The most "poetic" among the Russian chronicles is called the Galician-Volyn chronicle. This monument of specific literature Ancient Russia, covering the events of the 13th century, has been preserved as part of the Ipatiev Code of the 15th century, where it is read after The Tale of Bygone Years and the Kyiv Chronicle. The Galician-Volyn Chronicle differs from the previous texts both in content and in style. Moreover, the differences are so significant that they encourage scientists to consider it as an independent, original monument, almost independent of the all-Russian annals.

The mighty Galicia-Volyn principality was located in the southwest of the Old Russian state. Occupying a strategically important position between Kievan Rus and Europe, it often entered into military-diplomatic alliances with the Hungarian kings and byzantine emperors, sometimes adhering to a policy different from the position of Kyiv. According to the description of the author of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", the Galician prince Yaroslav Osmomysl "opened the gates to Kyiv", i.e. the fate of Kievan Rus largely depended on his decisions and actions. The largest trade routes to the countries of Western Europe passed through Galich, Kyiv was supplied with salt and many other goods.

The fate of the Galicia-Volyn principality was determined by how successfully it repelled the raids of nomads, waged wars with the Polish and Hungarian kings, and defended its interests in relations with Lithuania. The boyars had a great influence on the policy of the principality. However, in the first half of the thirteenth century Prince Daniil Romanovich managed to break the resistance of the boyar opposition, defeat the external enemies of the Galician land and go down in history as a unifying prince. It was he who became the main character of the Galicia-Volyn chronicle, and the period of his reign was the "golden age" in the history of the principality.

The problem of authorship, composition and sources of the chronicle

The Galician-Volyn chronicle opens with praise for Daniel's father, Prince Roman, who died in a battle with the Poles in 1205. According to the chronicler, Roman of Galicia has the power of an epic hero: the prince is swift as a lion, fierce as a lynx, brave as a tour; he is able to overcome a long distance, like an eagle, and, like a crocodile, destroy the enemy. Some researchers explain the exotic comparisons of Prince Daniel's father with a crocodile and a lion by the influence of European literatures - Byzantine (A. N. Robinson) or Latin, since Daniel's mother was the daughter of the Polish king (A. A. Pautkin).

The military glory of Roman of Galicia is inherited and multiplied by his son Daniel, who in 1223 had a chance to participate in the tragic battle for the Russian troops with the Mongol-Tatars on the Kalka River, and in 1238 finally establish himself on the Galician table and receive the crown from the hands of the Pope in a sign of recognition of the power of his principality. Under Daniil Romanovich, the cities of Kholm, Kamenets, Lvov, Danilov, Ugrovsk were built, crafts and arts flourished, international relations were strengthened, since the prince was a relative of the Hungarian king Andrei, the Krakow prince Leshka, through his wife he was related to the Lithuanian princes and the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan. The death of Daniil Romanovich (1264) and the beginning of the decline of a hundred principalities are no longer told by the Galician, but by the Volyn Chronicle, dedicated to the events of the 1260s-1280s.

The question of the composition and sources of the Galicia-Volyn chronicle in science is not fully clarified. Difficulties are connected with the fact that the text of the work was repeatedly subjected to editorial revision. In addition, scientists are forced to restore information about the authors of the chronicle, the time and place of its creation, relying, as a rule, only on the analysis of the text of the monument.

Circle of sources The Galician-Volyn Chronicle amazes specialists with its volume and diversity. The researchers found that the chroniclers used documentary materials (letters, diplomats’ reports, various state acts, etc.), relied on information from other chronicles, including Lithuanian ones, turned to the experience of translated historical literature (Greek chronicles of George Amartol and John Malala, "Alexandria" and "History of the Jewish War" by Josephus Flavius), cited monuments of Russian oratorical prose ("The Word on Law and Grace" by Metropolitan Hilarion).

Medievalists have long paid attention to the existence of ideological and poetic echoes between the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle and the Tale of Igor's Campaign. Like the author of the Lay, according to AS Orlov, the Galician chronicler is characterized by "warlike beauty and a purely secular luxury of motives." The monuments are brought together by the breadth of vision of the world, the ease and speed of movement of heroes in space, the motive of brotherhood (Igor - Vsevolod, Daniil - Vasilko), the image of a "good nest" (in the "Word" these are the descendants of Oleg Gorislavich, in the annals - Roman Galitsky), commonality poetic means (for example, comparing a prince-warrior with a tour). The close connection between the works, perhaps, was explained by their belonging to the same southwestern literary tradition and testified to the non-uniqueness of artistic masterpieces in Russian literature of the late 12th-13th centuries. It is no coincidence that some scholars see a Galician in the author of The Tale of Igor's Campaign: perhaps that is why the role of the image of the Novgorod-Seversky prince's wife in the ideological and artistic design of the work is so great, the author's attitude towards her father, the Galician prince Yaroslav Osmomysl, is so respectful. According to researchers, the scribes mentioned in the text of the work could have been involved in the creation of the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle: Demyan of the Thousand, Vyacheslav Tolstoy, the steward Yakov, Andrei of the court, Metropolitan Kirill. The latter, like Metropolitan Peter, was a native of southwestern Russia, but later moved to the northeast and contributed to the rise of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia with his ecclesiastical and literary activities.

The formation of the Galicia-Volyn chronicle, apparently, dates back to the middle of the 13th century, since the chronicler knows the outcome of the struggle of Daniil Romanovich with the boyar opposition, the Galician prince is depicted at the zenith of power and glory. The researcher and publisher of the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle O.P. Likhacheva sees the process of creating the monument as the result of collective work. The first part of the chronicle, in her opinion, was compiled in 1246 by Metropolitan Kirill. His work was continued by Bishop John of Kholm, whose chronicle covered the events of the second half of the 1240s - early 1260s. The next stage of work on the monument is connected with the "Chronicler" of Vasilko Volynsky, where the history of the principality is traced to 1271, when the prince died. "Chronicler" by Vladimir Vasilkovich, the author of which is considered to be Bishop Evsigny, covers the events of 1272-1289. The presentation of history from 1289 to 1291 is associated with the Chronicler of Prince Mstislav Danilovich, which has not come down to us in full. However, this scheme for creating a monument is not universally recognized in science. So far, one thing is clear: The Galicia-Volyn Chronicle consists of two large vaults, one of which was written by the Galicians in the interests of Prince Daniel Romanovich, and the other by the Volynians, who glorified Prince Vasilko Romanovich and his sons.

Relatively chronicle authorship there is also no unanimity in the scientific community. Disputes continue among scientists about whether the Galician Chronicle had one author, as N.K. Gudziy believed, or whether we should talk about collective work on the text of the monument, as A.I. Gensiorsky believed. Opinions of researchers also differ on the issue of whether the chronicler belonged to secular or spiritual writers. The content of the monument testifies to the worldly interests of the writer, his closeness to the professional military environment, however, the sophistication of the book style does not exclude that the chronicle was created by a clergyman. And if A. S. Orlov in the Galician chronicler sees "an educated writer, diplomat and warlike warrior who loves the ringing and rattling of weapons", in other words, "a court knight", then other historians (V. T. Pashuto, L. V. Cherepnin ) tend to consider him a clergyman.

From the text of the Galician Chronicle, its author appears to us, firstly, as a singer of a feat of arms, who considers his main task to be "to tell the mad army, and great labors and frequent wars, and many seditions, and frequent uprisings, and many rebellions" . Secondly, this is an erudite writer, who is well aware, for example, of the peculiarities of the chronology among the peoples of the East and Europe (Syrians, Greeks, Romans). He is well acquainted with translation historiography, he mentions Homer. It is possible that the author of the "Chronicler Daniel of Galicia" served the prince for a long time, performing military and diplomatic missions, and in his old age he became a clergyman and focused his interests on literary creativity. The change in social status makes it possible to explain the rare combination in the Galician chronicler of the rich life experience of a secular person and the high literary education characteristic of a spiritual writer.

In the year 6709 (1201). The beginning of the reign of Grand Duke Roman, Prince of Galicia, the former autocrat of the entire Russian land.

After the death of Grand Duke Roman, the ever-memorable autocrat of all Russia.

He defeated all pagan nations with the wisdom of his mind, following the commandments of God: he rushed at the filthy ones like a lion, he was fierce like a lynx, destroying them like a crocodile, he passed their land like an eagle, he was brave like a tour, he followed his grandfather Monomakh, who killed the filthy Ishmaelites, called Polovtsy, drove Otrok to the obez and beyond the Iron Gates, and Syrchan remained at the Don, eating fish. Then Vladimir Monomakh drank the Don with a golden helmet, seized all their land and drove the accursed Hagarians away. After the death of Vladimir, Syrchan had the only Gudets Or, and Syrchan sent him to the monkeys, saying: “Vladimir died. Come back, brother, go to your own land! Tell the Otrok these words of mine, sing Polovtsian songs to him; if he doesn’t want to, let him smell the grass called evshan.” The lad did not want to return or listen to the songs - and then Or gave him this grass. And when he sniffed it, he wept and said: “It is better to lay down your bones in your own land than to be glorified in a foreign land.” And he came to his land. From him Konchak was born, who scooped out Sulu, walking, carrying a cauldron on his shoulders.

Prince Roman followed Vladimir Monomakh in his affairs and tried to destroy the foreigners.

A great turmoil began in the Russian land - after him two sons remained: one four years old, and the other two.

In the year 6710 (1202). Rurik gathered a lot of Polovtsians and Russians and came to Galich, taking off his monasticism, which he accepted, fearing Roman. When he came to Galich, he was met by the Galician and Vladimir boyars near Mikulin, on the Seret River, they fought all day near the river, and many were wounded, could not stand it and returned to Galich. Rurik, having come to Galich, did not achieve anything.

All this happened because after the death of Roman, the king made an alliance with his daughter-in-law in Sanok, because he accepted Daniel as his dear son. He gave him a defensive detachment: Mokei the great Blind-eyed, Korochun, Volpt and his son Vitomir, Blaginya and many other Ugrians, which is why the Galicians did not dare to do anything. There were many other Ugrian.

At the same time, two Polovtsian princes - Kotyan and Samogur Sutoevich - came across foot soldiers - horses were killed under the princes, and they themselves were almost captured.

And Rurik returned to Kyiv.

A little time passed and they brought Kormilichich, who was expelled by the Grand Duke Roman, not trusting him. The Kormilicichi were known as supporters of the Igorevichs. Having listened to them, the Galician boyars sent for the Igorevichs and imprisoned Vladimir in Galich, and Roman in Zvenigorod.

The princess, the widow of Roman, took her children and fled to Vladimir. And Vladimir also wanted to exterminate the Roman family, and the godless Galicians helped him in this. Vladimir, on the advice of the Galician boyars, sent a priest with a speech to the people of Vladimir, telling them: “Nothing will remain of your city if you don’t give me the Romanoviches, and if you don’t accept my brother Svyatoslav to reign in Vladimir.” Vladimirians wanted to kill the priest, but Mstibog, Monchuk and Mikifor told them: "It is not appropriate to kill the ambassador." They had a deception in their hearts, they wanted to betray their rulers and their city. And the pop was saved thanks to them.

The next day, the princess found out about this and, after consulting with Miroslav, the uncle, ran to the Poles at night. The uncle put Daniel on the saddle in front of him and left the city. And Vasilko was carried out by the nurse and priest Yuri, leaving through a hole in the city wall, but they did not know where to run: after all, Roman was killed in the war with the Poles, and Lestko did not make peace. God did not help - Lestko did not remember the enmity, but with great honor received his daughter-in-law and her children, took pity on them and said: "The devil sowed this enmity between us." It was Vladislav who sowed deceit between them, envious of his love.

In the year 6711 (1203). Lestko sent Daniel to the Ugrian land, and with him sent his ambassador Vyacheslav Lysyi to tell the king: “I forgot the quarrels with Roman—he was a friend to you too. You swore that if the children survived, you would love them. Now they are in exile. Let's go now, win back and return their homeland to them. The king accepted these words, regretting what had happened; he left Daniel at his place, and Lestko left the princess and Vasilka at his place.

Prince Vladimir sent many gifts to the king and Lestok.

After a long time after this, a strife began between the brothers Vladimir and Roman. Roman went to the Ugrians, and fought with his brother, and, having won, captured Galich, and Vladimir fled to Putivl.

In the year 6712 (1204). Alexander brought Lestok and Kondrat, and the Poles came to Vladimir, and the Vladimirians opened the gates for them, saying: "This is Roman's nephew." The Poles captured the whole city. Alexander asked Lestok to spare what had survived, and the Church of the Holy Mother of God. Since its doors were strong, the Poles could not cut them, and in the meantime Lestko and Kondrat arrived and kept their Poles. Thus the church and the remaining people were saved. And the citizens of Vladimir, who believed them and their oath, complained: “If their relative Alexander had not been with them, even the Bug would not have crossed.”

Svyatoslav was taken prisoner and taken to the Lyash land. And Alexander sat in Vladimir. At the same time they captured Vladimir Pinsky. Ingvar and Mstislav were with the Poles. Then Ingvar settled in Vladimir, and Lestko took his daughter as his wife, but, leaving her, went to Orelsk.

The Berestyans came to Lestko and asked that Princess Romanova reign with her children: they were still small. And Lestko agreed that they reigned. Berestyans met them with great joy, as if they saw the great Roman.

Then Alexander lived in Belz, and Ingvar in Vladimir, but the boyars did not like Ingvar. Alexander, on the advice of Lestek, captured Vladimir. Princess Romanova sent Miroslav to Lestok, saying: “This one holds all our land and fatherland, and my son is in Berestye alone.” Alexander took Ugrovsk, Vereshchin, Stolpye, Komov and gave Vasilka Belz.

In the year 6713 (1205). Alexander reigned in Vladimir, and his brother Vsevolod - in Cherven; Lithuania and the Yatvingians ravaged the land, they ravaged Turiysk and the surroundings of Komov almost to Cherven and fought at the gates of Cherven, and the outpost was in Wuhan. Then they killed Matei, Lyubov's son-in-law, and Dobrogost, who had left in a guard detachment. The Vladimir land was in poverty from the plunder of the Lithuanian and Yatvingian! However, let us return to the former, to what happened in Galich.

King Andrew, having learned about the lawlessness and rebellion in the Galician land, sent Benedict with soldiers and, capturing Roman, who was bathing in a bathhouse, sent him to the Ugric land.

In Galich there was Timothy, a wise scribe, originally from the city of Kyiv, he said about this rapist Benedict allegorically: "In the last times the Antichrist will be called by three names." Timothy hid from him, because Benedict oppressed the boyars and townspeople, and committed fornication, dishonored women, even nuns and priestly wives. Indeed, he was the Antichrist for his vile deeds.

In the year 6714 (1206). The Galicians brought Mstislav against Benedict, and he came to Galich, but he did not succeed. Ilya Shchepanovich elevated him to a Galician hill and said to him with a smile: “Prince, you have already sat on a Galician hill, and you also reigned in Galicia.” They laughed at Mstislav, and he returned to Peresopnitsa (later we will talk about the Galician hill and the beginning of Galich, from where it began).

Roman escaped from the Ugrian land. And the Galicians sent to his brother Vladimir, saying: “Sinful before you. Deliver us from that rapist Benedict." Roman and Vladimir went to war against Benedict, and he fled to the Ugrian land. Vladimir settled in Galich, and Roman in Zvenigorod, and Svyatoslav in Przemysl, Vladimir gave Terebovl to his son Izyaslav, and sent Vsevolod, his son, to the Ugric land to the king with gifts.

When Daniel was in the Ugrian land, King Andrei, the Ugric boyars and the whole land wanted to give the royal daughter to Prince Daniel - they were both still children - because the king had no son.

In the year 6715 (1207). The great king Philip of Rome was killed at the instigation of the queen's brother; he asked his sister to find him an accomplice. She could do nothing to help her brother, except that she married her daughter to the son of Landgrave Louis. He was powerful and helped her brother. Now this daughter is recognized as a saint, with the name Alzhbit, and her former name was Kineka - she served God a lot after the death of her husband, for which she is called a saint. But we will return to the former, about which we have already begun to talk.

In the year 6716 (1208). The Igoreviches conspired against the Galician boyars, how to kill them. At an opportunity, the boyars were killed, and Yuri Vitanovich and Ilya Shchepanovich were killed, and other great boyars - a total of five hundred people were killed, while others fled.

Vladislav Kormilichich, Sudislav and Philip fled to the Ugrian land. They found the young Daniel in the Ugrian land and asked the king of the Ugric: "Give us Daniel, a native of Galich, as a prince, so that we take Galich from the Igoreviches with him." The king with great pleasure sent well-armed warriors, the great court Pot, entrusting him with the voivodeship over all the soldiers. The names of the governors who were with him are as follows; the first is Pyotr Turovich, the second is Banquo, the third is Mika the Bearded, the fourth is Lotokharot, the fifth is Mokyan, the sixth is Tibretz, the seventh is Marcel, and many others, about which it is impossible to say or write.

Everyone gathered. First we went to the city of Przemysl. Vladislav, approaching the city, said to the townspeople: “Brothers, what are you thinking about? Were these the ones who killed your fathers and brothers? And others plundered your property, gave your daughters for your slaves! Your homeland was owned by foreign aliens. Do you want to lay down your life for them?” They regretted what had happened and surrendered the city, and their prince Svyatoslav was captured.

From there, the troops marched to Zvenigorod. The Zvenigorodians fiercely fought with them and did not let them go to the city or to the gates of the prison, and they stood around the city.

Vasilko reigned in Belz, the great Vyacheslav Tolstoy, Miroslav, Demyan and Vorotislav and many other boyars and soldiers from Belz came from him; and Lestko sent Sudislav Bernatovich from the Lyash land with many clearings; and from Peresopnitsa came Mstislav Nemoy with many soldiers, and Alexander and his brother came from Vladimir, with many soldiers. Ingvar sent his son from Lutsk, Dorogobuzh and Shumsk, with many soldiers.

