Chapter 2 German occupation mode on the territory

Military political activities of Ukrainian nationalists in the Crimea of \u200b\u200bthe activities of Ukrainian nationalists during the Second World War are devoted to many works. In relation to interest in their organizations, both from historians and propagandists,

Embossed essay

§ 5. Civil War in the West: Bandpovistan movement on the liberated territory of the USSR and the struggle with it one of the most severe and long-term consequences of the German occupation was a surge of a bandpopovistant movement in the Western territories of the USSR. Nazi

The partisan movement in Crimea (November 1941 - April 1944) is one of the bright, tragic and in many ways of little-known pages of the history of the Great Patriotic War. It played a prominent role in the struggle of the Soviet Armed Forces for this strategically important region, as during defensive battles in its territory in 1941-1942. And during his liberation in 1943-1944. In fact, in the period of the full occupation of the Peninsula, the partisans of the Crimea were the third front in the rear of the German-Romanian troops and on the recognition of the Military Guidelines of the Wehrmacht, represented a significant threat to communications.

At the same time, the partisan struggle in Crimea was conjugate with a large number of victims from patriots, and repeatedly experienced difficulties that were not characteristic of the partisan movement in other regions of the Soviet Union. As a result, being organized even before the occupation, the partisan movement of Crimea by the end of 1942 decreased almost ten times, more than three and a half thousand of its participants died in combat clashes with an opponent, and also died of hunger.

But the struggle was not minimized, and, using many external (victory of the Soviet troops on the fronts, the strengthening of the role of the peninsula in the plans of the Command of the Red Army and Fleet, the deployment of targeted supplies from a large land) and internal (growth of the consciousness of the masses, changes in the occupied territory, the conservation of combat Parisan kernels) Factors by passing heavy winter tests of 1942-1943, the partisan movement in Crimea turned out again, and eventually participated in the preparation and liberation of the Crimean Peninsula from the enemy's troops and their accomplices. Researchers share the history of the partisan movement of the Crimea in three stages: 1st - from November 1941 to October 1942. During this period, the partisans of the Crimea provided an active assistance to a deposited Sevastopol and the Soviet troops landed at the Kerch Peninsula. 2nd period - October 1942 - July 1943 - this is the period of action in the deep rear of the enemy and at the same time losses, a significant reduction in the partisan movement; 3rd period - July 1943 - April 1944. - a new rise in the partisan movement, the growth of partisan structures and numbers, combat and propaganda activities, which provided a significant contribution to the liberation of the Crimea.

Although the guerrilla war in the Crimea in 1941-1944. was an integral and integral part of the entire partisan movement in the occupied territory of the USSR and had a common feature (for example, guidance on the parties' authorities; the principle of voluntariness when recruiting partisan formations; a multinational character, etc.), nevertheless there were features that allow About her character. These features had historical development, were in comprehensive interaction and manifestation.

Geostrategic position of Crimea

The strategic importance of the Crimean Peninsula for both the USSR and Germany has led to a particular fierce of struggle for the possession of them. Soviet land forces in cooperation with aviation, the Black Sea Fleet and the Azov Military Flotilla for two years and eight months held four front operations: Crimean defensive (October - November 1941), Sevastopol defensive (November 1941 - July 1942) , Kerch, defensive (May 1942), Kerch-Eltigen landing (October - December 1943), and two strategic: Kerch-Feodosian landing (December 1941 - January 1942) and the Crimean offensive (April - May 1944 G.). During these operations and in the intervals between them on the peninsula, the struggle with German-Romanian occupiers and collaborators from the local population, underground organizations and groups, units, districts and connecting Crimean partisans. In the course of the above combat operations only from the Soviet side, more than one and a half million people took part (including more than 12 thousand partisans and 2500 underfloors), and human losses (irretrievable and sanitary) amounted to more than 820 thousand people (including about 5,000 partisans and 700 underground workers).

Military geographical and natural climatic features. The geographical position of the Crimea predetermined its complete isolation from the "Big Earth" - the territory occupied by the Soviet troops, in the event of a complete seizure of the peninsula of the German-Romanian occupiers. In this regard, serious problems immediately arose with the organization of communication, supply and leadership of the partisan movement by military and party structures found by the Crimea.

The terrain, although heavily crossed and covered with the forest, did not actually imagined reliable shelter, being small in the area (about 2000 square meters. Km (100 - 135 km by 20 - 30 km)) and through the cutting roads (which ensured the access of moving units and The whole military units of the occupiers in almost any corner of mountain arrays). Along all the highways, the highway and at the final sites of local communications were located a significant number of settlements suitable for the placement of garrisons of occupying troops and creating reference points. Climatic conditions have differed in particular complexity in winter and disadvantage of drinking water in the summer.

The socio-demographic structure of the Crimea in front of the occupation and during the occupation.

According to the census of 1939, the population of the Crimean ASSR was 1,126,385 people, of which approximately half lived in cities, half - in rural settlements. The national composition was different and included representatives of more than 70 nations and nationalities. The most numerous were: Russians and Ukrainians (up to 60%), Crimean Tatars (about 20%), Jews, Germans, Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians. Within the mountain and foothill, the Crimea, which was about 10% of the entire Peninsula area, were located 10 of 26 administrative districts of the Kyrgyz Republic. ASSR, including seven of them National Tatar: Alushta, Balaklava, Bakhchisarai, Karasubazar, Kuibyshevsky (Albat), Sudak and Yalta. In total, in 882 settlements and two cities of republican subordination (Simferopol and Yalta) of this zone, 471,343 inhabitants, including Russian and Ukrainians - 247,024 (52%) and Crimean Tatars - 145 139 (31%), people representing the main groups population. At the same time, in seven national districts, the amount of Tatars reached an average of 56%.

