally and personally determined, acute and chronic, instinctive and socially mediated. In terms of severity, fear is divided into horror, fear, actually fear, anxiety, apprehension, anxiety and excitement .. Despite its negative coloration, fear performs various functions in the mental life of a person. As a reaction to a threat, fear allows you to avoid meeting with it, thus playing a protective, adaptive role in the system of mental self-regulation. This is a kind of means in the knowledge of the surrounding reality. In a way, fear is a way of limiting the "I" from alien, unacceptable influence from the outside, fear can mobilize the "I" in the face of external danger, contributing to the integration of internal psychic resources. Age-related fears to some extent reflect the historical path of development of human self-awareness. At first, the child is afraid to be left alone without the support of a loved one (7 months), is afraid of strangers, unknown to him (8 months), then he is afraid of heights, pain, Baba Yaga. Further, darkness, fire, fire, etc., all that was developed by primitive people. A person could not survive by neglecting these fears. Unlike natural fears, social fears are acquired through learning in the process of personality formation.

The main function of a child's development is the cognitive sphere of the environment. A child only partially has his own psychology, for the most part it depends on the psychology of the parents .. A person is afraid of the unknown, especially children. But the parents cannot fully protect the child from real fears. And children have a limited vocabulary and therefore not developed thinking to accurately describe their emotional state. Therefore, in the end, some kind of fear remains with the child, which he himself tries to cope with.

Fear in children is characterized by a noticeable tendency to generalization (being frightened by a cat, he is afraid of a dog, and a stranger, and a fast moving vehicle) and recurrence (the fear that occurs once is easily repeated in subsequent nights). Prognostically unfavorable is the change of short-term night fears by longer ones; fear, not accompanied by full awakening and keeping the fear in a vigorous state; spreading night fears into the daytime (daytime fear); the appearance in such a child of fear in the evening hours preceding sleep, and, finally, the appearance of elements of pretentiousness in the plot of fear. ...

In the 2nd year of a child's life, both in the structure and in the content of fear, motor components often predominate (fear of standing after an unexpected fall; fear of walking after a bruise, etc.). Later, in the 3-4th year, the content of fear acquires a greater affective expressiveness. The accompanying vaso-vegetative phenomena become more typical, and the frightening object begins to find design in speech. The vegetative components of fear are usually represented by a sharp duffy redness or pallor, sweating, heart palpitations, a state of acute breathing disorder ("rolling").

The plot of fear is limited in these early years to the repetition of individual words or simple combinations of them (scary, I'm afraid, I'm afraid of my uncle, etc.). In our study, the diffuse fear of the individual carries a negatively colored emotion because firstly, it drives the personality into a certain framework for building interpersonal relations, and secondly, it has more determinism than freedom of human actions.

In the first two years of a person's life, the hippocampus - the structure that mediates the process of contextual learning - is not yet sufficiently developed to function at full strength. If at this age the child is frightened by certain natural signals of danger (such as height, loneliness, unusual object), then the possibility of associating fear with certain random objects accompanying the fright situation is not excluded, as a result of which these random objects can become conditioned stimuli fear. The infant is not yet capable of contextual learning, his memory does not retain information of a contextual, or spatial, character, he is not able to fix when, where and under what circumstances a conditioned fear reaction was acquired. As an adult, he will not be able to understand where his inappropriate and inadequate reactions to an outwardly harmless object came from. Such extracontextual infant fears usually manifest themselves during periods of severe stress, when the hippocampus refuses to perform the function of controlling behavior, leaving it at the mercy of the taxon system. In this state, a person remembers (or reacquires) infantile fears, he actualizes infantile conditioned connections and experiences forgotten due to the lack of contextual information about them. Some emotions and some expressive reactions are based on some innate mechanisms that facilitate their development, or, at least, biologically programmed stimuli. That is, if an effective stimulus is presented to a newborn child, he will respond to it with an appropriate expressive response. For example, a bitter taste causes an expression of disgust on the infant's face. As for biologically programmed fear stimuli, we can talk about the predominance of certain stimuli or conditions, since we can easily learn to be afraid of them.