And Roman came to the aid of the Polovtsians and Izyaslav Vladimirovich with them. The Ugrians failed to defeat the warriors, and they drove them out of their camps. Mika was wounded and Tobasha cut off his head. The Polovtsians, seeing this, leaned heavily on them. The Ugrians went forward to the Fierce River, so that the Poles and Russians would not come there; dismounting from their horses, they crossed the river, while the Polovtsians and Russians fired at them. Then Marcel moved away from the banner, and the Russians captured him, and Marcel was a great shame; and the Ugrians returned to their rattles — in other words, to the camps.

After that, Roman left the city to ask for help from the Russian princes. When he was on the bridge in Shumsk, Zernko and Chukhoma captured him, and he was brought to the camp to Prince Daniel and to all the princes and governors of the Ugric; then they sent to the townspeople with a speech: "Surrender, your prince is captured." They did not believe until they received news, and then the Zvenigorodites surrendered.

From there they went to Galich, and Vladimir fled from Galich, and his son Izyaslav, and pursued them to the river Nezda. Izyaslav fought near the Nezda River, his pack horses were taken away from him; then he returned to Galich.

Then the Grand Duchess Romanova came to see her own son Daniel. Then the boyars of Vladimir and Galicia, Vyacheslav Vladimirsky, and all the boyars of Vladimir and Galicia, and the Ugric governors, placed Daniil on the throne of his father, Grand Duke Roman, in the Church of the Holy Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary.

King Andrei did not forget his former love, which he had for his brother, Grand Duke Roman, but sent his soldiers and planted his son Daniel in Galich. The princes Roman, Svyatoslav and Rostislav were captured, and the Ugrians wanted to take them to the king, and the Galicians out of revenge asked to be hanged. They bribed the Ugrians with large gifts, and the princes Igorevichs were betrayed for hanging in the month of September.

Daniel reigned in Galich: he was so small that he did not even recognize his mother. After some time, the Galicians drove Daniel's mother out of Galich. Daniel did not want to part with his mother and wept for her, he was still young. And Alexander, the Shumavinsky tyun, came and took his horse by the bridle. Daniel drew his sword and, swinging at it, struck the horse under it. Mother, taking the sword from his hands, persuaded him to stay in Galich, and she herself left for Belz, leaving him with the treacherous Galicians, on the advice of Vladislav, she wanted to reign herself. The king found out about her expulsion and was upset.

In the year 6717 (1209). The king came to Galich and brought his daughter-in-law, Grand Duchess Romanova, and the boyars of Vladimir, and Ingvar came from Lutsk, and other princes. The king held advice with his daughter-in-law and with the Vladimir boyars, saying: "Vladislav reigns, but he expelled my daughter-in-law." Vladislav, Sudislav and Philip were captured and tortured. Having given a lot of good, Sudislav exchanged himself for gold, in other words, having given a lot of gold, he got rid of it. And Vladislav was bound and taken to the Ugrian land. And when Vladislav was led to the Ugrians, Yavold and Yaropolk, his brother, fled to Peresopnitsa to Mstislav and brought Mstislav Yaroslavich, and Mstislav came with them to Buzhsk. And Gleb Potkovich ran away from Buzhsk. Ivanko Stanislavich and his brother Zbislav ran to Galich, informing the Galicians about the war and the siege. And Princess Romanova with her son Daniil and Vyacheslav Tolstoy fled to the Ugric land, and Vasilka and Miroslav went to Belz. As time passed, the king started a big war.

In the year 6718 (1210). Lestko came at the call of Alexander, who wished harm to the Romanovichs, to Belz, which Alexander could not take. Lestko occupied Belz and gave it to Alexander, and the boyars, without violating their loyalty to the Romanovichs, went with Prince Vasilko to Kamenets.

The king released Vladislav, gathered many soldiers and went to Galich. He stopped at the Lelesov Monastery, and here the traitorous boyars tried to kill him.

His wife was killed, and his brother-in-law, the patriarch of Aquileia, barely escaped; and many Germans were killed. And then the king returned, and many were killed, and others fled. As long as the rebellion lasted, the king could not wage war because of their excesses.

Vladislav rode ahead with all the Galicians; Mstislav, having learned about the great royal army, fled from Galich. Vladislav, on the other hand, entered Galich and became prince, sat on the Galician table.

Daniel went with his mother to Lyash land, asking the king for leave. Lestko received Daniil with great honor. From there he went to Kamenets with his mother, and his brother Vasilko and all the boyars greeted him with great joy.

In the year 6719 (1211). Ruled in Kyiv Vsevolod Svyatoslavich, who loved the children of Princess Romanova very much.

Then Mstislav Peresopnitsky, leaving Lestko to manage, went to Galich. Lestko took Daniil from Kamenets, and Alexander from Vladimir, and Vsevolod from Belz, each of them with his own army. Daniel's army was larger and stronger, because all the great boyars of his father were with him. Seeing this, Lestko had a great love for Prince Daniel and his brother Vasilko.

Yaropolk and Yavold shut themselves up in Galich, and Vladislav went out with his Ugrians and Czechs, joining with the Galicians, and came to the Bobroka River. Upon learning of this, Lestko sent the Poles against them, and from Daniil - Miroslav and Demyan, and from Mstislav - Gleb Zeremeevich and Yuri Prokopich.

There was a big battle, and the Poles and Russians overcame. Daniel was still a child then, but he could already ride a horse; Vladislav fled, and many of his soldiers were killed. Lestko could not take Galich, but went to fight near Terebovlya, Moklekovo and Zbarazh. Bykoven was taken by the Poles and Russians. They captured many prisoners and returned to the Lyash land.

Then Daniil and Vasilko, thanks to the help of Lestok, took Tikhoml and Peremil from Alexander and began to reign there with their mother, looking at Vladimir; and they said: "One way or another, Vladimir will be ours, with God's help."

Then the king went to Lestok, while Daniel was at Lestok. Lestko sent his ambassador, governor Pakoslav Lesotich, with a speech: "It is not fitting for a boyar to reign in Galich: take my daughter for your son Koloman and plant him in Galich." King Andrew liked the advice of Pakoslav, he met with Lestok in Zpishy and took his daughter for his son. The king sent to capture Vladislav in Galich and imprisoned him; and he died in prison: he caused great evil to all his family and his children for the sake of reigning. Because of this, all the princes did not support his children.

The king sent his son to Galich, Lestok gave Przemysl, and Pakoslav - Lyubachev. Pakoslav was a supporter of Princess Romanova and her children. On the advice of Pakoslav, Lestko sent a message to Alexander: “Give Vladimir Romanovichs, Daniil and Vasilka. And if you don’t give it, I’ll go to war with you, together with the Romanovichs. He didn't give it back, but Lestko imprisoned the Romanovichs in Vladimir.

In the year 6720 (1212). The king took Przemysl and Lyubachev from Lestok. Lestko, saddened by his shame, sent to Novgorod for Mstislav and said: “You are my brother. Come and sit in Galich." Mstislav went to Galich on Lest'ko's advice. All the Galicians and Sudislav sent for Daniel. Daniel did not have time to arrive, as Benedict the Bald and Sudislav fled to the Ugrians, and Mstislav landed in Galich.

In the year 6721 (1213). Daniel took Mstislav's daughter Anna as his wife, and sons and daughters were born from her. His firstborn was Heraclius, followed by Leo, then Roman, Mstislav, Shvarn and others who left this world in infancy.

After some time, Daniel came to Mstislav in Galich, complaining about Lestok: "He keeps my patrimony." The same said: “Son, for the sake of my former love I cannot go against him; look for others."

Daniel returned home, went with his brother and captured Berestye, Ugrovsk, Vereshchin, Stolp, Komov and all the outskirts.

Lestko was very angry with Daniel. When spring came, the Poles went to fight and waged war along the Bug. Daniil sent Gavril Dushilovich, Semyon Oluevich, Vasily Gavrilovich to them; they fought to the Dry Road, recaptured their captives and returned to Vladimir with great glory.

Then Klim Khristinich, the only one of all his soldiers, was killed; his cross still stands on the Dry Road.

They killed many Poles and chased them to the Vepr River.

It seemed to Lestko that Daniel captured Berestye on the advice of Mstislav, and sent Lestko to tell the king: “I don’t want a part in Galich, give it to my son-in-law.” The king sent many soldiers and Lestek, and they came to Przemysl. Yarun, who was then a thousandth in Przemysl, ran away from them.

Mstislav then united with all the princes of Russia and Chernigov. He sent Dmitr, Miroslav, Mikhalok Glebovich to meet them at Gorodok. The town separated: there were people of Sudislav in it. When Dmitr was fighting near the city, the Ugrians and Poles came against him, and Dmitr fled. At the same time, the clerk Vasil, nicknamed Molza, was shot dead under the city wall. Mikhail Skula was killed, having caught up with Shirets, and they cut off his head, removed three golden chains, and brought his head to Koloman.

Since Mstislav was standing on the Zubr, Dmitr ran to him. Mstislav could not fight the Ugrians and asked his son-in-law Daniel and Alexander to shut themselves up in Galich. Daniel and Alexander promised him to go to Galich. Daniel shut himself up in Galich, but Alexander did not dare.

At that time, Grand Duchess Romanova took monastic vows.

Then the army came under the city - Koloman and the Poles. There was a big battle at the Bloody Ford - snow fell, and they could not resist, and went after Rogozhina, went to Mstislav and drove him out of the land of Galicia.

Mstislav said to Daniel: "Get out of the city!" Daniil left together with the thousand Dmitri, Gleb Zeremeevich and Miroslav. They left the city, and when they were against Tolmach, the traitor Volodyslav Vitovich caught up with them. They attacked him, and drove him away, and took away his horse.

Daniil was young, and therefore, seeing that Gleb Zeremeevich and Semyun Kodninsky were going on a campaign, he joined them, increasing their strength. Others fled.

On this day there was a battle until the very night. That night, Daniil and Gleb Zeremeevich turned back and captured Yants - although he was young, Daniil showed his courage. And they fought all night. And the next morning Gleb Vasilyevich caught up with them. Daniel turned against him and persecuted him more than the race. He escaped from him thanks to the agility of his horses. When Daniel returned, he rode alone among the enemies, but they did not dare to attack him; then Gleb Sudilovich, Tavrilo Ivorovich and Perenezhko came to see him.

From there they went to Onut and went out into the steppe. There was severe hunger. Wagons were going to Plav on the eve of St. Demetrius. Having seized the wagons, they ate their fill, praising God and Saint Demetrius, who had fed them. From there they went below Kuchelemin, considering where to cross the Dniester River. By the grace of God, boats came from Oleshye, and on them they sailed to the Dniester and were satisfied with fish and wine.

From there, Daniel came to Mstislav. Mstislav gave great honor to Daniel, and the rich presented him with gifts, presented his frisky gray horse, and said to him: “Go, prince, to Vladimir, and I will go to the Polovtsy, we will avenge our shame.” And Daniel left for Vladimir.

In the year 6722 (1214). There was silence.

In the year 6723 (1215). By the will of God, the princes of Lithuania sent to the Grand Duchess Romanova and to Daniil with Vasilko, offering peace. Here are the names of the Lithuanian princes: the oldest Zhivinbud, Davyat, Dovsprunk and his brother Mindovg, brother Davyalov Vilikiel. And the Zhmud princes - Erdivil, Vykint, Rushkovichi - Kintibud, Vonibud, Butovit, Vizheik and his son Vishliy, Kiteny, Plikosova; but Bulevichi is Wishimut, whom Mindovg killed, and took his wife, and killed his brothers, Edivil and Sprudeik. And here are the princes from Diavolta - Yudki, Pukeik, Bikshi, Likiik. All of them made peace with the princes Daniel and Vasilko, and peace reigned in their land. But the Poles did not cease to harm - and Daniel brought lithuania on them; they fought the Poles and killed many among them.

In the year 6724 (1216). There was nothing.

In the year 6725 (1217). Filya came out, once haughty, with many eels - he hoped to cover the earth, dry the sea. When he said: "One stone breaks many pots," he uttered another word arrogantly: "Sharp sword, greyhound horse - we will capture many Russians!" God, however, did not tolerate this, and in due time, the once haughty Filya was killed by Daniil Romanovich.

Alexander retreated from Daniel and Vasilko and joined Lestok, and there was no help for them from anyone except from God, until Mstislav came with the Polovtsy. And then he left Galich Fil with many Ugrians and Poles, took with him the Galician boyars, Sudislav, his father-in-law, and Lazar and others, and the others left him, because he became proud.

In the year 6726 (1218). There was silence.

In the year 6727 (1219). Lestko came to Daniil to Shchekarev, preventing him from going to the aid of his father-in-law Mstislav. Kondrat came to reconcile Daniel and Lestok, but found out about Lestok's treachery and did not order Prince Daniel to go to Lestok. Filya was preparing for battle, believing that no one could oppose him for battle. He left Koloman in Galich and created a fortress from the church of our most pure mistress the Mother of God, who did not tolerate the desecration of her temple and gave the city to Mstislav.

Ivan Lekin was here with Koloman, as well as Dmitri and Bot. When the Polovtsy arrived to watch the battle, the Ugrians and Polovtsy chased after them. One Polovtsy contrived and struck Ouse with an arrow in the eye; he fell off his horse, they took his body and mourned him. The next day, on the eve of the Holy Mother of God, Mstislav came early in the morning to the proud Fil and the Ugrians and Poles, and there was a fierce battle between them, and Mstislav won. When the Ugrians and Poles fled, many of them were killed, and the majestic Filya was captured by Dobrynia's combatant, the one whom the deceitful Zhiroslav stole and, being convicted of this, because of him lost his patrimony.

Having won, Mstislav went to Galich, and there was a battle at the city gates. The defenders of the city climbed onto the church vaults, and some of them climbed up on ropes, and their horses were captured. The church was fortified. They, shooting at the townspeople and throwing stones at them, were exhausted from thirst, for there was no water. And when Mstislav arrived, they gave up and were driven from the church. Daniil arrived with a small retinue and with Demyan Tysyatsky, but at that time he had not yet arrived. Daniel then came to Mstislav, and he was very happy: God saved them from foreigners, all the Poles and Ugrians were killed, and some were taken prisoner, while others, running away, drowned or were killed by smerds, but none of them escaped, - such was the mercy of God to the Russian land.

Then they brought Sudislav to Mstislav, who did not remember him evil, but showed mercy. The same one, embracing his legs, promised to be his slave. Mstislav believed his words, honored him with great honor and gave him Zvenigorod.

In the year 6728 (1220). There was nothing.

In the year 6729 (1221). Alexander retreated even earlier and made an alliance with Lestok, Koloman and Fillya the proud, still wishing evil on the Romanovichs. But after the victory of Mstislav and after the war of the Lithuanians with the Poles, Lestko made peace with Daniil and Vasilko through Derzhislav Abramovich and Tvoryan Votikhovich, and the Romanovichs made peace through Demyan Tysyatsky, and Lestko retreated from Alexander.

And on that Saturday night, Daniil and Vasilka ravaged the surroundings of Belz and Cherven, and the whole country was ruined, the boyar robbed the boyar, the smerd of the smerd, the city dweller of the city dweller, so that not a single village remained unplundered. As the Scripture says, "I will not leave a stone unturned." The Belzhans call this night the evil night, because this night played an evil game with them - they were ruined before dawn.

Mstislav said: “Have pity on brother Alexander,” and Daniel returned to Vladimir, leaving Belz.

In the year 6730 (1222). There was nothing.

In the year 6731 (1223). Under Daniel and Vasilko Romanovich, the bishopric was in Vladimir: there was the blessed St. Joasaph, the saint from the Holy Mountain; then there was Basil from the Holy Mountain, then there was Nicephorus, nicknamed Stanilo, for he had previously been a servant of Vasilko, then Cosmas, the meek, reverend, humble bishop of Vladimir.

By God's will, Daniel created the city of Hill. We will tell you about its creation sometime.

By God's will, John was elected and made bishop - Prince Daniel chose him from the clergy of the great church of the Holy Mother of God in Vladimir; and before that, Ioasaf Ugrovsky was a bishop, who arbitrarily seized the metropolitan throne and was deposed from his throne for that, and the bishopric was transferred to Kholm.

In the year 6732 (1224). An unheard-of army came, the godless Moabites, called Tatars; they came to the Polovtsian land. The Polovtsy tried to resist, but even the strongest of them, Yuri Konchakovich, could not resist them and fled, and many were killed - to the Dnieper River. The Tatars turned back and went back to their towers. And so, when the Polovtsy ran to the Russian land, they said to the Russian princes: "If you do not help us, then today we were beaten, and you will be beaten tomorrow."

There was a council of all the princes in the city of Kyiv, and the council decided as follows: "It is better for us to meet them on a foreign land than on our own." At this council were Mstislav Romanovich of Kyiv, Mstislav Kozelsky and Chernigov and Mstislav Mstislavich of Galitsky - they were the oldest princes of the Russian land. Grand Duke Yuri of Suzdal was not at that council. And the younger princes were Daniil Romanovich, Mikhail Vsevolodich, Vsevolod Mstislavich of Kyiv and many other princes. At the same time, the Grand Duke of Polovtsian Basty was baptized. Vasilko was not there, he remained in Vladimir due to his youth.

From there they came in the month of April and approached the Dnieper River, to the Varangian Island. And all the Polovtsian nomads gathered here with them, and the Chernigovites arrived, the people of Kiev and Smolensk and residents of other lands. And when they forded the Dnieper, many people could not see the water. The Galicians and Volynians came each with their own prince. And the Kuryans, the Trubians and the Putivlians, each with his own prince, came on horseback. The Galician exiles passed along the Dniester and went out to sea - they had a thousand boats - entered the Dnieper, climbed to the rapids and stood by the Khortitsa River at the ford at the rapid. Yuri Domamirich and Derzhikrai Vladislavich were with them.