After evictions from the Peninsula in August 1941, the Crimean Germans (51,299 people), a partial evacuation of the population into the eastern regions of the country (more than 270 thousand people), call on the Red Army and on the fleet to 93 thousand people, from among which at least 40 - 45 thousands were dead and wounded in battles, as well as exported with the retreating Soviet troops outside the Crimea, the total population has decreased by more than 366 thousand people (32%). Tatars lived, mainly in rural areas and, without showing desire to travel to the eastern regions of the country, remained in places of permanent residence, and therefore the ratio of the Tatars in the mountain and foothill Crimea with other ethnic groups of the population increased by the beginning of the occupation, was 63-65 %. Thus, the partisan zone embracing the mining part of the Crimea was forced to surrounded by settlements, most of which they lived mostly Tatars. After the beginning of the occupation of the efforts of the command of the German 11th Army and punitive bodies in the use of accomplices from the local population in the fight against partisans, naturally, they immediately began to acquire the Tatar orientation, as evidenced by modern research.

After the end of the civil war on the peninsula, there was a significant number of citizens of the former Russian Empire, who did not have time to leave in November 1920, together with the remnants of the Russian army and the Black Sea Fleet in neighboring countries and did not feed sympathies to the existing system. Extremely unpopular activities in the mid-1920 of the Jewish population were extremely unpopular in the mid-1920s of the Jewish population, in solving a national issue, in relation to religion (both Christianity and Islam), clergy, local intelligentsia. In general, at the time there was a lot of displeashed by the Soviet authorities.

National relations

Another extremely important factor that complicated the activities of partisans was suddenly manifested and not predicted by the ratio of part of the local population towards invaders, and this concerned not only individuals, but entire groups of this population. In particular, Manstein in his memoirs noted the following: "Tatars immediately stood on our side. They saw our liberators from the Bolshevik yoke in us, especially since we respected their religious customs. Tatar deputation arrived to me, bringing fruit and beautiful handmade fabrics for the liberator Tatar "Adolf Effendi". Such friendly meetings took place throughout the Crimea. For example, the commander of the Sudak partisan squad E.Yusufov, the Crimean Tatarin himself, reported in his report: "With the occupation of the German army of Crimea, in particular, the Sudaksky district, according to intelligence data in the der. Ai-Serez, Raven, Shelena, Kutlak, especially in the rides from the majority of the population, a special meeting of the Germans was organized. The meeting was performed by bouquets of grapes, treating fruit, wine, etc. In this number of villages can be attributed to the der. Kapsikhor ... "; This was also reported by other managers.

Manstein, like other German sources, depicts the case in such a way that local figures from the number of Crimean Tatars took the first step to meet the "liberators". However, apparently, this was preceded by a certain agent work of supporters of the German orientation and in the Crimean Tatar medium, and in emigration. It should be noted that this kind of professional efforts of the Abaven 11th Army and AinzattzGroup-d bodies were quite effective and seriously difficult became the formation of a partisan movement, as they pushed a significant part of the partisans, especially the inhabitants of foothill and mountain settlements, to the unauthorized leaving of the detachments.

In addition, on the other hand, not provoked in the first days of the occupation by any unfriendly acts of partisans in relation to the local population, the spontaneous and unpunished plump by residents of the adhesive villages of food and property at the transfer points and the bases of some detachments, created a precedent with which the occupation authorities and their High-ranking accomplices pushed a significant portion of the anti-Soviet population of the village surrounding the partisan zone, the real robbery of the food and material bases of the remaining detachments, which ultimately led the population of these villages, and partisans to the most difficult consequences.

In the Organizing period, the Regional Committee of the WCP (b), the NKVD and the Soviet bodies of the Crimean ASSR began to prepare the underground and partisan movement, based mainly to local resources, which remained after several mobilization and evacuation of human reserves and the experience of old partisans - civil war participants. In addition, it is necessary to take into account that before OK VKP (b) and the Soviet bodies, in addition to the preparation of the partisan movement and the underground, there were other, equally important tasks: Mobilization; evacuation of the population, industry, cultural values; ensuring the participation of the population in defensive work; Formation of folk militia, fighter battalions; Organization of repair and production of military equipment; harvesting and transportation of agricultural equipment, excess foods and cattle to the eastern regions of the country; Organization of a network of hospitals on the basis of the sanatoriums of the southern coast of Crimea and so on. In certain areas, partisan detachments were provided on the residual principle that inevitably affected the qualitative and quantitative indicators.

Subsequently, based on the factors mentioned above, as well as due to the almost constant location of the party and economic bodies of the Crimean ASSR outside the peninsula (Caucasus, Krasnodar Territory), the focus of the focus of partisans shifted to the resources of the local (food, MTO) and the Allied ( Armament, means of communication, etc.) levels. This additionally changed and eventually increased the role of the interaction of Crimean structures with local - party, economic, military.

Time to prepare

Unlike the border republics and the regions of the Western part of the USSR, who were subjected to a sudden attack, the fighting directly in the Crimea began only at the end of October 1941, thanks to which the party, Soviet bodies and the NKVD KR. ASSR had more than four months to assess their capabilities, a rapidly changing environment, familiarize themselves with the experience of partisan struggle, determining the upcoming tasks, the creation of the infrastructure of the partisan movement and the underground, selection and training of reliable personnel for them. Although there were rather serious miscalculations in the organizational plan, unlike many partisan areas of the USSR, a large-scale partisan war was quickly unfolded in Crimea. The future Field Marshal Manstein, the Future Feldmarshal Manstein, was best told about her mind: "The partisans became a real threat from the moment when we captured the Crimea (in October-November 1941). There may be no doubt that a very extensive partisan organization existed in Crimea, which was created for a long time. Thirty-fighter battalions ... represented only part of this organization. The main mass of the partisan was in the mountains of the Yayla. There, probably, from the very beginning there were many thousands of partisans ... The partisans tried to control our main communications. They attacked small units or single cars, and at night a single car did not dare appear on the road. Even the day of the partisans attacked small divisions and single cars. In the end, we had to create a whole system of peculiar convoys. "

But what characterization I gave the Crimean partisans the head of the central headquarters of the partisan movement at the rate of VGK PK Ponomarenko May 9, 1975 in a conversation with the famous commander of the 1st Brigade of the Northern Connection Partisan of Crimea, F.I. Fedorenko: "We in Moscow called you by God's martyrs ... And Diva was given that you, applying to the setting, despite the difficulties and losses, already in forty-first and at the beginning of the forty second, that is, without a swing, led active combat operations Against the enemy and provided considerable assistance to the troops who defended Sevastopol, the assaults of the Red Army, sitting in the Crimea ... ".