Speaking about fear, we place our emphasis not on neuroses, which are based on phobias, but on ordinary obsessive fear, which has an everyday content, often inspired by stories, fairy tales or simple situations experienced by a child. The emergence of fear transforms the entire behavior of the child. As the child grows up, he accepts those norms and values ​​that are imposed by the society in which he develops, and fear, for example, the image of Baba Yaga and the whole meaning associated with this image is transformed into a fear and true meaning that is more acceptable and justified for society. this fear is displaced by a person into the unconscious but continues to influence the further behavior of the individual. Psychological defenses play an important role here, one of which is repression. Displacement is one of the types psychological protection- a process as a result of which thoughts, memories, experiences unacceptable for an individual are expelled from consciousness and transferred to the sphere of the unconscious, continuing to influence the individual's behavior, and are experienced by him as anxiety, fear, etc. In our study, displacement is given the leading role because this process accompanies the individual throughout his life, influencing actions, forcing a person to act according to the same pattern.

Repression can be understood as a mental process during which pathogenic experiences are removed from memory and forgotten. Its goal is to eliminate socially unacceptable drives from consciousness. But this does not mean the destruction of the "traces of memories": the repressed cannot be directly recalled, however, it continues to act and influence mental life under the influence of some stimulus; it leads to psychic consequences, which can be considered a transformation or products of forgotten memories and which remain not understood in other considerations. Repression actually breaks the connection of the repressed with consciousness and thus removes unpleasant or unacceptable memories and experiences into the unconscious, which become unable to penetrate into consciousness in their original form. Repression is considered the most primitive and ineffective means of defense, for the repressed content of the psyche nevertheless breaks through into consciousness, and besides, an unresolved conflict manifests itself as high level anxiety and discomfort. ...

Another important type of childhood fear is night fear - a state of acute excitement, anxiety, accompanied by screaming, crying, autonomic reactions, facial expressions of fear, horror and often awakening. Night fear - may be one of the symptoms of mental illness, observed already in children of the second year and subsequent years of life. The most typical appearance of night fear during the first age crisis (2-4 years). The content of night fears, as a rule, is poorly differentiated and in young children it is always inspired by the unexpectedness of the storyline of the stories of others or by abruptly arising changes in the usual environment. Here it is worthwhile to dwell in more detail on dreams and consider their functions. Any dream is a meaningful psychic phenomenon that is included in the waking psychic life. A dream very often returns us to daily life rather than being pulled out of it. More or less the content of sleep is always determined by individuality, age, sex, social status, mental development, habitual lifestyle and factors of the entire previous life. ... We can even say: whatever a dream is, it takes its material from reality and from the spiritual life played out against the background of this reality. Whatever the dream is, it will never separate from the real world and its most comical and bizarre forms will always have to draw its material from what either stood before our eyes in real life or has already taken, in one way or another, a place in our waking thinking - in short, from what we have experienced externally or internally. All the material that forms a dream, one way or another, comes from real experiences and is only recalled in a dream. The most common phenomenon of a dream is that it provides us with evidence of our knowledge and memories that a person does not possess in a waking state. One of the sources from which dreams draws their material are childhood. Night fears, prevailing in young children, appear less and less with age, stopping, as a rule, by 10-12 years. Night and day fears in early childhood, with a tendency to recur, easily become obsessive. Fear of loneliness and fear of the dark are typical of this age. In these cases, parents are forced to take the child to their bed, not to turn off the light in his room, etc.

Fear is a very strong emotion, and it has a very noticeable effect on the perceptual-cognitive processes and behavior of the individual. When we experience fear, our attention sharply narrows, focusing on an object or situation that signals danger to us. Intense fear creates the effect of "tunnel perception", that is, significantly limits the perception, thinking and freedom of choice of the individual. In addition, fear limits the freedom of human behavior. We can say that in fear, a person ceases to belong to himself, he is driven by one and only desire - to eliminate the threat, to avoid danger. Fostering resistance to fear is usually aimed not at getting rid of a person, but at developing the ability to control oneself in the presence of one.

emotion personality diffuse fear

Despite the difference in the interpretations of personality that exists in psychology, in all approaches, its direction is distinguished as its leading characteristic. In different concepts, this characteristic is revealed in different ways: as a “dynamic tendency” (S.L. Rubinstein), a meaning-forming motive (A.N. Leontiev), “dominant attitude” (V.N. Myasishchev), “basic life orientation” ( B.G. Ananiev), “dynamic organization of the essential forces of man” (A.S. Prangishvili). It, one way or another, is revealed in the study of the entire system of mental properties and states of the individual: needs, interests, inclinations, motivational sphere, ideals, value orientations, beliefs. Thus, the orientation of the personality acts as a system-forming property that determines the psychological makeup of the personality. The set of stable motives that orient the activity of the individual and are relatively independent of the current situation is called the orientation of the personality. The orientation of the personality is always socially conditioned, it is formed through education and leaves its imprint on all human behavior. And although behavior is determined not by one motivation, but by an integral system of relations, in this system something always comes to the fore, dominating in it, giving the personality a peculiar flavor. Direction is attitudes that have become personality traits. Direction includes several related hierarchical forms: attraction, desires, aspiration, interest, inclination, ideal, worldview, belief. Let us briefly characterize each of the identified forms of personality orientation:

- attraction- the most primitive biological form of orientation; a person realizes that he is missing something or that he needs something, but what exactly he does not understand. Usually people experience attraction as a specific painful state in the form of boredom, melancholy, uncertainty. Because of its uncertainty, attraction cannot develop into activity. Therefore, attraction is a passing phenomenon, and the need presented in it either fades away or is realized, turning into a specific desire, intention, dream, etc.

- a wish- a conscious need and attraction to something quite definite; however, to desire does not mean to act. Reflecting the content of the need, desire does not contain an active element. Before desire turns into an immediate motive for behavior, and then into a goal, it is assessed by a person who weighs all the conditions that help and hinder its implementation. Having a motivating force, desire sharpens the awareness of the goal of future action and the construction of its plan, while also realizing possible ways and means of achieving the goal.

- pursuit- arises when the volitional component is included in the structure of desire;

- interest- a cognitive form of focusing on objects; the attitude of a person to an object as to something valuable and attractive to her. The content and nature of interest are connected both with the structure and dynamics of motives and needs of a person, and with the nature of the forms and means of mastering reality, which he owns.

When the volitional component is included in interest, it becomes inclination;

- ideal- this is the objective goal of the inclination, concretized in the image or representation;

- worldview- a system of philosophical, aesthetic, ethnic, natural science and other views on the surrounding world;

- belief- the highest form of orientation is a system of motives of the individual, encouraging her to act in accordance with her views, principles, worldview.

At the same time, all forms of personality orientation are the motives of its activity. Motives can be more or less conscious or not at all conscious. The main role of the orientation of the personality belongs to conscious motives. However, being an internal motivation for activity, the motive does not determine its specific characteristics. One and the same motive cannot be realized in different activities. There is no unambiguous rigid connection between the need and the way of its satisfaction. What exactly will be the activity emanating from any particular motive is determined by the goal. It should be noted that the need-motivational sphere characterizes the orientation of the personality only partially, it is, as it were, its initial link, the foundation. On this foundation, the life goals of the individual are formed. It is important to emphasize that against the background of the same motive, different goals can be formed. If the motive prompts the activity, then the goal "constructs" specific activities, defining its characteristics and dynamics. The motive refers to the need that prompts the activity, the goal - to the object to which the activity is directed. Thus, the goal is a phenomenon of anticipatory reflection of the surrounding reality. Conscious or unconscious, a person constantly compares information about what is required to satisfy a need with what he has, and, depending on their ratio, experiences various emotions... And if at the head of the main life motive is the diffuse fear of the personality inherent in childhood, then human activity will be aimed at avoiding events that will occur after the realization of what a person fears most.

Chapter 2. Personal development

2.1 General understanding of personality in psychology

The reality that is described by the term "personality" is manifested already in the etymology of this term. The word "personality" (from Lat. Rrsona) originally referred to actors' masks, which in ancient theater were assigned to certain types of characters. "Sona" means sound, and "lane" means through. The actors had to speak through the mask; their real faces could not be seen, and only their voices could be heard. The mask was called "persona" because the voice passed through it. ... Then this word began to mean the actor himself and his role. Among the Romans, the word "rersona" was used necessarily with an indication of a certain social function, role (the personality of the father, the personality of the king, the personality of the judge, etc.). In other words, according to its original meaning, personality is a certain social role or function of a person.

There are two main meanings in the meaning of the word "personality". One, the most obvious, is the discrepancy between a person's own characteristics, his face, and the content of the role he plays. Another meaning is the social typicality of the depicted character, his openness to other people.

The connection of these meanings, fixed in the word and in arbitrary terms, subsequently led to the idea that the socially meaningful characteristics of a person are incompatible with the real properties of the bearer of these characteristics. Accordingly, the social functions of the individual were presented as not related to internal characteristics. psychological mechanisms providing these functions.