The news reached the camp that the Tatars had come to look at the Russian boats; having heard about this, Daniil Romanovich galloped, jumping on his horse, to look at the unprecedented army; and the horsemen who were with him and many other princes galloped to look at her. The Tatars are gone. Yuri said: "These are arrows." And others said: "These are ordinary people, worse than the Polovtsians." Yuri Domamirich said: "These are warriors and good warriors."

Returning, Yuri told Mstislav everything. The young princes said: “Mstislav and the other Mstislav, do not stand! Let's go against them!" All the princes, Mstislav, and another Mstislav, Chernigov, crossed the Dnieper River, other princes also crossed to them, and they all went to the Polovtsian steppe. They crossed the Dnieper on Tuesday, and the Tatars met the Russian regiments. The Russian arrows defeated them, and drove them far into the steppe, beating them, and captured their cattle, and left with the herds, so that all the soldiers enriched themselves with cattle.

From there they traveled eight days to the Kalka River. They were met by Tatar guard detachments. Guard detachments fought, and Ivan Dmitrievich and two others with him were killed.

The Tatars drove off; near the Kalka River itself, the Tatars met with Russian and Polovtsian regiments. Mstislav Mstislavich first ordered Daniil with the regiment and other regiments with them to cross the Kalka River, and he himself moved after them; he himself rode in a guard detachment. When he saw the Tatar regiments, he came to say: "Arm!" Mstislav Romanovich and the other Mstislav were sitting in the camp and did not know anything: Mstislav did not tell them about what was happening because of envy, because there was great enmity between them.

The shelves came together. Daniil rode forward, and Semyon Olyuevich and Vasilko Gavrilovich hit the Tatar regiments, and Vasilka was wounded. And Daniel himself, being wounded in the chest, due to his youth and courage, did not feel the wounds on his body. He was eighteen years old and strong.

Daniil fought hard, beating the Tatars. Mstislav Nemoy saw this and, thinking that Daniel was wounded, he himself rushed at them, for he was a strong man; he was a relative of Roman from the family of Vladimir Monomakh. He loved Father Daniel very much, and he entrusted his parish to him after his death in order to give it to Prince Daniel.

When the Tatars fled, Daniel beat them with his regiment, and Oleg Kursky fought hard with them, but the new regiments fought them. For our sins, the Russian regiments were defeated.

Daniel, seeing that the battle was flaring up and the Tatar archers were shooting hard, turned his horse under the pressure of the enemy. While he was running, he was very thirsty, and when he got drunk, he felt a wound on his body, which he did not notice during the battle because of the courage and strength of his age. For he was brave and brave, from head to toe he had no flaws.

All Russian princes were defeated. The same never happened. The Tatars, having defeated the Russian people because of the sins of the Christians, came and reached Svyatopolkov's Novgorod. The Russians, unaware of their deceit, came out to meet them with crosses, and were all killed.

Expecting the repentance of Christians, God turned the Tatars back to the eastern land, and they conquered the Tangut land and other countries. Then their Genghis Khan was killed by the Tanguts. The Tatars deceived the Tanguts and subsequently destroyed them by deceit. And they destroyed other countries - the army, and most of all by deceit.

In the year 6733 (1225). Alexander all the time harbored enmity towards his brothers Romanovich, Daniil and Vasilko. Hearing that Mstislav did not love his son-in-law, Prince Daniel, he was delighted and began to incite Mstislav to war. Mstislav went to fight and came to Lysaya Gora. Daniel came to the Lyash land, called for help from Prince Lestok and went to meet Mstislav. When Alexander sent help to Mstislav, Daniel intercepted them, and his army drove them into Belz, and almost took the city. The next day in the morning Daniel went against Mstislav. Mstislav could not stand it and returned to Galich.

Prince Daniel with the Poles ravaged the land of Galicia near Lyubachev and captured everyone in the lands of Belz and Cherven, even those who remained at home. And Prince Vasilko captured a lot of booty, herds of horses and mares, so that the Poles envied him. And when the ambassadors came from Daniel and Vasilko, Demyan and Andrey were released.

After that, Mstislav brought Kotyan and many Cumans and Vladimir of Kyiv, pretending to go against the Poles on Alexander's advice. Alexander, on the other hand, always plotted against his brother, telling Mstislav this way: "Your son-in-law wants to kill you." When the trial took place near his tent, Alexander himself did not dare to come and sent his Yan. Mstislav said: “It is your doing, Yan, that Daniil is setting the Poles on me for the second time.” And all the princes understood that Alexander was slandering, and Yan was lying, and all the princes said to Daniel: “Take his whole parish for your shame.” But he, loving his brother, did not take his parish, and everyone praised him for this.

Mstislav received his son-in-law with love, honored him with great gifts, gave him his greyhound horse Aktaz, such as did not exist at that time; and gave rich gifts to his daughter Anna. He met with the brothers in Peremil, where they established peace.

In the year 6734 (1226). The deceiver Zhiroslav told the Galician boyars: “Mstislav is going to the steppe and wants to betray you to his father-in-law, Kotyan, to be killed.” While Mstislav was innocent of this and did not know anything about it, the boyars believed Zhiroslav and went to the land of Przemysl, to the Kavokas mountains, in other words, Ugorsky, to the Dniester River. They sent their ambassadors to say: "Zhiroslav told us so." Mstislav sent his spiritual father Timothy to tell them: "Zhiroslav slandered me in front of you in vain." Timothy swore to them that Mstislav knew nothing about this, and brought all the boyars to him.

The prince denounced Zhiroslav and drove him away from himself, just as God expelled Cain from his face, saying: “Cursed are you! Moan and tremble on the earth, for the earth has opened its mouth to receive the blood of your brother." So Zhiroslav slandered his master, and let there be no refuge for him in all the lands of Russian and Ugric and in no countries, let him walk, wandering around the countries, let him thirst for food, let him be poor in wine and oil, let his yard be empty let there not be a single inhabitant in his village!

Exiled from there, he went to Izyaslav. He was known as a crafty deceiver, the most deceitful of all, the flame of lies, he was known to everyone because of the nobility of his father. Poverty prevented his intrigues, his tongue was nourished by lies, but he cunningly gave credibility to deceit and rejoiced at a lie more than a crown; a hypocrite, he deceived not only strangers, but also his friends, deceitful for the sake of prey. Because of this, he so wanted to be with Izyaslav. We will return to the past.

Mstislav, on the advice of the cunning Galician boyars, gave his youngest daughter to Prince Andrei and gave him Przemysl. Andrei, having listened to the crafty Semyunk Chermny, fled to the Ugric land and began to gather an army. When winter came, he came to Przemysl; Thousand then was Yuri, he surrendered Przemysl, and he fled to Mstislav. The king stopped in Zvenigorod and sent his soldiers to Galich, but he himself did not dare to go to Galich: the Ugrian sorcerers predicted to him that if he saw Galich, he would not be alive. Because of this, he did not dare to go to Galich, because he believed the Magi. The Dniester was flooded, and it was impossible to cross it.

Mstislav rode against them with regiments. They looked at each other, and the Ugrians left for their camps. With the king was Pakoslav with the Poles. From there the king went to Terebovl, and took Terebovl, and went to Tihoml, and took Tihoml, from there he went to Kremyants, and fought near Kremyants, and many Ugrians were killed and wounded.

Then Mstislav sent Sudislav to his son-in-law, Prince Daniel, saying: “Do not leave me!” The same said: “I have the truth in my heart!”

From there the king came to Zvenigorod. Mstislav also left Galich. Ugry same went against him from the royal camps. Mstislav fought with them, and defeated them, and pursued them to the royal camps, beating them. Martinish was then killed, the governor of the royal. The king was dismayed and left this land without delay.

Daniel came to Mstislav with his brother Vasilko in Gorodok, and Gleb with them. And they said: "Come, prince, against the king: he walks along Lochti." Sudislav interfered with him. He had a deception in his heart, he did not want the death of the king, placing great hopes on him.

The king was exhausted. Lestko at this time went to his aid. Although Daniil prevented him from helping the king, Lestko was even more eager to help him. Daniil and Vasilka sent their people to the Bug and did not let him come. And he, returning from there, went to his own land: he was exhausted, going to war.

And the Ugrian king went to the Ugrian land. Then Izyaslav and the deceitful Zhiroslav caught up with him and went with him to the Ugric land.

Then Sudislav, deceiving Mstislav, told him: “Prince, give your betrothed daughter to the prince and give him Galich. You yourself cannot reign in it, the boyars do not want you. Mstislav did not want to give Galich to the prince, he most of all wanted to give it to Daniel. But Gleb Zeremeevich and Sudislav did not allow him to give Galich to Daniel, telling him: “If you give it to the prince, then when you want, you can take it from him. If you give it to Daniel, Galich will never be yours.” The Galicians wanted Daniel, and from there they sent him for negotiations. Mstislav gave Galich to Prince Andrei, and took Ponyzye for himself. From there he went to Torchesk.

Mstislav Nemoy gave his fatherland to Prince Daniel and entrusted his son Ivan to him, and Ivan died, and Yaroslav Ingvarevich took Lutsk, and Pinyany took Chertoryysk.

In the year 6735 (1227). Let's start talking about countless armies, and about great deeds, and about frequent wars, and about many seditions, and about frequent uprisings, and about many rebellions; From a young age there was no rest for Daniil and Vasilko.

When Yaroslav was sitting in Lutsk, Daniel went to Zhydychyn to bow and pray to St. Nicholas. And Yaroslav called him to Lutsk. And his boyars told him: "Take Lutsk, here capture their prince." But he replied: "I came here to pray to St. Nicholas, and I can't do it." He went to Vladimir and from there, gathering an army, sent Andrei, Vyacheslav, Gabriel and Ivan to Yaroslav. When Yaroslav left the city, he was captured along with his wife, was captured by Alexei Oreshko: there was a fast horse under him, he overtook the prince and captured him near the city. And the Luchans shut up. The next day, Daniil and Vasilko came, and Lutsk residents surrendered. The brother gave Lutsk and Peresopnitsa to Vasilka, and he gave Berestye to him first.

The Yotvingians plundered near Berestye and were driven out of Vladimir. Two, Shutr Mondunich and Stegut Zebrovich, stumbled upon the regiment. And he was killed by Daniil and Vyacheslav Shutr, and Stegut was killed by Shelv. When the Yotvingians were running away, Daniel chased after them, inflicted four wounds on Nebr and knocked the spear out of his hand with a shaft. Vasilko, chasing him, heard a cry: "Your brother is fighting from behind." Vasilko turned and rushed to help his brother, and thanks to this, the yatving ran away, and the others fled.

We will leave it and return to the former.

Daniil sent Demyan to his father-in-law to say: "It is not proper for Pinyans to hold Chertoryysk, I cannot stand it." When Demyan told this to Mstislav, Mstislav replied: “Son, I sinned that I didn’t give you Galich, but gave it to a foreigner on the advice of the false Sudislav; he deceived me. But if God wants, let's go to him. I will bring the Polovtsy, and you with yours. If God gives it to us, you take Galich, and I take Ponyzye, and God will help you. And about Chertoryysk, you are right.” Demyan returned on Holy Saturday. And the next day, on Easter, Daniil and Vasilko arrived at Chertoryisk, and on Monday night they besieged the city. Then Daniel's horse was shot from the city wall. The next day, Miroslav and Demyan surrounded the city. And they said to the princes: "God has delivered our enemies into your hands." Daniel ordered to start an attack, and they took the city and captured their prince.

Then Grand Duke Mstislav Udaloy died. He very much desired to see his son Daniel. But Gleb Zeremeevich, motivated by envy, did not let him in. Mstislav wanted to entrust his house and his children to Prince Daniel, for he had great love in your heart.

Then they released Yaroslav, gave him Peremil, and then Mezhybozhye.

In the year 6736 (1228). Metropolitan Kirill, the blessed saint, came to reconcile everyone and could not.

Then Rostislav Pinsky constantly slandered, because his children were in captivity.

Vladimir Kyiv gathered an army. Mikhail Chernigov had a great fear in his heart: "Because his father tonsured my father as a monk." Vladimir brought Kotyan and the Polovtsy. And they came to Kamenets. Vladimir with all the princes, Kuryans, Pinyans, Novogorodtsy, Turovians surrounded Kamenets.

Daniel tried to make peace with the Polovtsy, trying to outbid them, and went to the Polovtsy for help, and sent his ambassador Pavel to Kotyan, saying: “Father, stop this war, let's live in love.” He, having ruined the land of Galicia, went to the Polovtsian land, without joining them.

The prince was in Galich, and Sudislav was with him, they were allies with Vladimir and Mikhail. But these did not achieve anything and returned.

Daniil and Vasilko gathered a lot of Poles and went to Kyiv, with the governor Pakoslav, and Alexander with them. They met ambassadors from Vladimir and Mikhail: Vorotislav Petrovich and Yuri Tolignevich, who wanted to make peace. Peace was concluded, and the Poles returned back.

In the year 6737 (1229). Lestko, the Grand Duke of Lyashsky, was killed, he was killed at the Sejm by Svyatopolk and Vladislav Ottonovich, on the advice of the treacherous boyars. After the death of his brother, Kondrat received Daniil and Vasilko in great love and asked them to come to his aid. They came to his aid against Vladislav the Old. They themselves went to war and left Vladimir Pinsky, Ugrian and Berestyan people in Berestye to guard the land from the Yotvingians. At that time, the Lithuanians fought against the Poles and, believing that the Berestyans were at peace with them, they came to Berest. But Vladimir said: "Although you are in the world, but not with me." And he went out to them with birch bark, and killed everyone.

Daniil and Vasilko came to Kondrat, arranged a council and went to Kalish. And they came to Vepr in the evening. The next morning, at dawn, they crossed the Presna River and went to the city. And that night it was pouring rain. Seeing that there was no one to resist, they set off to rob and take prisoners. The Russians reached Milic and Starogorod, and occupied several villages of the Vorotislavovs, captured a large crowd and returned, and came to their camps, considering how to go to the city for battle - but the Poles did not want to fight.

The next day, Daniel and Vasilka, taking their soldiers, approached the city. Kondrat, who loved the Russian battle, urged on his soldiers, but they did not want to. Both approached the gates of Kalisz, while Miroslav and other regiments were sent to the rear of the city.

The city was surrounded by water, dense thickets of willows and willows, and they themselves did not know who was fighting where. When some retreated, others advanced, and when they retreated, these advanced. They did not take the city that day because they did not see each other. Stones flew from the city walls like heavy rain - they stood in the water, but soon began to stand, as if on land, on the thrown stones. They set fire to the drawbridge and Zheravets. The Poles barely extinguished the city gates.

Daniil and Vasilko walked around the city; some archers fired at the city wall, and one hundred and sixty men standing on fences were wounded. When evening came, they returned to their camps.

Stanislav Mikulich said: "Where we stood, there is no moat with water, no high embankment." Daniel, sitting on a horse, went to inspect the city fortifications himself and saw that this was indeed the case. Daniil came to Kondrat and said: "If we had known this place from the very beginning, the city would have been taken." Kondrat asked him to proceed to the city again in the morning.

The next morning, Daniel and Vasilko sent their people. They stood and dismantled wooden buildings near the city, and the townspeople did not dare to throw stones at them from the walls and asked Kondrat to send Pakoslav and Mstiuy to them. Pakoslav said to Daniel: "Change your clothes and come with us." Daniel did not want to, but his brother told him: "Go, listen to their veche." Kondrat did not trust Mstiuyu.

Daniil put on Pakoslav's helmet and stood behind him. The men stood on the fences and said: “So tell the Grand Duke Kondrat - isn’t this city yours? We, the warriors languishing in this city, are not strangers, we are your people, your brothers! Why don't you pity us? If the Russians capture us, what glory will Kondrat have? If the Russian banner is hoisted on the city walls, to whom will you honor? Isn't it the Romanovichs? And you will belittle your honor! Now we serve your brother, and tomorrow we will be yours. Do not give glory to the Russians, do not destroy this city! And they spoke a lot.

Pakoslav said: "Kondrat would be glad to show you mercy, but Daniel is very angry with you: he does not want to leave without taking the city." And, laughing, he said: “But he himself is standing. Talk to him." The prince poked him with the shaft of his spear and took off his helmet. They shouted from the city wall: "Accept our humility, we beg you - make peace!" He laughed a lot, talked with them, took their two husbands and went to Kondrat.

Kondrat made peace with them and took hostages from them. The Russians captured many servants and noblewomen. The Russians and the Poles swore to each other: if after that there will be a strife between them, then the Poles will not take the Russian servants, and the Russians - the Lyakh.

Then they returned home from Kondrat with honor: God helped them, and they rendered great help to Kondrat, and returned with glory to their land. No other prince entered so far into the land of Lyash, except for Vladimir the Great, who baptized the Russian land.

Some time later, Vasilko went to the wedding of his brother-in-law in Suzdal, to the Grand Duke Yuri, taking Miroslav and others with him.

When Daniil was in Ugrovsk, the Galicians sent to say: "Sudislav left for Ponysya, and the prince remained in Galich, come soon." Daniel gathered an army, quickly sent Demyan against Sudislav, and he himself went with a small squad from Ugrovsk to Galich, and on the third day by night he was in Galich. Sudislav could not resist Demyan and fled to Galich. When Daniel arrived in Galich, the Galicians closed the city, Daniel seized the court of Sudislav. How much wine, vegetables, food, spears, arrows was there - it's scary to look at! Then Daniel, seeing that his people were drunk, did not want to camp near the city, but went to the other side of the Dniester.

Sudislav ran into the city that night; people from his army were captured, who said that Sudislav was already in Galich. Daniel stood in Ugolnitsy on the banks of the Dniester. The Galicians and the Ugrians rode out onto the ice and exchanged fire; with the onset of evening, when the ice broke and the river flooded, they set fire to the bridge on the Dniester - this was done by the lawless dashing Semyunko, red as a fox.

Demyan came with all the Galician boyars - with Miroslav, with Volodislav and other Galician boyars. Daniel was very happy about this, but was upset because of the bridge, wondering how to cross the Dniester. Daniel galloped to the bridge, and saw that the end of the bridge went out, and was very happy.

