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To understand what cosmonauts do in orbit, we offer you to live with you all day at the ISS and see - what are the astronauts are busy.

06:00. Rock up (time in this schedule is given in Greenwich)

The rise of the main change of cosmonauts occurs for the American Center for Midnight, complicating the work of the NASA flight control center and seriously increasing the load on coffee cooking devices. Moskovsky PC is easier, for them raising cosmonauts at the station occurs at nine o'clock in the morning.

Morning at the International Space Station is not necessarily good. In addition, you wake up on the alarm signal, like millions of other people remaining on Earth, in space you may be waiting for an awakening with a sick from oxygen starvation head. The thing is that, despite the constant ventilation on board the station, the air on the ISS is moving slower, without creating strong flows from drafts. As a result, it turns out that carbon dioxide exhaled by astronauts and remains near the face.

Cosmonauts often complain about lack of sleep, nightmares and bad dreams, although they stand out for a dream eight and a half hours (the dream of any Muscovite!). There are problems in orbit and covered. Assice in a sleeping bag tied to the wall, in the absence of the usual strength of gravity is not so simple. Light for security reasons does not completely turn off. And if you wake up in the middle of the night with the desire to drink a driver and go to the toilet, then it is much easier to make yourself suffer until the morning, rather than, like cosmic ghosts, in half a state, fly along the Corridors of the ISS.

Yes, the ISS is particularly interested in anyone, owl you or the larks. Only those birds are taken to astronauts that they are ready to lie down on the team and get up on the alarm clinic at any time of the year.

06: 00-07: 30. Personal time, hygienic procedures, breakfast

Once every three days, astronauts put on fresh underwear. There are no washing machines in space, so the pants and T-shirts are taken into orbit in such a quantity. After use, the whole "disposable" clothing belongs to the Russian space "Progress" truck, in which it burns in the dense layers of the atmosphere. Shirts change once a month, socks - once a week.

Hygiene rules for cosmonauts have not canceled no one, so in the morning everything is washed, shaved, clean their teeth and even wash their hair with a special composition developed by the patients of hospitals who cannot use the shower. Waste wet napkins and other procedures are not very convenient, but are mandatory for a closed space in which it lives from three to eight people at the same time.

07:30–07:45. Discussion with the earth's work of the coming day

As a rule, the schedule of work and conducting experiments at the station is approved in advance, but every morning a brief discussion is required, on which urgent tasks are made and changes in the schedule are discussed. The working week at the ISS lasts five and a half days, the remaining day and half are considered a weekend. Weekends do not mean that it is not absolutely no work, just at this time the schedule does not put planned experiments and serious works.

07: 49-09: 45. Day work

Residents of village houses know that they require constant work all the time. That loop on the door must be replaced, then repair the drain chute or to correct the porch. The ISS is the easiest to compare with such a house, only more and much more difficult. Almost all systems require regular testing, checking and fixing. Only on Earth, jokes about the closed space toilet cause many smiles. For astronauts, this is an ordinary routine.

Among the works carried out at the station, three main directions can be distinguished. The first is to check all systems, their repair, or the planned replacement of replacement components. American astronauts even joked that the work on the ISS is similar to a giant space car service: all systems require a filter change and regular testing.

Second type of work - this is loading and unloading. Several centers of food, water and equipment for experimentation arrive with space cargo ships. Unloading of each of these "trucks" turns into a long and mining lesson - all boxes and packages are required to transfer to the desired compartment and secure them there. It is impossible to just throw food into the technological compartment and leave it to fly in conditions of reduced gravity: then you just can not find anything. Cosmos tears to accuracy.

The third type of working activity is to conduct scientific experiments. Most of all it is similar to the quests asked from the Earth. The schedule of scientific works for Russian astronauts can be found on the page of the Federal Space Agency. Most of them sound like a phanta assigned to the loser.

December 9, 2016 "Algometry. " The study of pain sensitivity in humans in space flight conditions. Registration of PBC (threshold of pain sensitivity) by mechanical irritation using the algometer styling in tensor and thermalgometry mode. Entering data on the media of the "TTA - Data". BI1 / B2 - 1 hour 20 minutes.

Decipher. One flight manager did another painful for eighty-minute and recorded the results. All in the name of science! Experiments may sound or look ridiculous, but this is a very important part of cosmic life. Only with dozens of such experiments, scientists on Earth will be able to answer the question better: how does space affect a person? What needs to be done so that the stay on the ISS does not affect negatively on the health of the cosmonauts?