Actions opponent

Namely, the professional efforts of the occupying administration (regular troops of the German 11th army, the Romanian mountainous building, the forces of the punish-repressive apparatus of the SD and numerous accomplices of the occupiers). In the 11th Army, a whole system of anti-Paintisan events has quite quickly emerged, which was then used throughout the German army on the Eastern Front. Famous specialists in partisan actions Ch.Dikson and O. Halbrunn believed that the fight against the partisans was best organized by the 11th Army, but even this system did not eliminate the threat from partisans on the entire length of the German occupation of the Crimea.

In addition, it should be noted that large military formations of the enemy were almost constantly constantly constantly constantly constantly, especially in the late 1941 - the first half of 1942, and in the late 1943 - early 1944., who also participated in the fight against partisans; The entire period of the occupation actively acted punishing-repressive apparatus and the intelligence bodies of Germany and Romania.

Desertion.

This feature flowed out of the previous factors; According to the estimates of modern researchers, in five partisan areas and a group of Kerch squads until November 15-20, 1941, the 901 partisans were left out (28% of the number originally published in the forest and quarry), which mainly corresponds to the SEC data for November-December 1941 on this issue. In the report of A.V. Mokrousov Commander of the North Caucasus Front and Secretary of the Kyrgyz Republic. OK VKP (b) dated 20.07. In 1942, it was noted: "In November-December, desertion took a threatening character: 1200 people deserted ... The reasons are unpleasuracy, the sharp transition of the Tatar population to the fascists, the desire of some connecting to the troops of the Red Army." It should be noted that some partisans, especially from the servicemen, left the detachments to break into Sevastopol, which at that time was incorrectly qualified by the command of the partisan movement of Crimea as a desertion. Sometimes, deserters turned out to be quite high-ranking partisan leaders, for example, the 5th district of Ivanhenko, the head of the Commandant platoon of the Central Staff Lukin, Chairman of the Vereshchagin Tribunal, Nachekisa, Commander of the 2nd Simferopol Sydashev, Commissar, Commissioner of the Sudakovsky Detachment A.Ismailov, Commissioner Balaklava The detachment of bethelions and some others .. There are cases of leaving the location of the location of entire detachments. So, in Sevastopol after the first combat collision with the enemy, the Saki partisan detachment was left, the Telman squad in the days of the occupation of the Crimea Germans went from the deployment site (and undermining their bases) in Yalta led by Commissioner Greenberg.

The difficulties of the guerrilla war in Crimea and especially extreme survival conditions, and sometimes repressive command measures, led to cases of desertion and subsequently, but it was not massive, as in the initial period.

But not only because of the desertion or unauthorized action, the partisan movement in the Crimea has lost more than 1,000 personnel with the stocks of weapons, ammunition, food and means of MTO, which amounted to 33% of the entire partisan movement of the Crimea. The rapid breakthrough by the Germans of Perekop fortification led to the fact that four of the 29 detachments did not reach the deployment sites at all (Krasnoperekopsky, Larindorf, Frajdorf and the detachment of the NKVD workers, from which only a staff curlent platoon appeared. None of the created I.G. did not appear in the forest. Genovo from residents of the South Coast Crimean Tatar villages in the area of \u200b\u200bthe 2nd area. Some of the partisan leaders did not come, in particular the Commissioner of the 4th district of M. Selimov, recalled at the last moment at the disposal of the regional committee.

The consequences of such a "exit" managed to compensate for military personnel from the composition of the 51st (mainly), the seaside armies and the Black Sea Fleet, which were surrounded and wished to join the partisans. A total of 1330 fighters were adopted, including 438 people of Compolynostav, which made it possible to replenish small detachments, strengthen the command of the districts and some detachments and by November 17, 1941 to form an additional three Red Army partisan detachments. Subsequently, several hundred soldiers after the battles under Feodosia and Sudakov (participants of the Kerch-Feodosia and Sudak landing, respectively) came to the forest. Alas, existing ideas about the breakthrough in June-July 1942. The Crimean Partisans of the defenders of Sevastopol are not documented, but there are memories of a single such case (although several cases of falling into the detachments of Sevastopol who fled from captivity later, took place).

Even more than desertion, the damage to the partisan movement caused the loss of partisan detachments of food bases at the end of 1941-1942. According to Mokrousov, the bases were laid on the basis of food 5-6 thousand people until six months, and in some places and more (4th partisan district). Only sheep disturbed from the steppe districts and left in the collective farms of the foothill SNK CR. ASSR for the needs of the partisan movement, up to 20 thousand heads, not counting pigs and cattle. Prepared reserves should have been provided during the specified period to the normal content of the partisan detachments and their maintenance of effective hostilities without any help from. However, due to the irresponsible relationship of many party and Soviet leaders, insufficient control over the proseal and shelter of food and, the main thing, the lack of the last days of October, the headquarters of the partisan movement and headquarters of districts, as well as due to the extremely small number of basters and vehicles allocated fighter Battalions, it was covered (buried to the ground) only 60-70% of the total delivered, and 30% remained on the surface.

However, by the beginning of 1942, even these bases were mainly lost. I.vergasov explained it by criminal negligence responsible for the basing of persons: "The trouble is that the selection of people who were engaged in databases, on the part of the district and district offices of the NKVD, was not a party, but often treacherous. Than other ways to explain such facts as: the bases were located close to the villages, had good entrances for vehicles, and people who were bought in the bulk of the bulk were fled in the first days of the occupation. " The defeat of the bases was facilitated by the fact that a large number of products were not taken deep into the forest, and focused on the so-called. Transfer bases near the roads. In addition, and with the basement of the base, everything was not so unequivocal. There were detachments extremely poorly disguised bases and even who did not even prepare them, but were those who coped well with this task. So, a detailed analysis of the situation with the bases shows that their fate depended mainly not from how they were hidden, but from other factors. This was told at the meeting of the secretariat of the Crimean OK VKP (b) in July 1942. Just returned from the forest A.V.Mokrousov: many detachments were well fun to have their products. For example, the detachments of the 3rd area, the Sudak squad, however, these bases were issued by traitors and stoleed by the population under the protection of the Germans, and, for example, the detachments of the 2nd area did not have time to hide foods in the forest and did it during the battle with invaders, At least, it was these detachments that lasted longer without hunger. The case, apparently, is that in Zui district there was no such scope of betrayal.