In the morning, when Vladimir Ingvarevich came, they crossed the bridge and stood on the banks of the Dniester.

In the morning, when everyone got up, Daniel went around the city and, having gathered all the Galician army, placed it on four sides around the city. He gathered an army from Bobroka up to the rivers Ushitsa and Prut, and surrounded the city with large forces. The Galicians were exhausted and surrendered the city. Daniel, having captured the city, remembered his friendship with King Andrew, and let his son go, and accompanied him to the Dniester River. Only Sudislav left with him, they threw stones at him and shouted: “Get out of the city, rebel of the earth!”

Andrei came to his father and brother, and Sudislav constantly said: “Go to Galich and seize the Russian land. If you don't go, they will become stronger than us."

Belarix came out, that is, the king of the Ugric, with a large army. He said: “The city of Galich cannot resist. No one can deliver him from my hand." When he ascended the Ugrian mountains, God sent the Archangel Michael to help us - to open the abyss of heaven. Horses drowned, people fled to high places. Bela, on the other hand, was steadily striving to capture the city and the land. But Daniel prayed to God, and God delivered him from the hand of the mighty.

The king surrounded the city and sent an ambassador, and the ambassador shouted with a loud voice, and said: “Listen to the words of the great king of the Ugric. Let not Demyan console you, saying: "God will raise us up from the earth." Let not your Daniel hope in the Lord, saying: "This city cannot surrender to the king of the Ugric." How many times have I gone to foreign countries - who can be saved from my hand and from the forces of my regiments. Demyan, however, was firm, not afraid of his threats. God help him. Daniil brought the Polovtsy and Polovtsy Kotyan to him. And the king had the Polovtsians of Begovars.

God sent Pharaoh's plagues on them. The forces of the city grew, while those of Bela were depleted. And he left the city, leaving his people, armed warriors and horsemen. Many citizens attacked them, and some fell into the river, while others were killed, while others were wounded, others were taken prisoner. As it is said in another place: “The Skyrt River played an evil game with the townspeople,” so here the Dniester played an evil game with the Ugrians.

From there the king went to Vasilev, crossed the Dniester and went to the Prut. God allowed execution on them, an angel beat them, and so they died: some - taking off their shoes, others, climbing on horses, died, others, sitting down to the fire and only bringing meat to their mouths, died, they died from various other diseases - and the abyss of heaven they were all fired the same way.

So, the king left Galich because of the infidelity of the Galician boyars, and Daniel, with God's help, regained his city.

After that, we will tell about many rebellions, great deceptions, numerous wars.

In the year 6738 (1230). Sedition arose among the godless Galician boyars: they plotted with Daniel's relative, Alexander, to kill him and transfer his land. While they were deliberating, plotting to set fire, the merciful God put in the heart of Vasilko to go out and draw his sword as a joke against the servant of the king, and to the other, also playing, pick up the shield. The traitors Molibogovichi saw this, and God inspired fear in them, and they said: "Our plan is destroyed." And they ran like the accursed Svyatopolk. They were already running away, but Prince Daniel and Prince Vasilko did not yet know about it.

Vasilko went to Vladimir, and the godless Philip called Prince Daniel to Cherry. The second conspiracy to kill him was perpetrated by him and his nephew Alexander. When Daniil reached Branevich’s shallows, an ambassador from his thousandth Demyan came to him, who told him: “This is an unkind feast, because it was planned by your godless boyar Philip and your nephew Alexander - to be killed for you. When you hear of this, go back and hold your father's table."

After Konstantin told this, Daniel returned along the Dniester River, and the godless boyars set off in a different way, not wanting to meet him.

When he arrived in Galich, he sent his ambassador to his brother, Prince Vasilko: "Go to Alexander." Alexander fled to Przemysl to his accomplices, and Vasilko captured Belz. He sent his saddleman Ivan to capture the infidel Molibogovichi and Voldris, and Ivan Mikhalkovich took twenty-eight of them. But they did not accept death, but received mercy; but once, when the prince was having fun at a feast, one of those godless boyars splashed a cup of wine in his face, and then he endured it. May God reward them with vengeance.

In the year 6739 (1231). Daniel himself gathered a veche, he had eighteen faithful warriors left with his thousandth Demyan, and he said to them: “Will you be faithful to me so that I can go out against my enemies?” They exclaimed: “We are faithful to God and to you, our lord! Get out with God's help!" Sotsky Mikula said: "Sir, do not eat honey without crushing the bees." He prayed to God, the holy Mother of God and Michael, the archangel of God, and tried to go out with a small number of soldiers. Miroslav came to his aid with a small number of vigilantes. The traitors also came to his aid, pretending to be faithful. And they made an alliance with him, although they were angry with him. When Daniel arrived at Przemysl, Alexander could not stand it and ran. During the chase, Shelv was wounded; he was brave and died with great honor. The traitor Volodislav Yurievich, who made an alliance with him, pursued Alexander to Sanok himself, to the Ugor Gates. Alexander eluded them, leaving all his possessions, and so he came to the Ugrian land and went to Sudislav. Sudislav was then in the Ugrian land.

Sudislav set to work, came to King Andrei and called the Ugric King Andrei on a campaign. And King Andrew came with his son Bela and with another son Andrew to the city of Yaroslav. Boyarin Davyd Vyshatich and Vasily Gavrilovich, the people of Prince Daniel, shut themselves up in Yaroslav; The Ugrians fought until sunset, and were repulsed from the city.

In the evening the council was called. Davyd was alarmed: his mother-in-law, the wife of the breadwinner Nezdil, was a supporter of Sudislav, who called her his mother. And Davyd Vyshatich said: "You cannot hold this city." Basil answered him: "We will not destroy the honor of our prince, the army will not be able to capture this city." He was a strong and brave man. But Davyd did not listen to him and still wanted to give the city. Chuck, who came from the Ugric regiments, told him: "They can't capture you anymore, because they've been badly beaten." Vasily stood firmly for not surrendering the city. Then horror seized his heart, although he himself was unharmed, and he went out with all the soldiers. And the king occupied Yaroslav and went to Galich. Klimyata from the Naked Mountains ran from Daniel to the king, and all the Galician boyars ran after him.

From there the king went to the city of Vladimir. When he came to Vladimir, he was amazed and said: “I have not seen such a city even in German countries". That's what he was! And warriors stood on the city walls, shields and armor shone like the sun. Miroslav was then in the city; once he was brave, but now, God knows why, he suddenly became confused and made peace with the king without the consent of Prince Daniel and his brother Vasilko. Under the agreement, Miroslav gave Belz and Nerven to Alexander, and the king planted his son Andrei in Galich, with the consent of the treacherous Galician boyars. Miroslav denied: "I did not give Cherven under the contract." And there was a great rebuke to him from both brothers: “Why did you make peace, having a large army?”

When the king was in Vladimir, Prince Daniel captured many prisoners while fighting near Buzhsk. And the king returned to his Ugric land.

Vladimir sent to Daniel, saying: “Michael is coming against me, help me, brother!” Daniel came to make peace between them. From the Russian land, he took a part of Torchesk for himself and gave it back to the children of Mstislav the Udaly, his shuryas. He said to them: "For the good deeds of your father, accept the city of Torchesk and own it."

At this time, Prince Andrei moved his army against Daniel and came to Beloberezh. Volodislav rode with a guard detachment from Daniel from Kyiv and met the army in Beloberezhye, they fought near the Sluch River and drove the Ugrians to the Derevnoye River from the Chertov Forest.

News came to Kyiv to Vladimir and Daniil from Volodislav. And Daniel said to Prince Vladimir: “Brother, I know that they are going to both of us. Let me go, I'll go to their rear." The same, having learned about this, returned to Galich.

Daniil, having united with his brother, caught up with the prince at Shumsk and spoke with him near the Velia River. With the prince were Alexander, Gleb Zeremeevich, other princes Bolohovsky and many Ugrians. Daniel saw the king's son near the river Vella and said to him a certain boastful word, which God does not like. The next day, Daniel crossed the river Velya at Shumsk and, having bowed to God and St. Simeon, completed his regiments and went to Torchev. Prince Andrei found out about this, filled out his regiments and went out against him, that is, to the battle. Since the prince was walking along the plain, Daniel and Vasilko had to leave the high mountains; some advised to stay on the mountains and guard the slopes. But Daniel said, "As the Scripture says, 'Whoever is slow to go into battle has a timid soul.'" And, forcing them, rather went down.

Vasilko went against the Ugrians, Demyan Tysyatsky and other regiments went on the left, and Daniil with his regiment went in the middle. Great was his regiment, for it consisted only of brave men with sparkling weapons. The Ugrians, seeing him, did not want to fight him, but turned against Demyan and on other regiments. Archers arrived with a ram, people could not resist, were killed and fled. When Demyan fought with Sudislav, Prince Daniel drove to their rear, and they fought with spears, but it seemed to Demyan that they were all enemies and they were running in front of him. Daniel plunged his spear into the soldier and the spear broke and he drew his sword. He looked to and fro and saw that the banner of Vasilko was standing, and he was valiantly fighting and driving the Ugrians; Daniel drew his sword and went to help his brother, he wounded many, and others died from his sword. They came together with Miroslav; seeing that the Ugrians were gathering, they ran into them together. The same could not stand it and retreated; others came and fought, and they could not stand it. Pursuing the enemies, they dispersed. Then he saw his brother, valiantly fighting, with a bloody spear and a spear shaft chopped with swords.

In the year 6740 (1232). Gleb Zeremeevich gathered the Ugrians and went to Vasilko's banner. Daniel approached them to challenge them to battle, and saw no soldiers among them, but only youths holding horses. The same, recognizing him, tried to kill his horse with swords. The merciful God carried him out of the enemy ranks without wounds, only the wool was cut off by the end of the sword on the thigh of his horse. He came to his people and forced them to come out against them.

The Vasilkov regiment drove the Ugrians to their camps, and the prince's banner was cut down, and many other Ugrians fled until they reached Galich.

While they were standing - these on the mountain, and those - on the plain, Daniil and Vasilka forced their people to ride them. But God so wished for sins: Daniil's squad fled, and the Ugrians did not dare to pursue him, and there was no damage in Daniel's regiments, except for five killed.

Daniel got ready in the morning, but did not know about his brother, where he was and with whom. The prince returned to Galich, because there was a lot of damage in his regiments: many Ugrians fled until they reached Galich.

There was a big fight that day. Many Ugrians were killed, but few Daniil boyars, here are their names: Ratislav Yuryevich, Moses, Stepan and his brother, as well as Yuri Yanevich.

Then Daniel found out that his brother was healthy and did not stop preparing for battle.

There was a battle of Tortsevsky on Great Saturday.

Then Alexander sent to the brothers Daniel and Vasilko with a speech: “It is not good for me to be without you.” They received him with love.

When the grass grew, Daniel, together with his brother and Alexander, went to Plesnesk, and, having arrived, captured Plesnesk from the Arbuzovichi, and took many prisoners, and returned to Vladimir.

In the year 6741 (1233). Korolevich and Sudislav brought to Daniil Dyanish. Daniel went to Kyiv and brought the Polovtsy and Izyaslav against them; Daniel with Izyaslav and Vladimir swore allegiance to each other in the church. They came against Dyanish. Izyaslav violated the agreement, ordered to plunder the land of Daniel; he captured Tihoml and returned to his place, and Vladimir, Daniel and Kotyan were left alone. “Oh, deceit is evil,” as Homer writes, “it is sweet before reproof, and bitter after reproof. Whoever follows him will suffer an evil end." Oh, evil is worse than evil!

From there we went to Peremil. Prince Andrey, Dyanish and the Ugrians fought with Vladimir and Daniil for the bridge, but they fought them off. The Ugrians returned to Galich, abandoning their vices. Vladimir and Daniel followed them. Vasilko and Alexander came to their brother. And they met in Buzhsk. Vladimir, Kotyan and Izyaslav returned to their rooms.

In the year 6742 (1234). Gleb Zeremeevich passed from the prince to Daniel.

Daniel and Vasilko once went to Galich, and the better half of Galich met them: Dobroslav, Gleb and many other boyars, and, having arrived, Daniel stood on the banks of the Dniester. And he took the land of Galicia, and distributed the city to the boyars and governors. They had a lot of food. And the prince, Dyanish and Sudislav were exhausted from hunger in the city. They stood for nine weeks, continuing the siege, waiting for the ice to cross the river. Sudislav tricked Alexander into saying: "I'll give you Galich, get away from your brother." He went away. The Galicians decided to capture the Galicians who had gone to Daniel.

A little time passed, and the prince died. Galicians sent for Daniil Semyunk the Red, and Sudislav went to the Ugrian land.

With the onset of spring, Alexander, fearing his evil deed, went to his father-in-law in Kyiv. Daniel, having learned about this, went out to him from Galich, caught up with him in Polon and captured him in the Homorsky Meadow. Daniel did not sleep for three days and three nights, and so did his soldiers.

When Vladimir reigned in Kyiv, he sent his son Rostislav to Galich and concluded an alliance with Daniel for brotherhood and great love. Mikhail and Izyaslav, however, did not cease to be at enmity with Vladimir. Daniil left Gleb Zeremeevich with him, and Miroslav, and many other boyars. Vladimir sent to him to say: “Help me, brother!” Daniel, out of great love, soon gathered the shelves and went.

Mikhail could not stand it and left Kyiv. Daniel came to Prince Vladimir and they went to Chernigov. Mstislav Glebovich went with them. From there they went, conquering the land, captured many cities along the Desna and took Khorobor, and Sosnitsa, and Snovsk, and many other cities, and again went to Chernigov. Mstislav and Chernigov made peace with Vladimir and Daniel. The battle was fierce at Chernigov, they even set up a battering ram against him, they threw stones for a shot and a half, and the stone was such that four strong men could lift it. From there they returned in peace to Kyiv.

Izyaslav, however, did not cease to be at enmity and brought the Polovtsy to Kyiv.

Daniel and his soldiers were very tired. He captured all the Chernihiv lands, fought from Baptism to Ascension and made peace, and returned to Kyiv.

The Polovtsians came to Kyiv and captured the Russian land. Daniel was exhausted. Daniil wanted to return home by the forest side, although Vladimir asked him, and Miroslav persuaded him: “Let's go to the filthy Polovtsians!” The Polovtsians met them at Zvenigorod. Vladimir wanted to return, and Miroslav spoke of returning, but Daniel said: “Isn’t it fitting for a warrior who rushes to battle to win a victory or die in battle? I held you. Now I see that you have a cowardly soul. Didn't I tell you that tired warriors shouldn't go against fresh ones? Now why are you embarrassed? Come out against them!"

When they met with a large Polovtsian army near Torchesk, there was a fierce slash. Daniel pursued the Polovtsy until his bay horse was wounded by an arrow. And before that, the Polovtsy put others to flight. Seeing that his horse was running wounded, Daniel also fled. Vladimir was captured in Torchesk, as well as Miroslav, on the advice of the godless Grigory Vasilievich and Molibogovich, and many other boyars were captured.

Daniil ran to Galich, Vasilko was in Galich with a regiment and met his brother. Boris Mezhibozhsky, on the advice of Dobroslav and Zbyslav, sent to Daniel to say: "Izyaslav and the Polovtsy are going to Vladimir." It was a hoax. Daniel told him to tell his brother. Watch out Vladimir. When the Galician boyars saw that Vasilko had left with the regiment, they revolted. Sudislav Ilyich said: "Prince, the words of the Galicians are false, do not ruin yourself, get out of here!" Daniel, having learned about their rebellion, went to the Ugric land.

When winter came, Vasilko came to Galich, taking the Poles. Daniel then came to his brother from the Ugrian land. They fought, not reaching Galich, and returned to their place.

In the year 6743 (1235). The Galicians came to Kamenets and all the Bolokhov princes with them, they fought along Khomor, came to Kamenets and, having taken many prisoners, left. At that time, Vladimir sent Daniil to help Torkov and Daniil Nazhirovich. And Daniil's boyars, leaving Kamenets, joined with the Torks and caught up with the Galicians. And victory was insidious Galicians. And all the princes of Bolokhov were captured, and they were brought to Vladimir to Prince Daniel.

When summer came, Mikhail and Izyaslav began to send threats: “Give up our brothers or we will go to war with you!” Daniel prayed to God and Saint Nicholas to show his miracle. For Mikhail and Izyaslav brought the Polovtsy and Russians to Daniil, and many Polovtsians. Kondrat stopped where the city of Holm now stands, and sent to Cherven to rob. Vasilkovichi met the Lyash boyars, fought with them, captured them and brought them to Daniil in Gorodok.

Mikhail, who was standing on the Piedmont, wanted to connect with Kondrat and was waiting for the Polovtsy and Izyaslav. The Polovtsy, having come to the Galician land, did not want to go to Daniel and returned, ruining the entire Galician land. Hearing about this, Mikhail returned to Galich, and Kondrat fled to the Lyash land at night, and many of his soldiers drowned in the river Vepr.

When summer came, having gathered, Daniel and Vasilka went to Galich, to Mikhail and Rostislav. They shut themselves up in the city. Daniil had a lot of Ugrians. They returned, plundered near Zvenigorod, but although they tried, they did not take the city, because there was a miraculous icon of the Holy Mother of God.

Peace was made that same autumn.

With the onset of spring, they decided to go to the Yotvingians and came to Berest, but the rivers flooded, and they could not go to the Yotvingians.

Daniel said: "It is not good that our homeland is held by the Templar crusaders, nicknamed Solomonichi." And they went against them with a large army. They captured the city in the month of March, and their master Brun was taken prisoner, and the soldiers were taken away, and returned to Vladimir.

In the same year, Daniel went against Mikhail to Galich. They asked for peace and gave Daniel Przemysl. In the same year, Daniel brought the Lithuanians Mindovg and Izyaslav of Novgorod to Kondrat.

In the same year, Daniel went with his brother to the Ugrian land to the king, because he invited him to the festival.

At that time, Frederick the Tsar went to war against the duke, and Daniel and his brother Vasilko wanted to go to the duke's aid. The king dissuaded them, and they returned to their own land.