09: 45-13: 00. Sports: exercise bike, running track, power exercises

It doesn't matter, the working day or day off today, sporting events cannot be canceled. Faced with muscle atrophy, it was decided that only permanent sports load could be the only effective warning. Therefore, the ISS sport is paid from two to three hours a day. But after a few hours after returning from the last few months, astronauts are capable of walking.

Due to violation of recovery processes, on average, a month and a half percent of the bone of astronauts is lost for each month of stay in orbit. Especially suffering the lower vertebrae, pelvis and hill. The bones become fragile, occurring processes similar to osteoporosis. Still unclear does an irreparable damage cause a long stay in weightlessness. To combat the effects of atrophy on the ISS there are two treadmills to which a person is attached by shock absorbing cables.

13: 00-14: 00. Dinner

The era of tubes with cosmic food was forever went into the past. There are three types of food on the ISS: packages of cooked wet food (they must be simply heated), dehydrated food (it is poured with boiling water) and long-term storage products (hermetically packed and eat, as it is). Astronauts also successfully grown plants in microgravity conditions, but to large-scale crops in space, we are still far away.

Worst of all in orbit, the situation is with fresh vegetables and fruits. Sometimes they are simply sent to astronauts, but it is too expensive and inefficient. Although very tasty. That fell into an accident "Progress of MS-04" Vez on the ISS cargo of New Year's Mandarins, who, alas, did not reach the addressees.

Breakfast and dinner in the schedule are not separately highlighted, and astronauts are tightened to them from personal, both in the morning and in the evening.

15: 00-16: 30. Continuation of work

As a rule, astronauts work in pairs or troops, so as not to interfere with each other. Most of the work is not just complex, but also require serious training. As a result, it turns out that simply go somewhere and take the equipment for the experiment turns into a task that requires a lot of time. Cosmonauts have to unpack equipment, prepare for work, then also carefully pack and attach.

One of the basic rules of life at the station: No thing should remain not in its place. So if you see, as in the video something flies, be sure it is done exclusively for shooting. After things, they will take their places in special grids and configurations.

16: 30-17: 40. Communication with Earth. Personal Medical and Psychological Consultation

The best way to prevent possible diseases and ailments is regular prevention. Almost every day, astronauts talk about their health attending physicians, talking to a psychologist who carefully monitors their mental state. The fact that the most prepared people fall on the ISS does not mean that they cannot get sick.

17: 40-18: 35. Public Relations Works

The best way to show most people benefits from work at the International Space Station is to regularly remind yourself. Most rollers created by astronauts in orbit are part of the workflow. They are trying to make interesting and cognitive.

Also, astronauts regularly have to go to the connection - then with federal channels, and even with small cosmic communication points, which are not so few worldwide. For example, in St. Petersburg, such an item is equipped even in one of the large shopping centers of the Raduga TRC, located on the avenue of cosmonauts. There is a circle of cosmos lovers, and from time to time this communication center receives several minutes to communicate with astronauts to ask questions.

18: 35-19: 30. Preparation for the work of the next day. Discussion with land of the work of the past day

Before notifying the land on the completion of most works, astronauts are checked again, whether all things are fixed, whether all station parameters are in operation. As at the beginning of work, it is necessary to talk about the last day at once several management centers on Earth. NASA, PCU, European ESA, Japanese Jaxa - all of them Participate in supporting the efficiency of the ISS, and therefore contribute to the schedule of astronauts.

19: 30-21: 30. Personal time before bed

This includes dinner and the opportunity to do something personal. Now problems with personal connections have become less. Between the Earth and the ISS there is a steady channel, and there is always an opportunity to write a letter to the family with a personal Laptop, to post a photo from the station in the socialset Instagram or just read the news.

Cosmonauts can ask the control center to broadcast them and television transmissions, but because of a large loading, this happens infrequently. Such priority has public elections, the opening of the Olympic Games, the Finals of the Large Sports Championships. Each of the astronauts has a laptop with films, e-books and players with music. Without these little things, life in orbit would have become completely complex and blazing.

You can wait for the weekend when there will be more time. It can be spent to make a beautiful photo from the panoramic module "Dome". Or just to see from above one of 32 sunbursts, which have time to see the inhabitants of the ISS during the day.