These circumstances led to the emergence and growth of hunger, which became a real nightmare of partisan detachments. Initially, people supported the existence of a hunting on wild animals, but they were quickly knocked out, then the roots, wood bark, moss, skins and remains of the past livestock were moved into move, which dug out from under the snow; The fighters were cooked and ate leather postal, belts, etc.; The lack of salt was particularly acute. Began deaths on the soil of exhaustion, which by the spring of 1942 acquired a cooking character. Until March 1942, only in the so-called "death camp" on the Abdug Ridge (Crimean Reserve), 53 partisans died from exhaustion.

Today you can only approximate the size of this tragedy, these reports differ significantly, but are equally affected. According to the report on hostilities, the Crimean partisans for 11 months of 1942 (until December, i.e. no two months of 1941), the losses of the partisans were assessed by their command: killed 898 people lost, missing - 473, who died From hunger - 473 people, i.e. On two killed there are one dead. A similar picture is also charged from I. Vergasov's report, according to which, by July, more than 150 people died in the detachments of the 4th and 5th regions. - It is also more than the detachments of these areas have lost killed in battles, which were 120 people. According to archival data, only in the winter of 1942 in the detachments of the 3rd, 4th, 5th regions died of hunger to 400 people. . These data, apparently, closer to the truth. This forced the commander of the partisan detachments of the Crimea Colonel M.T.Lobova (he replaced Mokrusov in July 1942) to write in the report on the results of hostilities that "in the 3rd area reached the catastrophe. 362 people died hungry death there, and in 11 cases there were factors. " It should be noted that the report of Lobov is the only source that speaks of such a large number of cannibal facts (under the cannosts here it is necessary to understand the use of parts of the corpses of those killed in battles or dead people, i.e. trio), only one episode appears in memories And in archival documents, several, but this in itself is quite eloquently illustrates a terrible picture in partisan detachments.
In March 1942, on the eve of the expected occurrence of the Crimean Front from the Kerch Peninsula, the front command was able to support the partisans for the abandonment of the air; It was done from Sevastopol. Mortality managed to suspend, although the hunger did not stop, but after the defeat of the Crimean front in May and especially after the fall of Sevastopol and the transfer of hostilities to the North Caucasus, when the airfields existing on Kuban were evacuated even further east, hunger in partisan detachments broke out again. Already in August 1942, mortality in the soil of exhaustion began again, which were underwent dozens of lives. From this age, almost until the fall of 1943, the famine was a permanent satellite of partisan life. In the terrible winter of 1942-1943. Also, hunger put all the partisan movement on the edge of the catastrophe. In particular, in the Radiogram of P. Mampolsky V.Bulatov for February 17, it was reported: "The presence of people on February 17 - 266 people, of which in long-range exploration -32, non-visible - 20. Our losses from October 25, 1942. (Date of active evacuation partisans from the forest - TS) - 167 people, of which: in battles 37, diversions -1, exploration - 3, productions - 59, who died from hunger -57, shot -10. " In the future, in connection with the growth of the partisan war and the transition of a large part of the local population of mountain and adhesive villages, changes in relations with volunteers from the Tatar volunteers (part of which moved to the side of the partisans), as well as increased supply, hunger retreated, but on the memoirs of partisans, I did not have to live.

Of course, hunger was called as a lack of permanent supply from a large land and attitudes with the hostile population of adhesive villages, and in the consciousness of the partisans was firmly connected with the defeat of food bases in late 1941 - early 1942. When the partisan movement of Crimea has lost more than 60% of food and MTO funds, which did not allow partisan districts and units to function without any assistance.

The role of aviation

The study of archival and published documents, memoirs of partisans and aviators, materials of scientific and periodical press make out the general conclusion that Soviet aviation has made a significant contribution to the development of the partisan movement in the Crimea in 1942. (When the Crimean partisans were established and established the foundations and principles of interaction), crucial importance - in the most difficult period of partisans in late 1942. - First half of 1943. (supported the Crimean partisans in the exclusively specific conditions of their combat and daily activities) and the most important influence - during the deployment of the fighting of partisan formations in the second half of 1943. And the liberation of the Crimea from the German Romanian invaders (aviation practically contributed to the deployment of the partisan movement and was used at this stage most actively, fulfilling the tasks of supply and combat support). Under the conditions of finding the Crimean Peninsula in the enemy's rear, from March-April 1942. Until April 1944, the aviation of different groups were helped by the Crimean partisans: fronts, civil air fleet, Black Sea Fleet. About 1,000 successful aircraft carriers were carried out for all time, delivered to the current partisan detachments of 725 tons of ammunition, food, medicines, uniforms and other goods. It was exported from the partisan detachments of 1311 wounds and patients with partisans. It was exported from the rear of the enemy 545 people of the civilian population, which was hidden from the repression of the Germans. Abandoned in the existing partisan detachments and rear of the enemy 521 people of the command and political composition and special groups. For landing aircraft, seven landing sites in the mining part of the Crimea were found and ordered, but were used for the most part three. Countering the flights of Soviet aircraft by the enemy was ineffective and virtually unsuccessful, no aircraft was shot down by German aviation or captured by landing platform blockers. The losses of airplanes were only in accidents of a different nature due to the influence of natural and human factors and amounted to 22 aircraft. Crimean partisans for the entire period of interaction through mediation aviation delivered a large number of reconnaissance information, intensified combat and propaganda actions. For partisans and residents of Crimea, the plane became a symbol of communication with a country, an important factor in psychological confrontation.