Then Yaroslav of Suzdal came and took Kyiv from Vladimir, but could not hold him and went back to Suzdal. Mikhail took Kyiv from him, and left Rostislav, his son, in Galich. And they took Przemysl from Daniil. And there was peace between them, then war.

Rostislav went out into the steppe. With God's help, when Daniel was in Kholm, he received the news that Rostislav went to Lithuania with all the boyars and cavalry. When this happened, Daniel left the Hill with the soldiers and on the third day was at Galich. The townspeople loved him. He rode up to the city and said to them: “O city men! How long will you tolerate the rule of foreign princes? They exclaimed, saying thus: “This is our ruler, given to us by God!” And they rushed to him, like children to their father, like bees to the uterus, like a thirsty water to the source. Bishop Artemy and courtier Gregory prevented him, but, seeing that they could not hold the city, they cowardly hurried to surrender it, went out with tears in their eyes and with saddened faces, licking their parched lips, since they did not have princely power, and said with regret: "Come, Prince Daniel, take the city!" Daniel entered his city, came to the temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, and accepted the table of his father, and celebrated the victory, and placed his banner on the German Gates.

The next day, he received news that Rostislav was about to go to Galich, but, having learned that the city was taken, he ran to the Ugric land along the road leading to Barsukov Del; came to the Bath, called Rudna, and from there went to the Ugrian land.

The boyars came and fell at Daniel's feet, asking for mercy: "We sinned because we held another prince." He answered them, "Get mercy and don't do it again, lest the worst happen."

Daniel, learning of their departure, sent his soldiers against them, and they pursued them to the Mountain and returned.

The most closely connected with the traditions of the literature of Kievan Rus is the Galician-Volyn Chronicle, which is part of the Ipatiev Chronicle and follows there immediately after the Kievan Chronicle. The Galician-Volyn Chronicle is divided into two parts: the first (until 1260) is devoted to describing the life and deeds of Daniil of Galicia and the history of the Galician principality, the second tells about the fate of the Vladimir-Volyn principality and its princes (Daniil's brother Vasilko Romanovich and Vasilko's son Vladimir), covering the period from 1261 to 1290. Both the first and second parts of the Galician-Volyn chronicle are independent texts that differ from each other in ideological orientation and style.
The first part of the Galician-Volyn Chronicle is usually called the Chronicler of Daniel of Galicia. The author of the Chronicler focuses on the Galician prince Daniil Romanovich, to whom he treats with great love and respect. The author of the Chronicler does not skimp on the praise of his hero. The Chronicler ends with a brief report on the death of the prince and a very restrained praise of him. Such a discrepancy between the end of the work and the rest of the narrative in it about Daniil Galitsky gives grounds to the researcher of this monument L.V. Cherepnin to assert that “The chronicler of Daniil Galitsky was compiled during the life of this prince and that brief reports about his last years and death do not belong to Galician, but Vladimir Volyn Chronicle. L. V. Cherepnin comes to the conclusion that the “Chronicler of Daniel of Galicia” as a single integral work was compiled at the episcopal chair in the mountains. Holme in 1256–1257 The main idea of ​​this chronicle, dedicated to the Galician prince Daniil, is the struggle of the prince against the rebellious boyars, the denunciation of boyar sedition. The second central theme of the "Chronicler Daniel of Galicia" is the theme of the glory of Russian weapons and the Russian land.
The Volyn Chronicle, according to IP Eremin, “from beginning to end is the work of one and the same author... Both the content of the chronicle and its entire literary system testify to one hand.” The Volyn Chronicle was most likely compiled in the 90s. XIII century, the interests of the Volyn principality come to the fore here. The Volyn Chronicle has a more pronounced local character than the Chronicler of Daniel of Galicia. In its style, it is closer to the traditions of the Kievan annals of the 12th century. and is distinguished by a greater simplicity of style than the Chronicler of Daniel of Galicia.
L. V. Cherepnin, analyzing the composition of the Chronicler Daniel of Galicia, identified a number of sources that formed its basis. Among these sources were; a Galician story about the fate of young Daniel and Vasilko Romanovich, "The Legend of the Battle of Kalka", written by a participant in the battle, a story about Daniel's struggle with the feudal boyars, "The Legend of the Battle of Batu", a story about Daniel's trip to the Horde to bow to Batu, a cycle of military stories about the fight against the Yotvingians, local chronicles, official documents, monuments of translated literature. In the Chronicler, all these sources formed an integral single narrative, united both by the main ideas of the work and by stylistic unity.
The author of the "Chronicler Daniel of Galicia" devotes a significant part of his narrative to the ups and downs of Daniel's struggle with the Galician boyars, with the Polish and Hungarian feudal lords for the Galician princely table. Starting to tell about these events, he gives them the following characterization: "Let's begin to say brazen rati, and great labors, and frequent wars, and many seditions, and frequent uprisings, and many rebellions." But he is interested and concerned not only with the events connected with the history of the Galician principality, he thinks and mourns about the fate of the entire Russian land. Therefore, among his stories we find a detailed description of the battle on Kalka, the invasion of Batu in 1237-1240. Talking about the Battle of Kalka, the author of the chronicle pays much attention to the heroism and courage of Daniel, but he also pays tribute to other participants in the battle and bitterly exclaims about the misfortune that befell all Russian princes. Pain and resentment for the enslaved Russian land are especially acute in the story of Daniel's going to bow to Batu in the Horde. The contrast with which Daniel appears to the reader here in comparison with the episodes in which he acts as a courageous and courageous warrior (“be bold and brave, from his head to his foot there is no vice”, stb. 744–745) gives this story a special power and significance. On the way to the Horde, Daniel visits the Vydubitsky Monastery and asks the brethren to pray for him. During his long journey to the Horde, he sees with his own eyes the troubles and oppression that the Russian people endure from the Horde. From this, he “began to bolmi [even more] grieve in soul” (stb. 806). When Daniel appeared before Batu, then Batu, saying: “Daniel, why haven’t you come for a long time? And now, if you have come, otherwise it’s good, ”the prince asks if he drinks“ black milk, our drink, mares kumuz [koumiss] ”? Daniel replies: “Until now I have not drunk, but now you command me to drink” (stb. 807). Later, Daniel, in the form of a special honor, was offered a "chum" (ladle) of wine. Having said this, the chronicler exclaims: “O evil evil is the honor of the Tatars” (stb. 807) and so develops this sorrowful thought: to sit on one knee and be called a slave, and to want tribute, not to have a belly, and thunderstorms to come. O evil Tatar honor! His father was Caesar in the Russian lands, who conquered the Polovtsian land and fought all over other countries. The son of that one did not receive honor, then who else can receive? There is no end to their malice and flattery” (St. 807–808). Reporting the return of Daniel from the Horde, the narrator gives expressive description feelings that gripped the sons of Daniel and his brother: “And weep for his bidet, and there was great joy for his health” (stb. 808).
"The chronicler of Daniel of Galicia" is distinguished by a special colorful description of the battles, a kind of knightly flavor. The author's love for military subjects, for battle scenes is manifested in the thoroughness with which he describes military attire, armor, weapons, in the way he depicts the general appearance of the troops, their movement. Here, for example, is one of these sketches: “And howl to all the ridden and armed pawns of Isostan. Shield them like a dawn, but their helmets like the rising sun, but with a spear of them trembling in their hands, like shaking many, archers walking and holding their rozhantsi in their hands and putting their own arrows against the military. Danilov is sitting on a horse and howling” (stb. 813). With boundless love, the author describes horses, horse attire. The horse is a faithful assistant to the prince in his military exploits. Only a person himself closely connected with military affairs could write like that.
These features of the "Chronicler Daniel of Galicia" make us see in the author of this work a warrior from the closest circle of the prince. He was a man of high book culture, familiar with the works of translated literature, who loved to show off his literary art. Hence the abundance in the text of complex grammatical forms, stylistic embellishments, detailed comparisons, rhetorical exclamations. At the same time, the author of the “Chronicler Daniel of Galicia” widely uses short aphoristic sayings that sound like sayings: “Yes, it’s better to heal with a bone on your own land, rather than live on someone else’s glorious life” (stb. 716), “One stone to beat many mountaineers” (stb. 736), “There is no war without the fallen dead” (stb. 822), etc.
The "Chronicler Daniel of Galicia" is also characterized by the use of plots and images of legendary oral traditions, including those of the Polovtsian epic. Among the latter is the famous story of this chronicle about the Polovtsian Khan Otrok, who fled "to Obez, beyond the Iron Gate", whom, after the death of Vladimir Monomakh, the envoy of Khan Syrchan "gudets" (a musician playing a stringed instrument - whistle) Or was able to persuade him to return to his homeland, letting him smell the grass of his native fields "emshan" (in other lists - "evshan") - wormwood. Neither Orya's persuasions, nor the Polovtsian songs could influence Otrok's decision not to return to his native steppes. However, when Or gave Otrok a bunch of wormwood, he, breathing in the smell of his native steppes, wept and said: “Yes, it’s better to heal with a bone on your land, rather than on someone else’s glorious being” (this plot was used in the famous poem by A. Maikov “ Emshan").
The "Chronicler of Daniel of Galicia" adopted and continued the traditions of the South Russian annals that preceded him, but this chronicle was distinguished by a number of original features inherent only to it. D. S. Likhachev classifies "The Chronicler of Daniel of Galicia" as a special genre of Old Russian literary works- to the princely biographies.
Unlike other chronicles, the “Chronicler of Daniel of Galicia” did not have a weather grid characteristic of chronicles: it is an integral historical narrative. In the text of the Chronicler that has come down to us, there is a weather grid, but, as M.S. Grushevsky first established, the dates (arbitrary and, as a rule, erroneous) were put down later, most likely by the compiler of the Ipatiev list of the Ipatiev Chronicle.
In the Volyn Chronicle, the greatest attention is paid to the Volyn prince Vladimir Vasilkovich. In literary terms, the description of the last days of the life and death of Vladimir Vasilkovich is especially noteworthy. This description makes a strong impression on the reader with both its factual details and well-found literary narrative details. Here is one of those episodes. Between Vladimir Vasilkovich and his brother Mstislav there is an agreement according to which the possessions of Vladimir Vasilkovich after his death (he had no children) should pass to Mstislav. But there are other contenders for these properties. One of them, the son of Vladimir Vasilkovich's cousin, Prince Yuri Lvovich, asks to give him Berestye (modern Brest). Having refused this request to the ambassador Yuri Lvovich, Vladimir decides to warn Mstislav about the claims of Yuri Lvovich. He sends his faithful servant Ratsha to him. Weak and sick, lying on his deathbed, Vladimir Vasilkovich, “take the straw in your hand from your bed,” orders his envoy to hand over this tuft of straw to Mstislav and tell him: “My brother, that straw gave me, don’t give it to my stomach no one!” (stb. 912).
The description of the last days of the life of Prince Vladimir Vasilkovich ends with praise for him, which emphasizes the high education of the prince, his human dignity: he is not lying, he hates tatba, but he does not drink from his age, but he has love for them all ”(stb. 921).
In science, there are various hypotheses about the possible author of the Volyn Chronicle, but the statement on this issue by I.P. Eremin seems to be the most correct: “On the author of the Volyn Chronicle, one can confidently say only that he was an ardent supporter of Prince Vladimir Vasilkovich, was aware of all events of his reign and knew him personally that he was a well-read person, who had mastered the practice and traditions of the annals well - apparently, a local monk or priest.

Old Russian chronicles are the property of both civil and literary history, evidence of the high level of development of the narrative art of the Middle Ages. Back in 1852, the researcher of the Novgorod chronicle D. Prozorovsky wrote about this: “Our chronicles constitute precious material for the history of Russian literature: this is undeniable. One can even say more specifically: the annals belong to the history of belles-lettres, because they contain not only bare facts, but often there are truly animated lines, distinguished by the strength and brevity of expressions, the depth and clarity of thought, the simplicity and cordiality of feeling - qualities that are now considered the best merits of verbal works. Such a work was created in the XIII century. in the southwest of Russia. According to the place of writing, this amazing work is called Galicia-Volyn Chronicle.

This monument has come down to us as part of the Ipatiev Code (beginning of the 15th century), along with the Tale of Bygone Years and the Kyiv Chronicle. It covers the events of the 13th century. (from the very beginning of the century until 1292) and is located in the final part of a large vault. The Galician-Volyn chronicle is also read in later lists, close in composition to the Ipatiev one. Researchers unanimously recognize the high artistic merit of the chronicle. So, K.N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin spoke of the "considerable success in the art of writing" that the scribes of this region had achieved. A.S. Orlov called the Galician Chronicle "the most poetic". A D.S. Likhachev noted that "the chronicler consciously sets himself artistic tasks, introduces an element of emotionality into his story."

As is clear from the accepted scientific literature names, the monument consists of two parts written in the principalities of the same name. The boundary between the two chronicles is invisible to the uninitiated reader. It is determined on the basis of changes in the manner of presentation and political sympathies of ancient Russian scribes. It is believed that the Volyn narrative opens with information placed under 1261.

The Galicia-Volyn principality, united by Daniel Romanovich, occupied vast areas east of the Carpathian Mountains. In those days, the Carpathians were called Ugrian (that is, Hungarian) mountains. Geographical position, proximity to Western Europe determined the features of the cultural and historical development of these lands. Many princes who ruled here influenced not only Russian affairs, but also the life of neighboring European states. During the period of fragmentation, the owners of these lands pursued an independent policy, sometimes at odds with the aspirations of the Kievan princes. In this regard, it is very significant how the nameless author of "The Lay of Igor's Campaign" characterized the strategic position of the Galician Principality in his appeal to the powerful Yaroslav Osmomysl: "Open the gates to Kyiv."

Depending on the actions of local princes, the enemy from the west could pass to Kyiv, or could be stopped in the Carpathians. But the rulers of this region had not only military advantages. They could dictate their will, using economic levers. Through the city of Galich, from which the name of the principality originated, trade routes to central and western Europe ran. From these places, and above all from Przemysl, Kyiv received many goods, including salt.

The history of the region was quite dramatic. Southwestern Russia had to endure numerous wars, invasions of nomads, Hungarian and Polish knights. Relations with Lithuania were difficult in the north. Not bypassed the Galicia-Volyn lands and the Tatar ruin. True, here the wave of invasion has already somewhat lost its former crushing force.

But the owners of these lands had to face not only foreign enemies. Unlike other territories of Ancient Russia, the boyars had great influence here. The princes were forced to wage a fierce struggle with this estate. The descendant of Monomakh Daniil Romanovich (1202-1264) was especially successful in this. He continued the unifying policy of his father, the formidable Roman Mstislavich, who fell on the banks of the Vistula in a battle with the Poles in 1205. Even the enemies highly appreciated the valor of Roman. Evidence of this can be found in Polish and Byzantine chronicles (for example, in the Wielkopolska chronicle of the end of the 13th-beginning of the 14th century, in the chronicle of J. Dlugosh, dating back to the 15th century, or in the work of M. Belsky, who wrote in the 16th century. From the Byzantines follows mention the historian Nicetas Choniates).

It is no coincidence that the Galician Chronicle opens with poetic praise of Roman Mstislavich. The Prince-hero is compared in it with wild and terrible animals: be, like and tour. Perhaps the comparison of the Russian prince with a lion and a crocodile goes back to some Byzantine sources. The Latin tradition of Catholic neighbors cannot be completely discounted (after all, Roman's mother was the daughter of the Polish prince Boleslav Krivousty).

After the death of Roman, a difficult fate awaited his young sons Daniel and Vasilko, who entered into a long struggle for possession of their fatherland. At first, the princes were forced to wander with their mother through the cities of Russia, Hungary and Poland. At this time, Mstislav Udaloy, Daniel's future father-in-law, played a prominent role in the affairs of southwestern Russia. The brothers faced many trials. Eighteen-year-old Daniel had to participate in the tragic battle on the Kalka (1223). Only by the end of the 30s of the XIII century. the efforts of the brothers were crowned with success.

Daniil began to rule the Galician principality, and Vasilko settled in Volodymyr Volynsky. Interestingly, Daniil Romanovich was the only king in the history of Ancient Russia who received the crown from the Pope, who thus sought to persuade the Russian ruler to accept Catholicism. Here is how N.M. Karamzin defined the character of Daniil Romanovich: “Glorious military and state virtues, and even more excellent mercy, from which neither treason nor the most vile ingratitude of the rebellious boyars could avert him: - a rare virtue in times of cruel and so stormy." This outstanding warrior prince became the hero of the Galician historical narrative.

The culture of Galicia-Volyn Rus combined various components, because here the traditions of different peoples and confessions intersected and closely interacted. Unfortunately, too few texts created in this border region have survived to this day. In fact, only the Galicia-Volyn chronicle represents the original literature of this region of Russia. Other works created here are lost. And the chronicle itself has come down to us in an incomplete form. True, individual southwestern inclusions are found in previous Kievan vaults (including the Tale of Bygone Years and, to a greater extent, in the Kievan Chronicle of 1198).

The limited information about original literature is to some extent made up for by facts from the life of medieval books in general. Here, in the south-west of Russia, manuscripts were created or discovered that speak of the development of the book business. These are spiritual texts and translated works. 16 Galician-Volynian manuscripts of the pre-Mongol period are known. The oldest among them are the Tetra Gospels (“Galician”, 1144), the Aprakos Gospel (“Dobrilovo”, 1164), the Vygoleksinsky collection (end of the 12th century), which includes translated lives of Nifont and Fyodor Studit. One of the later manuscripts, the Gospel (1266-1301), contains a postscript by presbyter George, in which the scribe mentioned the descendants of Daniel of Galicia, the son of Lev Danilovich and the grandson of Yuri.