21: 30-06: 00. Sleep

Good night. It's time to climb into bags and fasten. Tomorrow there will be another complicated, but very important day.

People who gave their lives for the benefit of world progress in the field of space development of only about 20 people, today we will tell about them.

Their names are immortalized in the aspire of space chronos, burned in the atmospheric memory of the Universe forever, many of us would have dreamed of staying heroes for humanity, however, few people would like to take such death as our astronauts heroes.

The 20th century became breakthrough in mastering the path to the universes of the Universe, in the second half of the 20th century, after a long preparation, the person was finally able to fly into space. However, there was a reverse side of such a quick progress - the death of astronauts.

People died with pre-flight preparations, when boarding a spacecraft, when landing. In total, with space starts, preparations for flights, including those killed in the layers of the atmosphere of astronauts and technical staff more than 350 people died, only astronauts - about 170 people.

We list the names of the cosmonauts died during the work of space ships (USSR and the whole world, in particular America), and then tell us briefly the history of their death.

None of the cosmonaut died directly in space, mostly all of them died in the Earth's atmosphere, during the destruction or fire of the ship (Cosmonauts "Apollona-1" died in preparation for the first piloted flight).

Volkov, Vladislav Nikolaevich (Soyuz-11)

Dobrovolsky, Georgy Timofeevich (Soyuz-11)

Komarov, Vladimir Mikhailovich (Soyuz-1)

Patsaev, Viktor Ivanovich (Soyuz-11)

Anderson, Michael Phillip ("Columbia")

Brown, David McDaull ("Colombia")

GRSSOM, Virgil Aivan ("Apollo-1")

Jarvis, Gregory Bruce ("Challenger")

Clark, Laurel Blair Salton ("Colombia")

Makkul, William Cameron ("Colombia")

McNair, Ronald Erwin ("Challenger")

Macoliff, Crista ("Challenger")

Onidzuka, Ellison ("Challenger")

Ramon, Ilan ("Colombia")

Reznik, Judith Arlen ("Challenger")

Skobi, Francis Richard ("Challenger")

Smith, Michael John ("Challenger")

White, Edward Higgins ("Apollo-1")

Hasband, Rick Douglas ("Colombia")

Chavla, Calpan (Colombia)

Chafth, Roger ("Apollo-1")

It is worth considering that the history of the death of some cosmonauts we will never know, because this information is a secret.

Catastrophe "Soyuz-1"

"Soyuz-1" is the first Soviet piloted spacecraft (KK) of the Soyuz series. Launched in orbit on April 23, 1967. On board the "Union-1" was one cosmonaut - the hero of the Soviet Union, the Colonel Engineer V. M. Komarov, who died during the landing of the descent apparatus. Double Komarov when preparing for this flight was Yu. A. Gagarin. "

Soyuz-1 should have docked with the Soyuz-2 ship to return the crew of the first ship, however, due to the Soyuz-2 launch, it was canceled.

After entering the orbit, problems started with the work of the solar battery, after the failure of attempts to launch it, the ship was decided to slow down to the ground.

But on the descent, 7 km to the Earth, there was a parachute system failure, the ship hit the ground at a speed of 50 km per hour, tanks exploded with hydrogen peroxide, the cosmonaut died instantly, "Soyuz-1" almost completely burned down, the remains of the cosmonaut were very burned so that it was impossible to identify even body fragments.

"This catastrophe has become the first case of the death of a person in flight in the history of manned cosmonautics."

The reasons for the tragedy were never installed to the end.

Catastrophe "Soyuz-11"

Soyuz-11 is a spacecraft whose crew in three cosmonauts died in 1971. The reason for the death of people is to depressurize the descent apparatus during the landing of the ship.

In just a couple of years after the death of Yu. A. Gagarin (the famous cosmonaut himself died at an aviation catastrophe in 1968), going for a few more astronauts on the grounding path of the conquest of outer space.

Soyuz-11 was supposed to deliver the crew to the Salyut-1 orbital station, but the ship could not allow docking due to damage to the docking node.

The composition of the crew:

Commander: Lieutenant Colonel George Dobrovolsky

Login-engineer: Vladislav Volkov

Engineer Researcher: Victor Patsayev

They were from 35 to 43 years. All of them posthumously awarded awards, letters, orders.

What happened why the spacecraft was subjected to depressurization - and could not be installed, but most likely we will not report this information. But it is a pity that at that time our cosmonauts were "experimental rabbits", which began without much reliability, the protection to produce into space after dogs. However, probably, many of those who dreamed of becoming cosmonauts understood what a dangerous profession they choose.