Given the above features, it is necessary to stop on the results of the partisan war in the Crimea. In total, in 1941-1944 in the Crimean Peninsula, 80 partisan detachments operated (over 12,500 fighters), 202 underground organizations and groups (over 2500 people).
In the period from November 1941 to April 16, 1944, Crimean Soviet partisans destroyed 29,3383 soldiers and police officers (and 3872 were captured); spent 252 battles and 1632 operations (including 39 tips and shelling, 212 ambuses, 81 sabotage on railways, 770 attacks on vehicles), destroyed and disabled 48 locomotives, 947 wagons and platforms, 2 armored tickets, 13 tanks, 3 armored car, 211 guns, 1940 cars, 83 tractors, 112.8 km of telephone cable and 6000 km power lines; Captured 201 cars, 40 tractors, 2627 horses, 542 wagons, 17 guns, 250 machine guns, 254 automaton, 5415 rifles, ammunition and other military property. And although modern researchers question the numbers of the living force of the enemy, nevertheless, it is necessary to note the main political and psychological result: all 923 days of occupation in Crimea did not stop the struggle of patriots and de facto there was a legitimate Soviet government in the person of partisans.

1500 participants in the partisan movement were awarded orders and medals, the head of the Sevastopol underground V.D. Revikin awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously). It is important to note that the "winged partisans" turned out to be completely forgotten. On April 10, 1942, his flight - for the first time in the Crimean Reserve from Sevastopol - made the guard lieutenant FF Gerasimov, the commander of the 3rd Aviation Squadrilles of the 6th Guards Filter Aviation Regiment of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force. For the feat of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 14, 1942, Gerasimov was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the "Golden Star" medal (No. 860). So at F.F. Gerasimova made a submission to the awards precisely for the first flight to the partisan forest from Sevastopol. Among the Crimean partisans of the title Hero of the Soviet Union was not awarded, although eight people were presented. Therefore, a high award assigned by FF Gerasimov, one of the first "Crimean air partisans" is unique in the partisan movement in the Crimea, and once again emphasizes the role and importance of aviation in its formation, support and deployment.

The history of the partisan movement in the Crimea is known to us quite schematically and in a typical Soviet historiography of the Great Patriotic War, where the coverage of one side of the case prevailed - the heroism of the participants of those events. As for a number of complex moments in the history of the partisan movement related, in particular, with the miscalculations of the command, disadvantages of the organization of the partisan movement and the supply of partisans, internal contradictions in the management leadership and with such a phenomenon as collaborationism, they are usually not mentioned by historians and by the authors of memoirs from ideological considerations. Not begging the meaning of what was done earlier, still you have to state that we, the generation of not knew the war, today I essentially imagine one of the key moments of our history, and numerous lacuna in our knowledge are rapidly filled with all sorts of speculation and myths. Therefore, having considered unbiased and complex features of the partisan movement in the Crimea, it would be desirable that people, aware of the past, will not cease - to think.

Sergey Tkachenko,

historian, local history

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In the summer of 1943, the Crimean Obli Party once again rebuilt the leadership of the People's Fight against the occupiers in the Peninsula in accordance with the new situation and new tasks.

From Stalingrad, the war turned to the West. During the liberation of the North Caucasus, the German-fascist Kuban bridgehead formed, at which 21 divisions were defended by a total number of about 500 thousand soldiers and officers of the enemy (17 infantry, 1 tank, 1 motorized, 2 cavalry).

Back in mid-March, the Wehrmacht's bet ordered "to keep at all the Taman Bridgeheads and Crimea" with the aim of making the Soviet troops, restrictions on the possibilities of the Soviet fleet and providing a favorable political effect.

On July 1, Taman and Crimea kept the Army Group "A", which consisted of the 17th German army (Corps 5, 44th Army, 49th Mornetral), the Operational Group "Crimea" and the forces of the operational rear of the Army Group "A" . She had 23 divisions, including 14 German, 8 Romanian and Slovak motorized division. There were six divisions in Crimea: 153th educational and field and 355th infantry German divisions; Mornetral Corps Romanian (2, 3, 4th Main Personal Divisions) and Slovak Motorized Division "Fast". During August, the 3rd Romanian Army arrived in Crimea.

As of September 1, 1943, 430 thousand soldiers and officers were listed in the combat composition of the Army Army Group, including Germans - 273 thousand, Romanians and Slovaks - 102 thousand and others.

The moral spirit of the German fascist troops and the troops of their allies fell even more after the defeat on the Kursk arc. The Romanian and Slovak parts were especially demoralized. They are groups and alone began to move. Many people leaving the rear. The Germans disarmed "chatting soldiers", and a special camp was created in the Dzhankoi area for deserters. The Commander of the Army Group "A" Field Marshal Kleist turned to Antonescu with a request to indicate the commanders "on the need to fulfill their debt." Even less reliable were divisions consisting of trains, criminals, as well as deceived Soviet citizens.

Increased mass attraction of the population to the construction of fortified defensive lines and reference points. The Gothic shaft was built in Kuban (he is: "Gotenkopf", "Blue Line"). Then they began to build the main defensive line, which was held along the Kerch Strait, on the rivers of the dairy, Dnipro, Coolant and Next to the north on r. Narva to the Gulf of Finland. The construction of the "Eastern Shaft" was attracted by the entire population of the magnitude. Death threatened from work threatened.

The Slovak Motorized Division "Fast", who arrived in Crimea in April 1943 from the reserve of the Army Group "A", was configured by anti-fascist. On June 12, six Slovaks headed by Efreitor Viktor Khrenko moved to the partisans of the Crimea. Soon, 2 more than 230 Slovaks went to the partisans, but not far from the edge of the forest, the Gestapovtsians caught up with Slovaks and staged a bloody violence over them. In September, the Division "Fast", as not sufficiently reliable, was assigned to Khherson to Big Copany. But on October 26, 1943, a new group of Slovaks led by Jacques Bako Yurai and Juraf Belko also arrived at the Crimea partisans. Slovaks formed their partisan detachment and successfully acted as part of the 1st partisan brigade.

On November 26, 1943, 22 partisan-Slovaks wrote to General Ludvika Savior: "We are fighting for freedom and happiness, for our native Czechoslovakia, for the full defeat of fascism.

We ask us to consider us the fighters of your army and are ready immediately after the liberation of the Crimea to join the ranks of the Great Czechoslovak army ... " In March, all partisans -lovaks were submitted to the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps of General L. Freedom.

Of the 33rd regiment of the 10th Romanian Infantry Division, seven soldiers-Moldovan moved to Crimean partisans. Interesting information leads I.E. Levit on the decomposition of the Romanian army In 1943, 41,827 soldiers and officers were convicted by military field courts, including more than 23 thousand desertion.