The Galician chronicle itself, following the historian L.V. Cherepnin, is often called “the chronicler of Daniel of Galicia”. Why is the term “chronicler” used in relation to this work (not to be confused with the creator of the text itself)? Here is what D.S. Likhachev wrote about this: “The chronicle covers more or less the entire Russian history from its beginning to some limits approaching the time of its compilation, while the chronicler is usually devoted to some part of Russian history : the history of the principality, monastery, city, to one or another princely family". This is exactly how the story about the events that Daniil Romanovich happened to become a participant is built.

Medievalists have long noticed one essential feature of the Galician chronicle, which distinguishes it from the array of monuments of Russian chronicle writing. The narrative here is distinguished by internal unity, it is practically devoid of dry fragmentary notes. It was found that the chronicle initially lacked the usual weather pattern (“In the summer…”). M. Grushevsky was the first to point out this feature at the beginning of the 20th century. Even the chronological breakdown of the text by later compilers, who, apparently, experienced difficulties when working with a “continuous”, undated manuscript, did not break the connection between its parts. What, besides the commonality of style, is the reason for this unity of the “chronicler” Daniil Romanovich?

The traditional chronicle narration is entirely subordinated to the direct unidirectional and uninterrupted course of time. The Galician author builds his story about the reign of Danila in a different way. He can “sometimes write forward, sometimes step into the back, which the wise understand” (either to run ahead, then to return by memory to the past). Thanks to this, the fragmentation inherent in chronicles is smoothed out, and a certain connection between events and messages about them arises. The scribe arranges historical material not only in the usual chronicle sequence. By grouping the necessary information, he feels freer than his predecessors and contemporaries. The chronicler can mention what is destined to happen many years later, briefly dwell on some phenomenon, promising to describe it in detail in the future ("we'll write it down later"). Such ease in dealing with facts, the author’s ability to “look into the future”, gives reason to think that the compilation of the “chronicler”, the processing of sources, their systematization, the writing of new fragments was carried out already at the time when Daniel realized his plans, reached the apogee of power in the middle of the thirteenth century.

The period of time covered by the Galician narrative is equal to the approximate duration of a human life. Apparently, the presentation of the history of the Galicia-Volyn principality should have been brought up to the death of Vasilko Romanovich (1269) or, in any case, until the death of Daniil Romanovich (1264). The continuation of the “chronicler” after 1264 seems possible, because Vasilko has received much attention: the prince-brothers are inseparable, jointly solving the most complex political problems. At present, it is difficult to unequivocally answer the question: has the end of the monument been lost, or has something prevented the continuation of its compilation?

It is safe to say that the biographical principle of narrative construction has become the leading one. The history of the principality and the life history of the ruler seem to have merged. And Daniel's life was spent in endless campaigns and battles. So, he turned out to be one of the few who survived the tragic battle of Kalka in 1223. That is why the biographer of the Galician prince prefers the heroic theme, everything in his work is imbued with the spirit of secular, retinue ideas.

By the XIII century. Old Russian chroniclers developed certain ways of depicting historical figures. The main attention was paid to the deeds of the prince, he was the main figure in the chronicle narrative. Special reasoning about the features of a ruler was given a special place and time. The qualities of a prince in themselves were almost always of interest to the chronicler only in connection with his death: as a rule, the message of death was followed by a listing of the merits of the deceased. In obituaries, the chronicler sometimes included information about the appearance of the prince.

In the Galician Chronicle, Daniil Romanovich is portrayed differently. Historical material is quite naturally grouped by the author in such a way as to show the activities of Daniel in as much detail as possible. In the traditional narrative, the enumeration of virtues became a kind of boundary, marking the natural change of rulers and the transfer of the author's attention to the actions of another person, it successfully fit into the general structure of the weather presentation of events. The biography of Daniel is alien to such a localization of the characteristic. It extends to the scale of the entire work and, as it were, is dispersed over many separate descriptions. Each of the specific episodes is only a confirmation of the unchanging qualities of Daniel, another vivid illustration of them.

The character traits of the Galician ruler (for example: “Be bold and brave, from the head to the foot of him there is no vice”) are very rarely described by the author, as a rule, they appear from a detailed account of events, while emotional- artistic start.

For the Galician scribe, the military qualities of the master become the most important. The feats of arms of the prince himself and his combatants are repeatedly characterized, Daniel's inspired appeals to the soldiers are transmitted. He is terrible to opponents not only as a commander, leader of squads, but also as a very skillful warrior. Therefore, not quite ordinary battle scenes appear in the biography. We are talking about the image of the prince in battle as a simple warrior.

Chroniclers have always noted the courage and determination of the prince in the leadership of the squads. The “non-military” actions of the hero, not related to the role of a military leader, were mentioned extremely rarely. The Galician Chronicle provides unique examples of the personal exploits of Daniel and his son Leo. Separate martial arts during battles are recorded more than once. These fragments not only offer information that the prince with regiments "went", "fought", "won", but reflects the most acute moments of the struggle, individual episodes of the battle are shown as close as possible: break it with a spear and expose your sword, having ripened seven and seven (back and forth) and see the banner of Vasilkov (brother), standing and fighting well, ... having uncovered his sword, going to his brother to help many ulcers (that is, he struck many ) and others died by his sword. The chronicler looks at the behavior of the prince in battle from the point of view of a professional combatant, revealing the specificity of the methods of combat. This is the story of the hand-to-hand fight between Lev Danilovich and the Yotvingians: “Lion, who has killed his sulitz (spear) in his shield and cannot hide (shelter), Leo Stekyitya (the leader of the Yotvingians) kill the sword.”

The most vivid description of Daniel's personal feat can be called a fragment of the story about the Battle of Yaroslavl (1245), which is part of the Galician Chronicle. In this battle, the Russian regiments met with the squads of Rostislav of Chernigov and the Hungarian knights of the voivode Filnia. The prince showed great valor here: “Danil, seeing close scolding Rostislavl and Fil in the rear regiment, standing with a banner ... left the regiment and, seeing Ugrin (that is, the Hungarian) coming to help Fili, spear and (his) and loaded the former into I’ll be a little stupefied when I fall down ... packs (again) Danilo will soon come to him and destroy his regiment and tear his banner to the floor. It shows the heroic struggle for the banner, which was not only an important relic, but also a means of commanding troops. Vigilantes were guided by the prince's banner in the confusion of the battle, they were given signs-commands. Therefore, the capture or destruction of the "banners" of the enemy is an act that had not only a symbolic meaning.

Another type of image of the prince is entirely focused on the fact that the reader sees in him the leader of the squads. These are solemn descriptions, creating the impression of greatness and power. Under 1252, Daniel tells about a visit by Daniel to the Hungarian king, who at that time had German ambassadors. The Galician prince demonstrates his strength to his western neighbors. Their gaze was opened by squads moving in battle order: “... Besha bo horses in masks and in leather khoyare (clothing blankets), and people in yokes (armor), and without regiments his lordship is great from weapons shining; the ride itself is near the king, according to the custom of Ruska, and the horse under him is like a wonder, and a saddle from gold is burnt and arrows and a saber with gold is decorated with other tricks, as if marveling, the casing of Gretsky’s tin and lace is sewn with gold flats and boots of green khuz (leather ) sew in gold. A German who sees a lot and marvels a lot.

In this fragment of the text it is easy to notice a peculiar ceremonial portrait of the prince. The abundance of real everyday details serves to idealize Daniel. Equipment and clothing are of interest to the author as attributes of a powerful ruler. It is known that in ancient Russian historical literature the exploits of the squad were often transferred to the prince. This feature is also realized in the description of the procession of the army of Daniil Romanovich: the regiments shine, the figure of the prince also shines. The scribe admires the parade, proudly reports the surprise of the German ambassadors, caused by the wealth of equipment for the troops and the luxurious attire of Daniel. The situation of Daniel's appearance before foreigners is used by the chronicler for a specific purpose: to give the most vivid and impressive image of him. This is a kind of center of the prince's ideal characterization.

Descriptions of architectural objects can serve as another confirmation of the literary talent of the Galician chronicler, his ability to convey details and create colorful pictures. Chroniclers usually limited themselves to remarks of an emotional nature, expressing surprise at the grandeur and beauty of this or that building. The biographer of Daniil Romanovich sought to sing not only military exploits, the political wisdom of his master, but also his efforts to decorate his principality with majestic temples and new cities. Among them, the most famous is Lvov, named after the eldest son Daniel. The chronicler of the 13th century spoke especially vividly. about tragic fate buildings of the small town of Kholm - the capital of the Galicia-Volyn principality.

Daniel's activity fell on the time of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. From their very foundation, the cities that were being built were threatened by a terrible destructive force. Therefore, the description of the Kholm structures, which has artistic integrity, acquired a dramatic sound, because the first mention of the Hill is contained in the annals next to the story of the defeat of the Russian squads on the Kalka in 1223. Although the conquerors did not manage to capture the fortified capital of Daniel, another misfortune befell the city: “ Get yourself a seat for sins, Kholmovi will catch fire from the woman of the lake. The fire, the glow of which was seen even by the inhabitants of Lviv, which is more than 100 km away by current measures, destroyed the works of skilled craftsmen.

It was misfortune that prompted the chronicler to tell in detail about what people had lost. Much has disappeared in the fire irretrievably. The death of the beautiful is the internal conflict of the story. The author did not describe the architecture of the Hill when he mentioned the founding of the city: "Then we will write about the creation of the city and the decoration of the church." He preferred a sad flashback. Starting his story, the chronicler speaks about the origin of the name of the city, its prehistory. Once, while hunting, Daniel saw "a red and forested place on a mountain, going around the field." He asked those who lived there: “What is the name of this place?” And he heard in response: "The hill has a name for it." The prince fell in love with this place, here he calls on skilled artisans from all lands, the district comes to life, and the Hill becomes a flourishing city. Fleeing from the Tatars saddlers, archers, quivers, blacksmiths, copper and silver craftsmen glorified the young city with their work. In general, the theme of art, consecrated by the "wisdom of the miraculous", is close to the Galician. He mentions “a certain sly man” who adorned the pillars of the Church of St. John Chrysostom with unprecedented sculptures and even directly names the “sly man Avdey”, who created magnificent patterns in the same temple.

Talking about cathedrals and other buildings, the chronicler often resorts to the epithet "red" (beautiful) and once - "beautiful" ("beautiful temple"). Beautiful are not only the buildings themselves, their decoration, but also the surrounding area, the garden laid out by the prince. The church of John Chrysostom, according to the chronicler, is “red and stucco”. Her Daniel "decorate the icons." The verb "decorate" and its forms appear many times in the description of the interior. In general, the words of a Galician surprise with novelty and freshness of impressions. Here the modern reader will find both color epithets and information about the material, size and composition of structures. The location of the temples, their decoration and even the origin of certain interior details will also be described here.

Azure, white, green and crimson are the colors used in Kholm's description. In the church of St. John Chrysostom, the doors are trimmed with “pebble white and green kholmsky stones”, and in the church of the Virgin Mary there is a bowl of “crimson marble”. But most often, of course, there is the epithet "golden". Despite the ambiguity of the symbolism of gold in medieval culture, the combination with other color designations gives this epithet a coloring meaning (for example, the top of the church is decorated with “golden stars on azure”). Detailing, often exquisite, speaks not only of the writing skills of the Galician, but also of his knowledge in the construction business, and economic issues. The chronicler gives information about the material from which this or that object is made, an architectural detail. This is a stone of various types, wood, glass, metals. So, the church floor, which is "not drained of copper and tin," glistens, "like a mirror." Another comparison is striking in its accuracy when describing buildings perishing in the fire: “And copper from the fire, like resin creeping.” Even the method of processing the described object is carefully characterized: products are “hewn” or “hewn”, “turned” from wood, “merged” from copper, etc.

In the architecture of the westernmost lands of Russia, features of the Romanesque style, developed in Europe in the 13th century, are sometimes noticeable. Talking about the decoration of the church of St. John, the chronicler points out: "Window 3 is decorated with Roman glass." That's what he calls stained glass windows. There was also another foreign miracle, sculpted "from a certain sly one": the vaults of the building rested "on four human heads." Isn't it the Atlanteans?

There were also sculptures in the Kholmsky buildings. The image of St. Demetrius stood, according to the chronicler, in the Church of the Holy Bezmezdnikov "before the side doors." The author specifies that it was "brought from afar". About another statue, John Chrysostom, it is said: "Create ... the blessed piskup Ivan, red from the tree, precise and gilded." The modern reader can understand that this is a sculpture of large forms, only thanks to information about the material and method of manufacture. It is known that three-dimensional plasticity did not find distribution in Ancient Russia, therefore the chronicler, like many ancient Russian writers, experienced certain terminological difficulties in this case.

The medieval author left us information by which we can judge the connections of the architecture of southwestern Russia not only with European architecture, but also with ancient and Byzantine tradition. At a distance of a field from the city, "there is a pillar ... a stone, and on it an eagle is a stone sculpted." This building, rare in Russia, resembles the columns that towered in the Byzantine capital. Of course, the Kholm column crowned with an eagle is a symbol of power, military victory and strength, inferior in grandeur and power to the Constantinopolitan models. Nevertheless, she had to impress contemporaries with her grace and height. No wonder the chronicler decided to indicate the exact dimensions of the column in cubits: “The height of the stone is ten lakota with heads and footboards 12 lakota.” Taking into account the different metric interpretation of this ancient unit (from 38 to 54 cm), it should be assumed that the gaze of the traveler was exposed to a structure five to six meters high.

Accurate digital dimensions, definitions such as “gradets mal”, “church led”, “vezha high” (that is, the tower) side by side in the description with information, thanks to which one can imagine the layout of the Kholm temples. For example, the building of the Church of John “sich was”: “Mosquitoes (vaults) 4, from each corner of the translation (arch) ... entering the altar, there are two pillars ... and on it a mosquito and scatter (dome)”. Church of the Holy Bezmezdnikov: "Have 4 pillars from the whole stone, hewn, holding the top." This brief information allows us to undertake at least a partial reconstruction of the monuments, which were four-pillar temples with apses.

Architectural monuments of southwestern Russia of the XII-XIII centuries. almost never survived to this day. The ancient Kholm buildings have also been lost forever. The name of the former capital of Daniil Romanovich sounded in Polish over time (Chelm is now the city of the Lublin Voivodeship). The culture of the Carpathian region for many centuries was under strong influence Catholicism. This led to the gradual disappearance of ancient Russian churches here. Often, only scarce archaeological data allow scientists to judge the features of the architecture of the Galicia-Volyn principality of the era of its heyday. Therefore, the story of the Galician chronicler is of particular importance, remaining the only written source of information about the construction activities of Daniil Romanovich.

Pautkin A. A.

Old Russian chronicles are the property of both civil and literary history, evidence of the high level of development of the narrative art of the Middle Ages. Back in 1852, the researcher of the Novgorod chronicle D. Prozorovsky wrote about this: “Our chronicles constitute precious material for the history of Russian literature: this is undeniable. One can even say more specifically: the annals belong to the history of belles-lettres, because they contain not only bare facts, but often there are truly animated lines, distinguished by the strength and brevity of expressions, the depth and clarity of thought, the simplicity and cordiality of feeling - qualities that are now considered the best merits of verbal works. Such a work was created in the XIII century. in the southwest of Russia. According to the place of writing, this amazing work is called the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle.

This monument has come down to us as part of the Ipatiev Code (beginning of the 15th century), along with the Tale of Bygone Years and the Kyiv Chronicle. It covers the events of the 13th century. (from the very beginning of the century until 1292) and is located in the final part of a large vault. The Galician-Volyn chronicle is also read in later lists, close in composition to the Ipatiev one. Researchers unanimously recognize the high artistic merit of the chronicle. So, K.N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin spoke of the "considerable success in the art of writing" that the scribes of this region had achieved. A.S. Orlov called the Galician Chronicle "the most poetic". A D.S. Likhachev noted that "the chronicler consciously sets himself artistic tasks, introduces an element of emotionality into his story."

As it is clear from the name accepted in the scientific literature, the monument consists of two parts, written in the principalities of the same name. The boundary between the two chronicles is invisible to the uninitiated reader. It is determined on the basis of changes in the manner of presentation and political sympathies of ancient Russian scribes. It is believed that the Volyn narrative opens with information placed under 1261.

The Galicia-Volyn principality, united by Daniel Romanovich, occupied vast areas east of the Carpathian Mountains. In those days, the Carpathians were called Ugrian (that is, Hungarian) mountains. The geographical position, proximity to Western Europe determined the features of the cultural and historical development of these lands. Many princes who ruled here influenced not only Russian affairs, but also the life of neighboring European states. During the period of fragmentation, the owners of these lands pursued an independent policy, sometimes at odds with the aspirations of the Kievan princes. In this regard, it is very significant how the nameless author of "The Lay of Igor's Campaign" characterized the strategic position of the Galician Principality in his appeal to the powerful Yaroslav Osmomysl: "Open the gates to Kyiv."

Depending on the actions of local princes, the enemy from the west could pass to Kyiv, or could be stopped in the Carpathians. But the rulers of this region had not only military advantages. They could dictate their will, using economic levers. Through the city of Galich, from which the name of the principality originated, trade routes to central and western Europe ran. From these places, and above all from Przemysl, Kyiv received many goods, including salt.

The history of the region was quite dramatic. Southwestern Russia had to endure numerous wars, invasions of nomads, Hungarian and Polish knights. Relations with Lithuania were difficult in the north. Not bypassed the Galicia-Volyn lands and the Tatar ruin. True, here the wave of invasion has already somewhat lost its former crushing force.

But the owners of these lands had to face not only foreign enemies. Unlike other territories of Ancient Russia, the boyars had great influence here. The princes were forced to wage a fierce struggle with this estate. The descendant of Monomakh Daniil Romanovich (1202-1264) was especially successful in this. He continued the unifying policy of his father, the formidable Roman Mstislavich, who fell on the banks of the Vistula in a battle with the Poles in 1205. Even the enemies highly appreciated the valor of Roman. Evidence of this can be found in Polish and Byzantine chronicles (for example, in the Wielkopolska chronicle of the end of the 13th-beginning of the 14th century, in the chronicle of J. Dlugosh, dating back to the 15th century, or in the work of M. Belsky, who wrote in the 16th century. From the Byzantines follows mention the historian Nicetas Choniates).