Docking occurred on June 7, Razjakovka - June 29, 1971. There was an unsuccessful attempt to dock with the Salute-1 orbital station, the crew was able to be on board "Salute-1", even for several days stayed on the orbital station, a TV connection was installed, but already at the first occasion at the station, the astronauts turned to removal for some smoke. On the 11th day began fire, the crew made a decision to descend on Earth, but issued problems that violated the stroke. Spacks were not provided for the crew.

On June 29, at 21.25, the ship separated from the station, but already a little more than 4 hours a connection with the crew was lost. The main parachute was revealed, the ship landed in a given area, worked the engines of a soft landing. But the search group found in 02.16 (June 30, 1971) the lifeless crew bodies, the resuscitation activities were not allowed.

In order to investigate, it was found that the astronauts tried to eliminate leakage to the latter, but the valves were confused, the fought not for the breakdown, meanwhile they missed the possibility of salvation. They died from decompression disease - air bubbles were discovered when opening tel even in heart valves.

The exact reasons for the depressurization of the ship are not named, more precisely, not voiced to the general public.

In the subsequent engineers and creators of spacecraft, crew commanders took into account many tragic errors of the former unsuccessful flights into space.

Catastrophe Shuttle "Challenger"

The "Challenger" shouttle crash occurred on January 28, 1986, when the Space Claus "Challenger" at the very beginning of the STS-51L mission collapsed as a result of an external fuel tank explosion on the 73th second flight, which led to the death of all 7 crew members. The catastrophe occurred at 11:39 EST (16:39 UTC) over the Atlantic Ocean near the coast of the central part of the Florida Peninsula, USA.

In the photo of the carriage crew - from left to right: Macoliff, Jarvis, Reznik, Skoby, McNeor, Smith, Onyzuka

This start was waiting for all America, millions of eyewitnesses and spectators on TV watched the ship's start-up, it was the climax of conquering the West of the Space. And so, when there was a grandiose start of the ship, after a second, the fire began, later the explosion, the shuttle cabin separated from the destroyed ship and fell at a speed of 330 km per hour about the surface of the water, after seven days of astronauts will find in the breakaway cabin at the ocean day. Until the last moment, before the blow of water, some crew members were alive, tried to supply air to the cockpit.

In the video under the article there is an excerpt of direct ether with the launch and death of the shuttle.

"Chellenger Crew Crew consisted of seven people. Its composition was like this:

Crew commander - 46-year-old Francis "Dick" R. Skobi (Eng. Francis "Dick" R. Scobee). US military pilot, US Air Force Lieutenant Colonel, NASA Astronaut.

The second pilot is 40-year-old Michael J. Smith. Tester pilot, US Navy captain, NASA astronaut.

Scientific specialist - 39-year-old Ellison S. Onidzuka. Test pilot, US Air Force Lieutenant Colonel, NASA Astronaut.

Scientific specialist - 36-year-old Judith A. Reznik. Engineer and astronaut NASA. Spent in space 6 days 00 hours 56 minutes.

Scientific specialist - 35-year-old Ronald E. McNeor. Physicist, astronaut NASA.

Payout Specialist - 41-year-old Gregory B. Jarvis. Engineer and astronaut NASA.

Specialist in payload - 37-year-old Sharon Crista Corrigan Macoliff. Boston teacher who won the competition. For it, it was the first flight into space as the first participant in the project "Teacher in Space".

The last photo of the crew

To establish the reasons for the tragedy, various commissions were created, however, most information were classified as assumptions - the reasons for the crash of the ship were weak interaction of organizational services, on time not identified violations in the operation of the fuel system (the explosion occurred at the start due to the rogue of the solid fuel accelerator wall) and even. . The attack. Someone talked about the fact that the explosion of Shuttle was adjusted to strike the prospects of America.

Catastrophe Shuttle "Colombia"

The "Colombia Shuttle" disaster occurred on February 1, 2003 shortly before the end of its 28th flight (the Mission STS-107). The last flight of the space shuttle "Columbia" began on January 16, 2003. On the morning of February 1, 2003 after a 16-day flight, the Shuttle returned to Earth.