The liberation of Donbass and the Left Bank of Ukraine brought the expulsion of the enemy and from the Crimea. In front of the guerrillas and underground workers, the task of violation of communications and communications of the enemy, the entire weakening of its parts and units, the preparation of the population towards the promotion of the Red Army, the preservation of the national treasure from the destruction and urusa.

On July 12, 1943, the central headquarters of the partisan movement formed the Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement. The head of the headquarters was approved by the first secretary of the Crimean Regional Committee of the WCP (b) V.S. Bulat. It even more united party and military leadership, underground workers and partisans. On August 24, the Crimean Courses of the Party adopted a resolution "On the work of the regional party center in the Crimea", in which it noted that the population of the Crimea did not conquer the invaders. The underground center was able to establish a connection with many underground patriotic groups, mostly arising from themselves, and through them to carry out considerable political work among the population. The Commander Office noted an exceptionally high political and moral state of the partisans. Smaller people they applied the enemy very strong blows. Increased the number of sabotage on the railway; Improved intelligence, including in the interests of the command of the North Caucasus Front.

Two days after the formation of the Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement, the central headquarters issued an order about the "rail war" on communications of the enemy. Crimea partisans took part in September-November 1943 in the operation "Concert".

Highly appreciating the work of the underground center, the committee of the regional committee noted the shortcomings in the underground work: disregard for conspiracy, weak exposure of specially created provocative groups, lack of communication with Kerch, Sevastopol and remote northern Crimea.

The CCP WCP (b) specified the tasks of combating the occupiers for the future: to strengthen the underground patriotic groups, not to give the Germans to take bread and livestock from the Crimea, continue to actively act, including sabotage.

The Crimean underground center was expanded. P.Ru included in it. Yampolsky (secretary), N.D. Lugovoy, E.P. Kolodyzhny, E.P. Stepanov et al. Simferopol underground urban party committee led by I.A. Kozlov united 42 combat underground organizations and groups in which 320 people entered. Organizations in the organization V.K. Efremova at Simferopol Railway Station, N.A. Baryshva - in the Regional Drama Theater, P.N. Topalova - on the bakery. The most numerous and active groups underground groups under the leadership of I.G. Lexina, I.I. Nosenko, V.I. Babia and others.

In July 1943, the Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement abolished the sectors, combining the four detachments operating in the central part of the mountains, in the brigade under the command of N.D. Meadow and Commissioner M.M. Egorova. In the eastern part of the mountains operated a separate squad V.S. Kuznetsova and in the western part - Detachment M.A. Macedonian. This organization was further improved when in anticipation of the rapid expulsion of the occupiers from October 1943, the rapid growth of partisan detachments began.

In connection with the insulation of the enemy troops in the Crimea, the mood of the population has become more decisive and combat. Tens and hundreds left residents from cities and foothill villages in the forests and mountains, fleeing the hijacking to Germany and other repression. The partisans themselves were more often visited in the village, where the red flags had already become over and even elevated rural councils. Police formations gone from the forest, blocking partisan airfields and camps. Isolation partisans from the population collapsed.

In 1941, 3,700 people entered partisan detachments, in 1942 - 490, in January-September 1943 - 457 and in the last three months of 1943 5632 people entered the detachments (only 10,279). By the end of the year, instead of 6 partisan detachments, it was already to operate 33. Numerous, the so-called civil camps were located near the partisan parkings, in which there were about 10 thousand people (in the Nature Reserve - 4735, in Zui forests - more than 3,000, in older - 2000 people) And which not only hid from the occupation administration, but also were voluntary assistants to partisans. The assistants partisans also appeared in many villages.

It was not just a rapid growth of the partisan formations, but the impression of the people who wanted the fastest liberation from the enslavers, who had sought to contribute to this common cause. The popularity of partisans as the people's defenders increased. Residents of the village organizedly turned to partisans asking them to protect them from robbery and terror from the occupation authorities.

Crimea had a significant number of so-called "voluntary" battalions and mouth, forcedly formed from prisoners of war and used on the protection of the coast, bridges, roads and to build defensive structures. At the end of 1943, many of them supported the bond with partisans and underground workers and prepared at a convenient case to move to the side of the Red Armin.

The partisan detachments came and some former policemen, old people, deceived "volunteers" of Muslim formations, which were stated that their future would largely depend on their combat activity in the fight against the occupiers.

Commander of the brigade of the South Connection L.A. Wortham in the diary recorded that the composition of the brigade became very difficult. He included the partisans of Tatar nationalists and "volunteers" who ran out of the 17th German army. All this required the upbringing of personnel and training in the ways of the partisan war.

The mass of the guerrilla compounds put the enemy into difficult conditions. One of the prisoners - the Ober-Efreitor of the 73rd Infantry Division said at the interrogation: "... your partisans are afraid of fire, we will repress them, hate, but they are forced to respect them - these are heroes, coup."

The manifestation of hatred for invaders, the full support of the partisans caused a new wave of a fascist terror against the population of Crimea. In the order of the oppositional action around the forests, 81 villages were destroyed (burned), 5268 peasant yards were destroyed. The inhabitants who did not have time to go under the protection of the partisans were hijacked into the steppe areas, and the young were taken from the Crimea by the sea for forced work. The entire population of Kerch, Feodosia, the entire Kerch peninsula was evicted in the central part of the Crimea. The enemy troops systematically committed "festers", attracting for this sometimes up to two divisions with tanks and artillery. November 17, 1943 P.R. Yampolsky wrote V.S. Bulatov: "Fight on November 16 cannot be considered as an episodic punitive expedition. This is the beginning of a serious armed struggle with partisans. It turns out that the enemy estimates us above and "respects" more than we themselves assumed. "

While the majority of the population became more resolutely on the path of struggle against the occupiers, the occupation regime was fully worried. Security service (SD) increased the network of its agents. Provocations have become a favorite way of action: false leaflets, newspapers printed; passed on the radio report on behalf of the Soviet bodies; False underground groups and partisan detachments were created. Many patriots, yielding to provocations, paid out their lives.

Dubki village under Simferopol became the place of death 8 thousand Soviet citizens from the concentration camps on the territory of the Sovkhodogo "Red". For communication with the partisans, the inhabitants of several villages near Bakhchisaraya and Zui were burned alive.