It is no coincidence that the Galician Chronicle opens with poetic praise of Roman Mstislavich. The Prince-hero is compared in it with wild and terrible animals: be, like and tour. Perhaps the comparison of the Russian prince with a lion and a crocodile goes back to some Byzantine sources. The Latin tradition of Catholic neighbors cannot be completely discounted (after all, Roman's mother was the daughter of the Polish prince Boleslav Krivousty).

After the death of Roman, a difficult fate awaited his young sons Daniel and Vasilko, who entered into a long struggle for possession of their fatherland. At first, the princes were forced to wander with their mother through the cities of Russia, Hungary and Poland. At this time, Mstislav Udaloy, Daniel's future father-in-law, played a prominent role in the affairs of southwestern Russia. The brothers faced many trials. Eighteen-year-old Daniel had to participate in the tragic battle on the Kalka (1223). Only by the end of the 30s of the XIII century. the efforts of the brothers were crowned with success.

Daniil began to rule the Galician principality, and Vasilko settled in Volodymyr Volynsky. Interestingly, Daniil Romanovich was the only king in the history of Ancient Russia who received the crown from the Pope, who thus sought to persuade the Russian ruler to accept Catholicism. Here is how N.M. Karamzin defined the character of Daniil Romanovich: “Glorious military and state virtues, and even more excellent mercy, from which neither treason nor the most vile ingratitude of the rebellious boyars could avert him: - a rare virtue in times of cruel and so stormy." This outstanding warrior prince became the hero of the Galician historical narrative.

The culture of Galicia-Volyn Rus combined various components, because here the traditions of different peoples and confessions intersected and closely interacted. Unfortunately, too few texts created in this border region have survived to this day. In fact, only the Galicia-Volyn chronicle represents the original literature of this region of Russia. Other works created here are lost. And the chronicle itself has come down to us in an incomplete form. True, individual southwestern inclusions are found in previous Kievan vaults (including the Tale of Bygone Years and, to a greater extent, in the Kievan Chronicle of 1198).

The limited information about original literature is to some extent made up for by facts from the life of medieval books in general. Here, in the south-west of Russia, manuscripts were created or discovered that speak of the development of the book business. These are spiritual texts and translated works. 16 Galician-Volynian manuscripts of the pre-Mongol period are known. The oldest among them are the Tetra Gospels (“Galician”, 1144), the Aprakos Gospel (“Dobrilovo”, 1164), the Vygoleksinsky collection (end of the 12th century), which includes translated lives of Nifont and Fyodor Studit. One of the later manuscripts, the Gospel (1266-1301), contains a postscript by presbyter George, in which the scribe mentioned the descendants of Daniel of Galicia, the son of Lev Danilovich and the grandson of Yuri.

The Galician chronicle itself, following the historian L.V. Cherepnin, is often called “the chronicler of Daniel of Galicia”. Why is the term “chronicler” used in relation to this work (not to be confused with the creator of the text itself)? Here is what D.S. Likhachev wrote about this: “The chronicle covers more or less the entire Russian history from its beginning to some limits approaching the time of its compilation, while the chronicler is usually devoted to some part of Russian history : the history of the principality, monastery, city, one or another princely family. This is exactly how the story about the events that Daniil Romanovich happened to become a participant is built.

Medievalists have long noticed one essential feature of the Galician chronicle, which distinguishes it from the array of monuments of Russian chronicle writing. The narrative here is distinguished by internal unity, it is practically devoid of dry fragmentary notes. It was found that the chronicle initially lacked the usual weather pattern (“In the summer…”). M. Grushevsky was the first to point out this feature at the beginning of the 20th century. Even the chronological breakdown of the text by later compilers, who, apparently, experienced difficulties when working with a “continuous”, undated manuscript, did not break the connection between its parts. What, besides the commonality of style, is the reason for this unity of the “chronicler” Daniil Romanovich?

The traditional chronicle narration is entirely subordinated to the direct unidirectional and uninterrupted course of time. The Galician author builds his story about the reign of Danila in a different way. He can “sometimes write forward, sometimes step into the back, which the wise understand” (either to run ahead, then to return by memory to the past). Thanks to this, the fragmentation inherent in chronicles is smoothed out, and a certain connection between events and messages about them arises. The scribe arranges historical material not only in the usual chronicle sequence. By grouping the necessary information, he feels freer than his predecessors and contemporaries. The chronicler can mention what is destined to happen many years later, briefly dwell on some phenomenon, promising to describe it in detail in the future ("we'll write it down later"). Such ease in dealing with facts, the author’s ability to “look into the future”, gives reason to think that the compilation of the “chronicler”, the processing of sources, their systematization, the writing of new fragments was carried out already at the time when Daniel realized his plans, reached the apogee of power in the middle of the thirteenth century.

The period of time covered by the Galician narrative is equal to the approximate duration of a human life. Apparently, the presentation of the history of the Galicia-Volyn principality should have been brought up to the death of Vasilko Romanovich (1269) or, in any case, until the death of Daniil Romanovich (1264). The continuation of the “chronicler” after 1264 seems possible, because Vasilko has received much attention: the prince-brothers are inseparable, jointly solving the most complex political problems. At present, it is difficult to unequivocally answer the question: has the end of the monument been lost, or has something prevented the continuation of its compilation?

It is safe to say that the biographical principle of narrative construction has become the leading one. The history of the principality and the life history of the ruler seem to have merged. And Daniel's life was spent in endless campaigns and battles. So, he turned out to be one of the few who survived the tragic battle of Kalka in 1223. That is why the biographer of the Galician prince prefers the heroic theme, everything in his work is imbued with the spirit of secular, retinue ideas.

By the XIII century. Old Russian chroniclers developed certain ways of depicting historical figures. The main attention was paid to the deeds of the prince, he was the main figure in the chronicle narrative. Special reasoning about the features of a ruler was given a special place and time. The qualities of a prince in themselves were almost always of interest to the chronicler only in connection with his death: as a rule, the message of death was followed by a listing of the merits of the deceased. In obituaries, the chronicler sometimes included information about the appearance of the prince.

In the Galician Chronicle, Daniil Romanovich is portrayed differently. Historical material is quite naturally grouped by the author in such a way as to show the activities of Daniel in as much detail as possible. In the traditional narrative, the enumeration of virtues became a kind of boundary, marking the natural change of rulers and the transfer of the author's attention to the actions of another person, it successfully fit into the general structure of the weather presentation of events. The biography of Daniel is alien to such a localization of the characteristic. It extends to the scale of the entire work and, as it were, is dispersed over many separate descriptions. Each of the specific episodes is only a confirmation of the unchanging qualities of Daniel, another vivid illustration of them.

The character traits of the Galician ruler (for example: “Be bold and brave, from the head to the foot of him there is no vice”) are very rarely described by the author, as a rule, they appear from a detailed account of events, while emotional- artistic start.

For the Galician scribe, the military qualities of the master become the most important. The feats of arms of the prince himself and his combatants are repeatedly characterized, Daniel's inspired appeals to the soldiers are transmitted. He is terrible to opponents not only as a commander, leader of squads, but also as a very skillful warrior. Therefore, not quite ordinary battle scenes appear in the biography. We are talking about the image of the prince in battle as a simple warrior.

Chroniclers have always noted the courage and determination of the prince in the leadership of the squads. The “non-military” actions of the hero, not related to the role of a military leader, were mentioned extremely rarely. The Galician Chronicle provides unique examples of the personal exploits of Daniel and his son Leo. Separate martial arts during battles are recorded more than once. These fragments not only offer information that the prince with regiments "went", "fought", "won", but reflects the most acute moments of the struggle, individual episodes of the battle are shown as close as possible: break it with a spear and expose your sword, having ripened seven and seven (back and forth) and see the banner of Vasilkov (brother), standing and fighting well, ... having uncovered his sword, going to his brother to help many ulcers (that is, he struck many ) and others died by his sword. The chronicler looks at the behavior of the prince in battle from the point of view of a professional combatant, revealing the specificity of the methods of combat. This is the story of the hand-to-hand fight between Lev Danilovich and the Yotvingians: “Lion, who has killed his sulitz (spear) in his shield and cannot hide (shelter), Leo Stekyitya (the leader of the Yotvingians) kill the sword.”

The most vivid description of Daniel's personal feat can be called a fragment of the story about the Battle of Yaroslavl (1245), which is part of the Galician Chronicle. In this battle, the Russian regiments met with the squads of Rostislav of Chernigov and the Hungarian knights of the voivode Filnia. The prince showed great valor here: “Danil, seeing close scolding Rostislavl and Fil in the rear regiment, standing with a banner ... left the regiment and, seeing Ugrin (that is, the Hungarian) coming to help Fili, spear and (his) and loaded the former into I’ll be a little stupefied when I fall down ... packs (again) Danilo will soon come to him and destroy his regiment and tear his banner to the floor. It shows the heroic struggle for the banner, which was not only an important relic, but also a means of commanding troops. Vigilantes were guided by the prince's banner in the confusion of the battle, they were given signs-commands. Therefore, the capture or destruction of the "banners" of the enemy is an act that had not only a symbolic meaning.

Another type of image of the prince is entirely focused on the fact that the reader sees in him the leader of the squads. These are solemn descriptions, creating the impression of greatness and power. Under 1252, Daniel tells about a visit by Daniel to the Hungarian king, who at that time had German ambassadors. The Galician prince demonstrates his strength to his western neighbors. Their gaze was opened by squads moving in battle order: “... Besha bo horses in masks and in leather khoyare (clothing blankets), and people in yokes (armor), and without regiments his lordship is great from weapons shining; the ride itself is near the king, according to the custom of Ruska, and the horse under him is like a wonder, and a saddle from gold is burnt and arrows and a saber with gold is decorated with other tricks, as if marveling, the casing of Gretsky’s tin and lace is sewn with gold flats and boots of green khuz (leather ) sew in gold. A German who sees a lot and marvels a lot.

In this fragment of the text it is easy to notice a peculiar ceremonial portrait of the prince. The abundance of real everyday details serves to idealize Daniel. Equipment and clothing are of interest to the author as attributes of a powerful ruler. It is known that in ancient Russian historical literature the exploits of the squad were often transferred to the prince. This feature is also realized in the description of the procession of the army of Daniil Romanovich: the regiments shine, the figure of the prince also shines. The scribe admires the parade, proudly reports the surprise of the German ambassadors, caused by the wealth of equipment for the troops and the luxurious attire of Daniel. The situation of Daniel's appearance before foreigners is used by the chronicler for a specific purpose: to give the most vivid and impressive image of him. This is a kind of center of the prince's ideal characterization.

Descriptions of architectural objects can serve as another confirmation of the literary talent of the Galician chronicler, his ability to convey details and create colorful pictures. Chroniclers usually limited themselves to remarks of an emotional nature, expressing surprise at the grandeur and beauty of this or that building. The biographer of Daniil Romanovich sought to sing not only military exploits, the political wisdom of his master, but also his efforts to decorate his principality with majestic temples and new cities. Among them, the most famous is Lvov, named after the eldest son Daniel. The chronicler of the 13th century spoke especially vividly. about the tragic fate of the buildings of the small town of Kholm - the capital of the Galicia-Volyn principality.

Daniel's activity fell on the time of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. From their very foundation, the cities that were being built were threatened by a terrible destructive force. Therefore, the description of the Kholm structures, which has artistic integrity, acquired a dramatic sound, because the first mention of the Hill is contained in the annals next to the story of the defeat of the Russian squads on the Kalka in 1223. Although the conquerors did not manage to capture the fortified capital of Daniel, another misfortune befell the city: “ Get yourself a seat for sins, Kholmovi will catch fire from the woman of the lake. The fire, the glow of which was seen even by the inhabitants of Lviv, which is more than 100 km away by current measures, destroyed the works of skilled craftsmen.

It was misfortune that prompted the chronicler to tell in detail about what people had lost. Much has disappeared in the fire irretrievably. The death of the beautiful is the internal conflict of the story. The author did not describe the architecture of the Hill when he mentioned the founding of the city: "Then we will write about the creation of the city and the decoration of the church." He preferred a sad flashback. Starting his story, the chronicler speaks about the origin of the name of the city, its prehistory. Once, while hunting, Daniel saw "a red and forested place on a mountain, going around the field." He asked those who lived there: “What is the name of this place?” And he heard in response: "The hill has a name for it." The prince fell in love with this place, here he calls on skilled artisans from all lands, the district comes to life, and the Hill becomes a flourishing city. Fleeing from the Tatars saddlers, archers, quivers, blacksmiths, copper and silver craftsmen glorified the young city with their work. In general, the theme of art, consecrated by the "wisdom of the miraculous", is close to the Galician. He mentions “a certain sly man” who adorned the pillars of the Church of St. John Chrysostom with unprecedented sculptures and even directly names the “sly man Avdey”, who created magnificent patterns in the same temple.

Talking about cathedrals and other buildings, the chronicler often resorts to the epithet "red" (beautiful) and once - "beautiful" ("beautiful temple"). Beautiful are not only the buildings themselves, their decoration, but also the surrounding area, the garden laid out by the prince. The church of John Chrysostom, according to the chronicler, is “red and stucco”. Her Daniel "decorate the icons." The verb "decorate" and its forms appear many times in the description of the interior. In general, the words of a Galician surprise with novelty and freshness of impressions. Here the modern reader will find both color epithets and information about the material, size and composition of structures. The location of the temples, their decoration and even the origin of certain interior details will also be described here.

Azure, white, green and crimson are the colors used in Kholm's description. In the church of St. John Chrysostom, the doors are trimmed with “pebble white and green kholmsky stones”, and in the church of the Virgin Mary there is a bowl of “crimson marble”. But most often, of course, there is the epithet "golden". Despite the ambiguity of the symbolism of gold in medieval culture, the combination with other color designations gives this epithet a coloring meaning (for example, the top of the church is decorated with “golden stars on azure”). Detailing, often exquisite, speaks not only of the writing skills of the Galician, but also of his knowledge in the construction business, and economic issues. The chronicler gives information about the material from which this or that object is made, an architectural detail. This is a stone of various types, wood, glass, metals. So, the church floor, which is "not drained of copper and tin," glistens, "like a mirror." Another comparison is striking in its accuracy when describing buildings perishing in the fire: “And copper from the fire, like resin creeping.” Even the method of processing the described object is carefully characterized: products are “hewn” or “hewn”, “turned” from wood, “merged” from copper, etc.

In the architecture of the westernmost lands of Russia, features of the Romanesque style, developed in Europe in the 13th century, are sometimes noticeable. Talking about the decoration of the church of St. John, the chronicler points out: "Window 3 is decorated with Roman glass." That's what he calls stained glass windows. There was also another foreign miracle, sculpted "from a certain sly one": the vaults of the building rested "on four human heads." Isn't it the Atlanteans?

There were also sculptures in the Kholmsky buildings. The image of St. Demetrius stood, according to the chronicler, in the Church of the Holy Bezmezdnikov "before the side doors." The author specifies that it was "brought from afar". About another statue, John Chrysostom, it is said: "Create ... the blessed piskup Ivan, red from the tree, precise and gilded." The modern reader can understand that this is a sculpture of large forms, only thanks to information about the material and method of manufacture. It is known that three-dimensional plasticity did not find distribution in Ancient Russia, therefore the chronicler, like many ancient Russian writers, experienced certain terminological difficulties in this case.

The medieval author left us information by which we can judge the connections of the architecture of southwestern Russia not only with European architecture, but also with the ancient and Byzantine tradition. At a distance of a field from the city, "there is a pillar ... a stone, and on it an eagle is a stone sculpted." This building, rare in Russia, resembles the columns that towered in the Byzantine capital. Of course, the Kholm column topped with an eagle - a symbol of power, military victory and strength, was inferior in grandeur and power to the Constantinopolitan models. Nevertheless, she had to impress contemporaries with her grace and height. No wonder the chronicler decided to indicate the exact dimensions of the column in cubits: “The height of the stone is ten lakota with heads and footboards 12 lakota.” Taking into account the different metric interpretation of this ancient unit (from 38 to 54 cm), it should be assumed that the gaze of the traveler was exposed to a structure five to six meters high.

Accurate digital dimensions, definitions such as “gradets mal”, “church led”, “vezha high” (that is, the tower) side by side in the description with information, thanks to which one can imagine the layout of the Kholm temples. For example, the building of the Church of John “sich was”: “Mosquitoes (vaults) 4, from each corner of the translation (arch) ... entering the altar, there are two pillars ... and on it a mosquito and scatter (dome)”. Church of the Holy Bezmezdnikov: "Have 4 pillars from the whole stone, hewn, holding the top." This brief information allows us to undertake at least a partial reconstruction of the monuments, which were four-pillar temples with apses.

Architectural monuments of southwestern Russia of the XII-XIII centuries. almost never survived to this day. The ancient Kholm buildings have also been lost forever. The name of the former capital of Daniil Romanovich sounded in Polish over time (Chelm is now the city of the Lublin Voivodeship). The culture of the Carpathian region has been under the strong influence of Catholicism for many centuries. This led to the gradual disappearance of ancient Russian churches here. Often, only scarce archaeological data allow scientists to judge the features of the architecture of the Galicia-Volyn principality of the era of its heyday. Therefore, the story of the Galician chronicler is of particular importance, remaining the only written source of information about the construction activities of Daniil Romanovich.

Researchers and commentators of The Tale of Igor's Campaign have repeatedly mentioned the Galician Chronicle among the monuments similar in sound to the story of Igor Svyatoslavich's campaign against the Polovtsians. These two works are similar to each other at the level of individual images, stable turns and motifs, they are also thematically close. It cannot be unequivocally asserted that the Galician chronicler knew the "Word" (although this is not excluded), because in this case there are no literal textual coincidences, which are found in later Pskov texts (for example, a postscript in the Aprakos Apostle of 1307; the story of the battle under Orsha 1514 in the Pskov Chronicle). The nature of the similarity between the Lay and the Galician Chronicle is, of course, different from that of the Lay and Zadonshchina. However, the features of closeness between two works that are unique in poetic and genre terms, falling out of the usual classifications, indicate that the facts of artistic "take-off" were not isolated at the end of the 12th-mid-13th centuries. One can speak of the existence of a South Russian narrative tradition, which is only fragmentarily represented by the monuments that have come down to us; about the interaction of the literary centers of the south of Russia, and possibly about the Galicia-Volyn "school" of heroic narration, which was also reflected in the Lay.