In psychology, the evolution of the very concept of personality from the designation of the mask to its bearer and further to its role has given impetus for the development of ideas about the personality as a system of role behavior, conditioned by a set of stable social expectations from the immediate environment. This found its expression in the so-called role theory of personality, in which it is characterized mainly through the social roles it performs. In the family, this is the role of son, father, brother, etc .; at work - a certain professional role, outside of work it can be the role of a friend, a real man, a charming woman, etc. But for understanding the essence of the personality, it is not the variety of social roles that is of decisive importance, but the choice, acceptance and execution of certain social actions by a person, an internal attitude towards them. Personality is not a structure of roles and not a structure at all, but a person who is not at all reduced to playing the chosen roles, only acting. A person as a person freely and consciously accepts one or another social role, is aware of the possible consequences of his actions for its implementation, and takes full responsibility for their results.

The concept of role as a way social behavior, adopted in this community, is adequate enough for the primary analysis of the real actions of the individual. The very concept of personality makes sense only in the system of social relations, realized through certain social roles. However, social roles are not the final, but the starting point in understanding the essence of the personality. For scientific psychology, it is not the role in itself that is important, but its bearer, the subject. Acceptance or rejection of a social role, the seriousness of its performance, responsibility for the consequences of one's actions characterizes a person as a person.

As the starting point for understanding the nature of personality, one can take the statement of A. N. Leont'ev. Characterizing the subject of personality psychology, he wrote: "Personality is not an individual; it is a special quality that is acquired by an individual in society, in the totality of relations, social in nature, in which the individual is involved ... Personality is a systemic and therefore" supersensible "quality, although the bearer of this quality is a completely sensual, corporeal individual with all his generated and acquired properties. They, these properties, constitute only the conditions (prerequisites) for the formation of the personality - as well as the external conditions and circumstances of life that fall to the lot of the individual. "

It seems important to clarify in the above position those characteristics that make up the specific content of the concept of "personality". This is, first of all, an indication that personality is a special quality or characteristic of a person (individual). Personality characterizes a person in terms of his social connections and relations, i.e. relationships with other people. A. N. Leont'ev calls the personality a "supersensible" formation precisely because connections and relationships with other people constitute a special kind of reality, inaccessible to direct perception, which presupposes the use of the cognitive capabilities of thinking and the human mind for its understanding.

Consequently, the concept of personality in psychology denotes a special way of human existence - his existence as a member of society, as a representative of a certain social group... Close to the concept of "personality" the concepts of "individual" and "subject" in the strict scientific sense are not synonyms, they mean different levels of organization of the subjective reality of a person. In psychological literature, very often the concept of personality includes the most diverse characteristics of a person - from the formal dynamic properties of temperament to worldview and life principles. Such an expansive interpretation makes it difficult to understand the very phenomenon of the personality in its essence and leads to a nondiscrimination of the tasks of the full development of the individual, the training of the subject, and the upbringing of the personality. The personality problem forms a new psychological dimension.

The essence of the personality manifests itself in the study of the position, position of a person in his relationship with other people, is revealed in his life goals and the motives behind them, in methods of behavior and means of action in relation to his general goals and objectives. The concept of personality is closely related to the concept of position and related concepts of social role and social status.

According to the definition widespread in psychology, a role is a program that meets the expected behavior of a person in the structure of a particular social group; it is a given, non-free way of his participation in the life of society. Status determines the behavior of a person included in the system of established social relations, where the place and mode of action, the type of normative behavior, are given for him. In the status system, there are always norms that govern our relations, our actions. The concepts of status and role are related to the definition of personality. It is no coincidence that in everyday consciousness, a person's personality is identified with his social position, social status, a person is judged by his social actions, by his social role. However, the concepts of status and role do not cover the very essence of personality - the ability of a person as a person to act freely, independently and responsibly, i.e. go beyond the limits of status-role restrictions, normative prescriptions. As A. N. Leont'ev noted, personality is a special human formation that cannot be deduced from his adaptive activity. Personal behavior is behavior on your own, free choice... Personality is the subject of free social action or, "the subject of action" ..

The place of a person in social life can be assigned, prescribed to him by chance, birth, circumstances. A person's place in life can be chosen, found, conquered by him, by his own will and free, conscious choice. In this case, they talk about the subject's choice of a position in life, about his personal self-determination. Position is the most integral characteristic of a person as a person. Personality is a person who freely, independently and responsibly determines his place in life, in society, in culture. Therefore, the personality is, entirely socio-cultural education. You can also find such a definition: personality is a subject, freely defined, developed its position in the space of culture and time of history.