Economic and political events of invaders export of values, food, machines, mining and preparation for the destruction of the most important objects and entire cities - they convinced the population that their end is close. Various segments of the population became more resolutely on the way of open struggle.

The Crimean Obc CPP (b) political work among the population carried out through partisan formations, underground organizations and someone's restored bodies of Soviet power. On January 29, the Bureau of the Crimean Committee of the CPP (b) decided to send a party asset to partisan detachments.

It was necessary to arm new partisans detachments, bring the previously existing, replenish command staff. By this time, on three partisan airfields could be taken up to 30 transport aircraft per night.

On November 10, the Military Council of the North Caucasus Front put the task to the partisans - move to active actions in order to violate communications and communications, destroy the headquarters, warehouses, fuel, collect reconnaissance data. The directive prescribed "all the power in the Crimea in the part, which at this time is available to our influence, it is necessary to focus in some hands, uniting and issues of civilian management, and leadership by combat actions, providing comrades the right to solve all the organizers to decide on the spot."

On November 24, the Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement in order to even greater centralizing the leadership formed the central operational group (COW), which was headed by P.R. Yampolsky. The political department of the COF led by the Battalion Commissioner N.D. Lugovoy, Headquarters of the COF led by Guard by Lieutenant Colonel V.E. Savchenko. The headquarters organization was similar to the headquarters of the generalual compound. First Deputy Head of Guard Headquarters Lieutenant Colonel A.A. Aristov was the head of the operational department. Second Deputy Head of Headquarters Major S.A. Osovo was an intelligence organizer.

Given the increase in the number of partisan formations and the need for more operational guidelines, on January 29, 1944, seven partisan brigades were formed. The composition of each brigade had 3-5 detachments. The 1st and 5th Brigades (860 people) were combined into the northern connection under the command of P.R. Yampolsky (Commissioner N.D. Lugova, Head of Staff V.E. Savchenko). 4, 6th and 7th Brigades (2.2 thousand people) made a southern connection under the command of MA Macedonian (Commissioner M.V. Selimov, Head of Staff A.A. Aristov). The 2nd and 3rd brigades (680 people) formed an east connection under the command of V.S. Kuznetsov (Commissioner R. Mustafaev, Head of Staff S.D. Kachanov). Each connection had its own rear service. By this time, the 2nd transport regiment of the 1st Aviation Transport Division (Li-2 aircraft) was used to supply the partisans (Li-2 aircraft (Aircraft of PO-2 and P-5) as part of the 4th air army. From October 1943 to February 1944 for 146 aircraft-departures, they delivered 252 tons of cargo to partisans, including 16 radio stations. During the same time, the partisans made more than 40 major sabotage in railway transport.

Almost in all cities and villages according to the encouragement of the party, the party arose and conducted campaign and subversive work against the occupiers underground groups. They needed underground party centers and partisans. In mid-October, the underground party center (Committee) headed by P.R. Yampolsky had a connection with 12 underground groups and established communication with 6 organizations.

In the conditions of increasing the intense struggle between underground organizations and punitive bodies of the occupiers, small underground groups were no longer able to fight independently. The coordination of their actions was required, the separation of functions between groups, exploration, sabotage, cover. The small single groups of underfiders first and foremost became victims of the terror of the enemy, especially in the incomplete points.

In mid-1943, a network of underground organizations of Seitler (Nizhegorical) district was defeated by invaders. Already after the liberation of the Crimea, the Bureau of Pervomaiski (former Larindorf) District considered the action of under-patriotic organizations during the fascist occupation, which arose spontaneously. In April-May, 1943, they had an association in one organization, which was led by the headquarters in the composition of the non-partisan N.N. Prigarin, Communist M.P. Nilova, Komsomol Meal A.F. Tsaplin. In December 1943, they were arrested and the district organization broke out, only some groups in the villages continued to operate.

The Sevastopol Communist underground organization in the rear of the Germans (KPOVTN), led by V.D., showed themselves in political and militarity. Revice. She spent campaigning among the population, prisoners of war and soldiers of the enemy, gathered information that by the time the arrival of the Red Army did not leave the responsibility of "evil traitors" and were not punished innocent, carried out sabotage. She slowed down the export of population and values \u200b\u200bthrough Sevastopol port and railway transport. In February 1944, she established a connection with the Department of Chernomorsk Fleet, which reported important information.

During its activities, KPOVTN released 36 leaflets, including the "appealing to the workers of Sevastopol", "to the soldiers and officers of the German army", "appeal to the prisoners of the city of Sevastopol", from May 1943 published the newspaper "For the Motherland", circulation which reached 500 copies.

In April 1944, the fascists arrested, and then shot an asset of an underground organization. But the action plan for the arrival of the Red Army has been preserved. Acting on it, the remaining undergrounders helped the units of the Red Army, bursting into Sevastopol, and also saved the bakery from the destruction of the bakery, the southern power plant, prevented to bring some chain loads.

The most numerous and organized underground groups in Simferopol. In February 1944, in Simferopol Nefteubase, they blew up a capacity with 500 tons of gasoline. The underground group headed by V.K. Efremov, made 22 sabotage. At the Kara-Kayyager station, the composition with ammunition was blown up, who stopped the movement of trains for a long time. Now this station is named V.K. Efremova.

March 17, 1944 P.R. The Yampolsky order congratulated the Komsomol organization of the "death of the Fascists" squad and handed the Red Banner of the Central Committee of the WHCM.

The valuable information was collected by partisan intelligence, in particular through the agent network of underground organizations. On the eve of the operation to liberate the Crimea, the Northern Communication was transferred to the Crimea card, on which the dislocation of enemy troops, command items, troops departure routes from Embrella and Kerch on the rear binding, as well as the evacuation plan of Sevastopol. This information of the partisans received from the Romanian anti-fascist - officer of the headquarters of the 1st Romanian Mornetral Corps M. Mikhairec, who later was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

The headquarters of the 4th Ukrainian Front and a separate seaside army regularly received reporting on combat activities of partisan brigades and detachments, intelligence information. In the report of December 22, the arrival in the Crimea Marshal Antonescu, nominating the German parts to Perekop and Romanian to Kerch, redocation to the Kerch peninsula of nationalist battalions, about arriving in the Crimean aircraft by the German part with the Emblem "Flower" and the continuation of evacuation from the Crimea of \u200b\u200bBelgian and French Parts.