Let us name the most important aspects of the similarity of two works separated by several decades. First of all, both anonymous authors set as their goal to tell about the feats of arms, the military labor of the prince. The affinity of the tasks can be seen by comparing the words of the chronicler: “Let us begin to say the fearless rati and great labors and frequent wars” with the initial phrase “Words” - “Is it not silly to say, brethren, start with the old words of difficult stories about Igor’s fool, Igor Svyatoslavlich” . Historian L.V. Cherepnin rightly pointed out that “in both cases we are talking about a“ good nest ”: in the“ Word ”they are“ two falcons ” - the grandchildren of Oleg Gorislavich, and in the annals - also two sons of the glorious Prince Roman, only they belong to another princely branch - the Monomakhovich family.

As a rule, after Sun. Miller, the well-known praise of Prince Roman and the legend of the Yemshan, which open the chronicle, are compared with the "Word". These two fragments attract researchers when studying the epic nature of the Lay. Here are the images, the proximity of which is easily noticeable: Roman in the annals is brave "like a tour" - Igor's brother Vsevolod is called in the "Word" "buy tour"; Monomakh “drank the golden helmet to the Don”, Konchak “tear down Sula” (that is, scooped it out) in the annals - and Vsevolod big nest in the "Word" he is able to "scatter the oars on the Volga, and pour out the Don helmets." Sun. Miller in his book “A look at the Tale of Igor's Campaign” (1877) put forward the hypothesis that the beginning of the chronicle is an excerpt from the part of the Lay that has not come down to us. L.V. Cherepnin erected two works to one military cycle, pointing out, in particular, the proximity of the expressions: “I will wear out my mind with my strength, sharpen my heart with courage” - in the “Word”; “strengthen your hearts and move your weapons to the battlefield” - in the annals.

The ideological kinship of the creators of the works under consideration determined the proximity of the means of artistic representation, because the two medieval authors are primarily interested in the heroism of camp life. Thus, before the readers of the Lay, a whole medieval arsenal appears in expanded form. These are not some separate names of means of warfare, but precise, scattered throughout the text, often having a terminological connotation, designations. Just listing them (from a boot knife to the emblems of entire regiments) will take a lot of time. Rare military narratives have this quality. It is the Galician chronicle that provides rich comparative material in this sense. Let us recall at least the already mentioned description of the parade of the Galician regiments (under 1252). It is not only the abundance of military realities that is important, the way they are presented is similar, a special role in the narrative. Let us compare the golden saddle, arrows and saber, the gold-trimmed casing and boots of Daniil Romanovich with the princely attributes mentioned in the “Word” with the epithet “golden”: “golden stirrup”, “golden helmet”, “golden saddle”, from which Igor moved to “ slave saddle”, “golden arrows”. The authors are equally attentive to the national peculiarities of the realities of the life of the squad. The chronicler is interested in Tatar weapons, as well as the author of the "Lay" "Polovtsian helmets", "Ovar helmets", "Lithuanian helmets" or "Latsk sulits" (that is, Polish).

Among the hypotheses associated with attempts to find the real creator of the Lay, there are those where the attention of medievalists is drawn to Galich. For example, they called the wise Galician scribe Timothy, who is believed to have written the story of the Galician Chronicle about the childhood years of Daniil Romanovich. This point of view was first expressed in 1846 by N. Golovin. The writer A.K.Yugov (the author of the historical novel about Daniil Galitsky “The Fighters”) considered the creator of the “Word” to be the singer Mitusa, also mentioned in the Galician Chronicle. In B.A. Rybakov’s discussions about the author of the Lay, there is also a Galician chronicler. Attributions of this kind remain only more or less original hypotheses, however, the persistent interest of medievalists in southwestern Russia in resolving a number of issues related to the fate of the Lay is highly indicative.

A number of heroes of the Lay were in one way or another connected with southwestern Russia. The first to be mentioned is Yaroslav Vladimirovich Galitsky, who is called Osmomysl in the Lay. This prince was father-in-law to Igor, was the father of Efrosinya Yaroslavna. There are also references to other southwestern princes in the Lay.

Real opportunity for comparative analysis two monuments opens the motif of the unity of the princes-brothers. The idea of ​​brotherly love was poeticized by the author of the Lay. Although the two main participants in the campaign of 1185, Igor and Vsevolod, neglect the concept of "brotherhood" in the system of feudal relations, deciding on separate actions, nevertheless, their mutual devotion corresponds to the ideal of that time. An equally convincing example of fraternal relations between princes is demonstrated by the Galician chronicle. Daniil and Vasilko Romanovich are mentioned together throughout the story. Sometimes brothers act even in different lands, but in this case the chronicler puts their names side by side. The facts of rare separations of the Romanoviches are certainly recorded (for example, “the persecuting ima will be separated, then when he sees his brother fighting well” - Compare with the separation of the Svyatoslavichs in the “Word”: “That brother is separated”).

Another point that brings together the Galician Chronicle and the Lay is the Polovtsian theme. Galician cites at the beginning of his work the Polovtsian legend about the khans defeated by the ancestor of Daniil Romanovich - Vladimir Monomakh. One of the khans, named Otrok, fled with his people for Caucasian mountain“into the monkeys” (probably referring to the Abkhazians). The second khan, Syrchan, stayed to roam around the Don. His people were forced to live in poverty and ate fish. This is how the triumph of the Russian prince Vladimir Monomakh looked from the point of view of the steppes. After the death of a powerful enemy, who forced the Polovtsy to drag out such a miserable existence, Khan Syrchan sent his singer named Or to the "monks". The messenger was supposed to convey to the relatives the joyful news and an invitation to return to their native steppes. Syrchan admonished Orya in this way: “Volodimer died eating. But return, brother, go to your own land. Say my words to him, sing Polovtsian songs to him. Ozhet ti does not want to (if he does not want to return), give him some potions, with the name evshan (that is, “let him smell the grass of wormwood”)”. Or fulfilled the khan's command, but Otrok did not want to listen to the steppe songs, he refused to return to his homeland. Then the singer gave Otrok a sniff of the steppe grass "evshan". And when the Otrok, living in prosperity and contentment, sniffed a branch of wormwood, he wept and said: “Yes, heal a bone on your own land, and not be glorious in someone else.” Then he returned to his lands. It is significant that the Galician chronicler, citing this poetic legend, found it necessary to report: “He gave birth to Konchak, who carried Sulu on foot, carrying a cauldron on his shoulder.”

The chronicle legend about the grass "Yevshan" served as the basis for A.N. Maikov's poem "Yemshan" (1874). A few years before the writing of this poem, the poet translated "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

The Galician Chronicle is an important stage in the maturation and development of the medieval historicism of Old Russian literature. Here documentary as an integral property of chronicle writing, due to its very nature, manifested itself with particular force.

The Volyn Chronicle, which completes the Ipatiev Code, is somewhat smaller than the Galician Chronicle in terms of volume. The share of military descriptions in it is much more modest. The attention of its creators was attracted by others traditional themes: weddings and deaths of princes, unusual natural phenomena, the political life of the south-west of Russia. The Volhynian scribes adhered to other models in their work than the “biographer” of Daniel Romanovich. This chronicle, in its literary structure, clearly gravitates towards the traditions of the Kyiv chronicle of the 12th century. Preference is given to established narrative techniques. By the time the chronicle was completed, Kyiv had long since lost its former significance in the life of Russia; the tragic events of 1240 completed this historical process. However, the former attitude towards Kyiv as a "model", including in the matter of chronicle writing, persisted for quite a long time. After the death of Daniil Romanovich, the rulers of the Volyn land gained more weight in the affairs of southwestern Russia. Perhaps, the scribes of Vladimir-Volynsky, in addition to expressing local political aspirations, wanted to present themselves as successors, continuers of Kyiv literature in general, and chronicle writing in particular.

On the pages of the Galician chronicle, the Romanovichs appeared before the reader as an inseparable couple, but Daniel was always called the first. Now the “emphasis” is on the figure of Prince Vasilko, and after his death, the attention and sympathy of the chronicler is completely given to his son Vladimir Vasilkovich. The chronicle opens with a story about a wedding. Vasilko gives his daughter Olga for Andrey Chernigovsky: “Then brother Vasilkov Danilo Prince” (cf. in the Galician chronicle: “Danilo with his brother Vasilko”). During the wedding feast, news comes of the advance of the Tatars. Further, Vasilko's meeting with Noyon Burundai is reported. The Tatars are angry with Daniel. “Danilov was afraid of fleeing to Lyakhy, and from Lyakhy, fleeing to the Ugry.” Never before have we seen a depiction of such fear and dismay from the illustrious warrior. Thus, other ideological guidelines of the Volyn scribe appeared.

Second half of the 13th century - the era when the Russian princes, finding themselves in a dependent position, were forced to participate in Tatar raids on the surrounding lands, unwittingly become accomplices of their own enemies. One of these bloody campaigns was carried out in the Polish borders. The tragedy of the Polish city of Sandomierz is told by the Tale of the Capture of Sandomierz, which was included in the Volyn Chronicle under 1261.

In the center of the story is the feat of a nameless Pole who fell on the city wall. After four days of incessant shelling from "vices" (wall-beating machines), the Tatars managed to bring down the "fence". Under the cover of archers, they began to storm the walls. At this moment, and "do the work of memory with dignity" one of the defenders of the fortress. The assault was led by two Tatars "with banners." They were the first to climb the wall and went along it, "cutting and butting." Moving from both sides of the wall, they did not find worthy rivals. In a fleeting skirmish with them, he showed courage "someone from Lyakhov, not a boyar, not of a good family, but this simple man." This warrior of a simple rank is deprived of reliable armor (“for one bluegrass”), formidable weapons. He doesn’t even have a shield, and in his hands is an ordinary sulitsa. The Volhynian chronicler found an amazing comparison to convey the state of a nameless hero. He rushes into the fray, "defending himself with despair, like a solid shield." The brave Pole killed one of the enemies, but then he himself fell at the hands of the second Tatar warrior, who treacherously attacked from behind.

The heroic feat of a doomed daredevil with a light throwing spear in his hands is perceived metaphorically. This duel marks an unequal struggle with a powerful force, an army that has not only numerical, but also technical superiority. With all the diversity of the heroes of Russian chronicles, a person who occupied a grassroots position in the feudal hierarchy very rarely appeared among them. Perhaps only the plots of The Tale of Bygone Years dating back to folklore provide such examples. So the heroism of military narratives of the XIII century. is painted in tragic tones, the understanding of the sacrifice of a feat of arms is enhanced, and the universality of suffering (all the inhabitants of Sandomierz, young and old, are destined to accept a terrible death - “not a single one left of them”), as it were, equalizes the fighters.

Particularly noteworthy, of course, is a literary fragment of the Volyn Chronicle, which tells about the last years of the life and death of Prince Vladimir Vasilkovich. The childless prince, who bequeathed his lands to his cousin, for a long time meekly endured cruel suffering. The disease that caused his death shocked his contemporaries. The meek sufferer avoided military expeditions, skillfully pursued a policy with the Tatars, refused to participate in their raids against his neighbors. The chronicler speaks of this man as a righteous man, comparing him with the long-suffering Job. Praise to Vladimir Vasilkovich differs not only in detail and volume, it allows you to fairly fully judge the character of a particular person. Here, the accents are placed in a different way, the traditional order of listing the properties of the prince's personality has been changed. But, more importantly, the Volyn Chronicle brought to us a complex narrative complex, combining many achievements of the previous chronicle and all ancient Russian literature.

Obituary praise combined the real features of a person and more abstract virtues: “This noble Prince Volodymyr was not tall in age, had great shoulders, his face was red (that is, handsome), his hair was yellow, curly, his beard was strigy, his hands were red and his legs, the speech is thick in him (that is, “he spoke in a bass voice”), ... he speaks clearly from books, the philosopher was great and the catcher (hunter) was cunning, good, strong, humble, not malicious, truthful, not taking bribes, not lying, tatba hate, but do not drink from your age, but you have love for all ... ".

It was not by chance that the chronicler noted the book education of Vladimir Vasilkovich. The Volhynian ruler can rightly be classified as one of the wisest princes, enlightened by faith and love for books. The enumeration of the books that Vladimir himself copied or ordered from skilled scribes occupies a worthy place in posthumous praise. War, hunting, construction activities - these are the usual, often covered areas of activity of the ancient Russian princes. Here, an assessment is also given to the book activity of the “philosopher”, who is equal in his knowledge to representatives of the clergy. Here are the book contributions and donations that marked the spiritual path of Vladimir Vasilkovich: in the Church of the Annunciation, built in the city of Kamenets, “lay” the Gospel-aprakos, bound in silver, the Apostle-aprakos and Paremiynik; in the city of Belsk he supplied the church with books; in Volodymyr Volynsky, having “written off”, he gave the church “Holy Mother of God” the Gospel-aprakos; for "his" (that is, ktitorsky) monastery of the Holy Apostles, the prince, "having copied it himself", gave the Gospel-aprakrs and the Apostle; The Przemysl bishopric was presented with a gospel bound with silver and pearls (“he wrote it down himself”); The Gospel written in gold and decorated with silver, pearls and enamel was sent to the Chernigov bishopric.

With special attention and details, the activity of the prince in decorating and arranging the stone church of the “Holy Great Martyr of Christ George”, erected in the city of Lyuboml, is conveyed. Here Vladimir Vasilkovich spent the last months of his life, in this city he was ill for a long time and died. For his beloved cathedral, the prince rewrote the Gospel "wonderfully by vision." The book was bound with gold, decorated with precious stones, pearls and enamel. In addition, the binding of the manuscript was decorated with a deesis iconographic image. Just as skillfully, according to the chronicler, another Gospel was executed, the binding of which is covered with "tin" (precious fabric), decorated with enamel and images of the holy martyr princes Boris and Gleb. Thus, the posthumous praise of the Volyn prince reveals to the reader not only the history of the replenishment of the manuscript treasures of the monastery libraries, the origin of certain temple relics, but also a special area of ​​ancient Russian applied art - the production of books. The way of writing, binding, materials used for decoration, and even icon-painting plots on the setting - all this does not escape the attention of the chronicler.

The enumeration of the merits of the late Volyn prince to the church, the concretization of his tireless concern for churches and monasteries demonstrates the very range of church books, their significance, outlines the area of ​​​​the spiritual reading of our ancestors, as well as the genre composition of manuscripts. So, the most important book contributions of the prince are the Gospels and the Apostle. All these are aprakos books, that is, collections of readings with an appointment for each holiday. Such is the structure of the Paremiion (from the Greek - a parable), which included readings from the Holy Scriptures, the Old or New Testament, pronounced at the evening service. Among the book contributions of the St. George's Church, the chronicler names the Prologue for twelve months, "the lives of the holy fathers, and the deania of the holy martyrs, how to marry with their own blood for Christ", twelve Menaia, Triodion, Octoechos, Irmologii. According to the author of the praise, Vladimir Vasilkovich “written off” the Missal to St. George, evening and morning prayers. The prince bought the prayer book for eight hryvnias from the archpriest. The works of the prince on decorating the cathedral with icons and murals were not completed - “pain” prevented.

Vladimir Vasilkovich died at the end of 1288, that is, exactly three hundred years after the baptism of Russia. Perhaps that is why the creator of the posthumous praise widely used fragments of praise to Vladimir the Baptist from Metropolitan Hilarion's Sermon on Law and Grace in his work. Lines of an outstanding oratorical work of the 11th century. at the same time, they were subjected to semantic adaptation to new literary and historical conditions. According to the tone of the detailed narrative about the disease and last days Vladimir Vasilkovich is easy to notice the desire to initiate his canonization. The most significant in this regard was the message about the acquisition of the imperishable relics of the prince. The chronicler reports that the widowed princess, accompanied by Bishop Eusignius and all the clergy, saw the imperishable body of her husband after several months: seeing the glory of God. And smeared the coffin of his month of April on the 6th day, on Wednesday of Holy Week.

Hilarion's laudatory word could well be perceived by the author of the thirteenth century. as the first step on a long road to church veneration of the baptist of Russia (according to most historians of canonization, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was officially canonized in the middle - second half of the 13th century, that is, just a few decades before the death of the Volyn prince). There is an analogy of the situation when the "help" of an authoritative source is perceived as a kind of guarantee of the success of such an important undertaking. The Volhynian scribe, like Hilarion, addresses his deceased master: “Get up from your coffin, O honest head, get up, shake off your sleep, carry it dead, but sleep until the general uprising!”.

Now one can only guess why the efforts of the Volhynian scribe were not crowned with success. Perhaps due to the fact that soon the south-west of Russia fell under the influence of Catholics and Lithuania, and 80 years after the death of Vladimir Vasilkovich, a Catholic episcopate was created in Galicia.

The chronicle writing of southern Russia as a whole had a great influence on the further development of various topics in ancient Russian literature. The biography of Daniil Romanovich largely determined the fate of the military theme, the genre of princely life, in particular the life of Alexander Nevsky. Echoes of the imagery of the Galician Chronicle are heard, for example, in works about the Battle of Kulikovo. From the heroic narration of the chronicle, a living thread of tradition stretches to the literature of a later period, when the well-known ancient Russian monuments of a military-historical content were created. A special contribution to the development of the principles of imprinting a person was made by the creators of the Volyn Chronicle of the second half. 13th century The poetic system of the South Russian annals was perceived as a value by subsequent literature. Its perfection bribed Russian poets, and our modern culture has learned a lot.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.portal-slovo.ru/ were used.