But it is impossible to take a position in relations with others once and for all. At every point of existence, the need for free and independent choice arises again and again, the inevitability of taking responsibility for one's actions in front of others and oneself. Therefore, personality is not a quality, state, structure or level formed once and for all. Personality is a mode of action, a way of being; it is the subject of action. Therefore, every time a person must assert himself as a person, he must choose and defend his own positions, starting with school age and to a ripe old age. Personality is a specific way of human existence. You can talk about a special personal being of a person. A person may not live in a personal way: he can live, for example, in an individual (in pathology), subjective way, with emotional attachments and drives.

The personal way of being is baseline cultural and spiritual life of a person. From the Christian point of view, only at the level of personal being is a person capable of direct, personal, direct appeal to God. The actions of a person as a person, his actions are focused on other people, on the norms and values ​​of social life. But in social life, spirituality can be represented in different ways. A personality can assert itself on the negative norms and values ​​that exist in human culture. Therefore, a person cannot be viewed only with a positive sign. This is especially evident in the so-called historical figures. Among historical figures there are many heroes and progressive figures, but there are also many villains and "dark personalities" ..

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Foreword:

The essay was written on September 3, 2014, much earlier than most of my poems. In those days, esotericism was still part of the circle of my hobbies, which was reflected in the content of the work. Now I present it to your attention, maybe someone will find the elements of my long-changed worldview interesting. First of all, to myself.

An unpleasant feeling of fear is familiar to everyone. Why unpleasant - yes, because it simply cannot be otherwise, because at this moment panic seizes the mind, as a result of which attention and concentration are significantly reduced, the mind becomes uncontrollable, goosebumps run through the body, control over emotions is lost and some stiffness in movements is felt. Agree, this situation is far from beneficial, especially if an outbreak of fear occurs at the time of study or work. Yes, and during leisure time, she is able to instantly dispel all pleasure and throw reality into the background. The reason for all this is a person's intellectual effort to find the source of fear. Only now the mind, feeling the stifling grip of this terrible feeling, refuses to work, and the person is trying harder and harder to gain access to the saving brain resources. The result is the emergence of a desire to cry, scream, quit the job started, even if it is practically completed.

People call this person a coward, make offensive ridicule at him, and utter insults thoughtlessly; deliberately humiliate if they see or find out that he is afraid of something. However, here is what one should pay attention to: FEARS ARE ABSOLUTELY IN EVERYONE. This is an axiom. The fact is that individuals have their own varieties and reasons for this feeling. Someone quite calmly endures the dark time of the day or approaches wild animals, but is afraid of losing a loved one. Someone is afraid of heights, someone is unusually scared to enter the water. Different people- different fears.

At this point, it would be quite logical to object: "What are you telling us here about the fear of the dark and the fear for the well-being of relatives and friends, because the degree of fear in this case is completely different! To be afraid of water? But this is real stupidity!" I agree that the comparison is unacceptable. Unacceptable for the author of the objection and exclusively for him, unless someone else supports his views. I would only like to bring to the minds of the readers that if every person is capable of being afraid, then it is absolutely senseless and stupid to provoke anyone and laugh at someone who is suddenly possessed by a feeling of fear. It doesn't matter who is afraid of what. Such a person needs to be helped by treating him with due attention, patience and kindness. Of course, there are also such cases when it is not forbidden to do moralizing or even use force, so long as it does not humiliate the dignity of the frightened. To do this, you need to be a kind of psychologist who can pick up a unique key for each soul. This is extremely difficult. It is much easier to destroy, to expose a person to universal ridicule. This, in principle, is what the majority is doing.

I think everyone who reads this essay would like to get rid of this nasty feeling of fear. To help yourself, first you need to understand: FEAR IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GET RID of. It is also impossible to exclude love from life or to abandon the natural needs for food, sleep, rest, work, sexual satisfaction. Well, impossible. Not at all.

Let's try now to answer the question: why, strictly speaking, get rid of fears? Yes, they prevent us from enjoying life. But they interfere only because we overreact to them. You see, fear does not prophesy or promise anything. He simply cannot do this, since all fears, together with emotions, live in the mental world with their own laws and orders. This world is separated from ours, the physical, by a barrier that can break through with a powerful emotional outburst and let mental demons come to us. These creatures will gradually gain strength, interfere in all processes, and the person will be trapped, start to panic, instead of sitting down and just calm down. And this is the best case. After all, many of the most serious crimes from a moral point of view are based precisely on fears. Desertion, looting, cannibalism, murder, various perversions (necrophilia, bestiality) ... I think it is clear what kind of fear is the reason for each of these acts.