Underfooters of Simferopol under the leadership of I.A. Kozlov was transferred to the placement of military facilities in the city, mining bridges and buildings, mass movements of troops and cargo.

At the same time, the population received increasing information about the position at the front and in the Soviet rear. Twice a week was published the newspaper "Red Crimea", which was delivered by airplanes to partisan airfields. The newspaper "Red Partizan" and "For Soviet Crimea" printed in the forest. In the cities produced newspaper leaflets: in Simferopol - "Vesti from the Motherland", in Sevastopol - "For the Motherland", in Yalta - "Crimean Pravda". Soviet citizens increasingly received information from partisans and underground workers.

The German fascist command was sought to destroy the partisans before the Soviet troops will go to the offensive. The Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement, seeing the bombardment of the enemy began, strengthened political work among soldiers and officers of the enemy army. Many so-called "volunteer" formations from the local population switched to partisans and turned the weapons against the fascists. They were given the opportunity to atone for the blame before the Soviet people. This was used by the nationalists who were now willing to beat the German fascist troops.

At the disposal of the South Connection Commander MA Macedonian former local teacher, Hitler's Major Raimov, led the battalion of punishers. On the Mundire Raimov two iron crosses. Now his thugs willingly beat the purebred Aryans, but carefully hid their former punitive affairs. It took partisan seducker and courage to disarm them.

On April 8, the Operation of the 4th Ukrainian Front, a separate seaside army, the Black Sea Fleet and partisans on the final liberation of the Crimea began. By this time, partisan compounds numbered 3679 people (South - 2218, North - 774, Eastern - 687). The combat order of the military council of a separate seaside army of the compound was obtained by concrete combat missions on the violation of the enemy's movement on the roads, violation of communication and management of troops, the breakdown of the Yalta port. But the partisans themselves expanded their tasks in the operation (the destruction of enemy garrisons, salvation from the destruction of cities, villages, palaces and other values).

April 11, in the morning, the partisans of the Eastern Union iodine by the command of V.S. Kuznetsova knocked out Germans from the old Crimea, blocking the waste of the German troops from the Ferodosius area to Simferopol. But by the end of the day, applying the guns and sneakers, the enemy knocked the partisans from the old Crimea. The interspersed fascists have learned the wild massacre over the population, killing 584 people, including 200 children. It was stopped at 6 am on April 12, when the partisans again knocked the Nazis from the city and held it more than a day. April 13 in the city included parts

A separate seaside army. On the same day, the 1st Brigade of the Northern Connection on the way to Simferopol defeated three columns, 400 soldiers and officers and two generals were captured. The enemy soldiers and officers understood the hopelessness of their position and surrendered. The 4th arthdivizion, under the command of Major, Angerechka from the 2nd Romanian Mornetral Division surrendered to partisans in full force.

On the morning of April 13, partisan brigades F.I. Fedorenko and H.K. Chasusi burst into Simferopol and together with underground workers A.N. Kasukhina and V.I. Babia was organized by the protection of buildings, bridges and other objects prepared by the enemy to destroy. Soon they were connected to the moving group of the 4th Ukrainian front and contributed to it in taking the station, radio stations and the complete exile of the enemy from the city.

After the completion of the fights in the Crimea, the Red Star newspaper on May 14 wrote: "There was a significant assistance in the liberation of the eastern and southern regions of Crimea, the troops of the Red Army glorious partisans. Considering its actions with moving troops, they descended from the mountains, the German garrisons threw themselves, intercepted the communications of the enemy. Under their blows, retreating German and Romanian divisions also suffered a huge damage. "

The responsible task was solved by the partisan detachments of the southern joint. Brigade under the command of L.A. Vihman defended the city and port of Yalta from destruction. Partisans of the 12th detachment led by commander M.F. Paramonov rescued the buildings of the Massandra Winconum. 1st squad under the command of S.I. Lavrentiev saved from the destruction of the Livadia Palace. At the same time, they captured 354 soldiers and officers and captured a large number of weapons and techniques.

The partisans restored the Soviet power and at first they themselves performed her functions. The first order on the city of Simferopol, which was disclined on the walls, said: "Today, April 13, 1944, the Crimean partisan detachments of the northern compound with the battle joined the city of Simferopol. The protection of the revolutionary order in the city is carried out by partisans. We call on all citizens of the city of stricter to observe the revolutionary order, to provide all-effective assistance in the fight against the ladder and in the catch of spies, provocateurs and persons who violate order in the city. The commander of the northern connection of the partisan detachments of Crimea P. Yampolsky. Commissioner N. Lugovoy. Head of the headquarters of Sarkysyan. "

II was necessary, since after the defeat of the opponent's army, a large number of German agents, gendarmes, criminals, nationalist and other organizations remained in Crimea. Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement was disbanded three months after the defeat of the enemy - in August 1944

The population of the Crimea during the occupation period was not broken, did not accept the "new order" and continued the struggle, which was carried out in the three main forms: the actions of the partisan armed formations; the actions of underground patriotic groups; The unarmed resistance of the wide layers of the population by political and economic events of the occupation administration. The struggle was carried out in very difficult conditions for the close location of the front, the numerous agent network, the cooperation of Tatar and other nationalists with the fascists, the accumulation of declassed, criminal elements. In such conditions, people can resist only with political purposefulness and high organized. The high martial spirit of the overwhelming part of the Crimea's population, the incrementable nature of the Soviet person is visible from the fact that the fascists killed and tortured more than 135 thousand Soviet citizens. By the summer of 1944, the population of the Crimea decreased more than twice and was only 379 thousand people.

Many communists and the Komsomol residents fought in the partisan detachments, and then fighters were joined and, which is very important, the commanders of the Red Army. This combination made it possible to very quickly reveal the traitors who have penetrated into the detachments of traitors, to maintain a high moral spirit in a critical situation, to train the military case "civilians" and develop tactics of partisan actions, in particular to maneuvering and leaving from under the impact of superior forces.

On the number of partisan detachments and partisans in them give the following data