The main thing is to remember: FEAR SIMPLY WARNINGS. And that's all. It shows only an event that is possible with a certain degree of probability, which will happen if something, for example, at a certain time does not have time to be done, or vice versa, and does not decide on an action. A good analogy is road signs. After all, "Dangerous Turn" does not promise that you are guaranteed to die, but recommends that you slow down and keep to the right edge of the road to avoid an accident. It's the same with fears. When you rise to a height, fear does not predict death from a fall, but hints at the need to be more attentive, to look for reliable support. He speaks to us in the language of emotions, which, unfortunately, we often misunderstand and, neglecting a good counselor, ultimately harm ourselves.

Do not reproach yourself for weakness if you are afraid. And that's why. Traffic signs are placed where cars go. In the deep taiga, where not just a car - the beast will not get through, you will not find them. In the same way, fate helps us overcome the long, dangerous, but extremely interesting and mysterious Road of Life. And fears, anxieties, experiences serve as a kind of pointers. Each person follows his own path, therefore, he will have his own, special signs, that is, special fears. Rejoice: if you are afraid of something, fate listens to you, helps, this proves that YOU LIVE AND DO NOT JUST EXIST. Why and what to be afraid of, for example, a dead man?

There will always be fear, only its reasons change. Once again: fear is not to be feared. Think, analyze, act. And fear from a controller and manipulator will grow into a henchman or even a friend.

What if you are not afraid of something? So you died? In no case. You have become stronger and more experienced and now you do not need advice to make the right decision.

Has someone offended you by being in a panic situation? Do not worry. The abuser hides his fears by turning his attention to you. If he hides, it means that he does not understand the language of emotions, and for him fear will be the master and master. Of course, until this person works on himself.

Fear occupies a dominant place in our life. Imagine what it would be like if a person lost the feeling of fear: he could jump from the 20th floor without hesitation. Sometimes it helps us survive, but more often it kills us. So what is fear? Is this good or bad? And finally, is it possible to get rid of it, and if so, what are the consequences? Genetically, we have an instinct for self-preservation. And with this, such sensations as pain and fear are inextricably linked. And if pain is good, because it makes us understand that we are still alive, then what can fear do to us?

In fact, it can be different. We are afraid of darkness, heights, insects, walking alone in the city at night. As a child, each of us was afraid of monsters under the bed or vaccinations.

But there is another kind of fear, due to which a person is even able to kill without realizing it. This fear can overtake us at the epicenter of such terrible events as emergencies caused by natural disasters or by the person himself. To recall only the incident that took place in Minsk, when many city residents gathered at the band's concert near the Svisloch River. Because of the beginning of the rain, the crowd ran into the underground passage and, forgetting about everything, carried off several dozen people, who later died. Agree, human life is not worth it to quickly hide and not get wet, but, unfortunately, then this did not bother anyone. This and a number of other examples can be convinced that fear kills humanity in us first of all, we forget about all morals and principles and try with all our might to save only ourselves.

Another type of fear is the one that limits our freedom, makes us stupid and weak. Now I'm talking about such fear as, for example, the fear of going out on the street because you don't look like everyone else, the fear of being rejected, the fear of saying an extra word or doing some extraordinary act. All this destroys the personality in us first of all.

Fear rules us, our life. He makes important decisions for us, subconsciously pushes us to actions that we would never have done, or, on the contrary, does not allow us to do what we so wanted.

In an interview, Will Smith said: "If you asked me to name one thing with which every person must fight every day, I would tell you that it is fear." It is possible and necessary to fight with this. The easiest way is to face him face to face. This method is good for getting rid of psychological fear: the fear of speaking in front of a large audience. But one should not get rid of physiological fear in this way, because this can lead to its intensification. Another method of getting rid of fear is to study it. If you are terrified of little spiders, find out more about them, because they may not be dangerous to humans at all. Sometimes we are faced with a situation that makes us remember about past pain or failure. We have already gone through something similar, and the result was sad. So let go of the past and start living in the present, do not think about what happened a few years ago, think about what awaits you in the future, and as a result, you will be able to overcome your fear. Or just find on various forums people who once also shied away like the devil from incense, and now nothing can scare them, read their stories and be inspired to change your life. Most importantly, don't let fear be imposed on you. This is all, of course, not easy, but you should imagine what will happen after you get rid of this feeling. You will become independent, nothing will bind you anymore, you will make all decisions, and not the fear that is firmly rooted in your head and is not going to come out. Take a chance and get the reward - freedom.