NASA lost contact with the ship at about 14:00 GMT (09:00 EST), 16 minutes before the expected landing on the runway No. 33 of the John Kennedy Space Center in Florida - she had to take place at 14:16 GMT. Eyewitnesses were filmed by burning shuttle fragments flying at an altitude of about 63 kilometers at a speed of 5.6 km / s. All 7 crew members were killed. "

In the photo crew - from top to bottom: Chavla, Hazband, Anderson, Clark, Ramon, Makkul, Brown

Shuttle "Columbia" made his next 16-day flight, which was supposed to end on Earth, however, as the main version of the investigation, there was damage to the shuttle during the start - a piece of the torn thermal insulation foam (the coating was intended to protect against oxygen tanks and Hydrogen) as a result of the blow damaged the wing coating, as a result of which, when the device is descending, when the strongest loads occur on the body, the overheating of the device and, subsequently, the destruction.

Even during the expedition, the shuttle engineers more than once appealed to the NASA leadership in order to evaluate damage, visual inspection of the housing of the shuttle with orbit satellites, but NASA specialists assured that there are no fears and risks, the shuttle to go to the ground safely.

"Crew of shuttle" Colombia "consisted of seven people. Its composition was like this:

Crew commander - 45-year-old Richard Rick D. Khasband (English Richard "Rick" D. Husband). US military pilot, US Air Force Colonel, NASA Astronaut. Spent in space 25 days 17 hours 33 minutes. To "Colombia" was the commander of the shuttle STS-96 "Discovery".

The second pilot is the 41-year-old William "Willie" K. Makkul (Eng. William "Willie" C. McCool). Test pilot, NASA astronaut. Spent in space for 15 days 22 hours 20 minutes.

Fartinener - 40-year-old Calpana Chavla (English Kalpana Chawla). Researcher, first woman-astronaut NASA Indian origin. Spent in space for 31 days 14 hours 54 minutes.

Payout Specialist - 43-year-old Michael F. Anderson (Eng. Michael P. Anderson). Scientist, astronaut NASA. Spent in space 24 days 18 hours 8 minutes.

Zoology Specialist - 41-year-old Laurel B. S. Clark (Eng. Laurel B. S. Clark). Captain Navy, Astronaut NASA. Spent in space 15 days 22 hours 20 minutes.

Scientific specialist (doctor) - 46-year-old David McDaull Brown (English David McDowell Brown). Test pilot, NASA astronaut. Spent in space for 15 days 22 hours 20 minutes.

Scientific specialist - 48-year-old Ilan Ramon (Eng. Ilan Ramon, IVR.אילן רמון). The first Israeli astronaut NASA. He spent 15 days in space 22 hours 20 minutes. "

The shuttle of the shuttle occurred on February 1, 2003, the landing on Earth had to occur within an hour.

"On February 1, 2003, at 08:15:30 (EST), the shuttle" Columbia "began its descent to the ground. At 08:44, the shuttle began to enter the tight layers of the atmosphere. " However, due to damage, the front edge of the left wing began to overheat strongly. From the period 08:50 the ship's housing tolerates strong heat loads, at 08:53 the wings began to fall off the wreckage, but the crew was alive, there was still a connection.

At 08:59:32, the commander sent the last message interrupted on the half-word. At 09:00, the eyewitnesses have already filmed an explosion of the shuttle, the ship collapsed into many debris. That is, the fate of the crew was predicted due to the inactivity of NASA, but the destruction itself and the death of people occurred in seconds.

It is worth noting that the Shattle "Colombia" was exploited many times, at the time of the death of the ship was 34 years old (in operation from NASA since 1979, the first piloted flight in 1981), 28 times flew into space, but this flight turned out to be fatal.

Nobody died in the Space itself, in dense layers of the atmosphere and in space ships - about 18 people.

In addition to the catastrophe of 4 ships (two Russian - "Soyuz-1" and "Soyuz-11" and American - "Colombia" and "Challenger"), in which 18 people died, there were a few more disasters in the explosion, fire in advance preparation , one of the most famous tragedies - a fire in an atmosphere of pure oxygen when preparing for the "Apollo-1" flight, then three American astronauts died, with a similar situation killed a completely young cosmonaut of the USSR - Valentine Bondarenko. Cosmonauts just burned alive.

Another astronaut NASA Michael Adams died in the tests of the "X-15" missile aircraft.

Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin died with an unsuccessful flight on the plane during the usual training ..

Probably, the goal of the people of stepped into space was Grand-1, and not the fact that even knowing their destiny - many would renounce astronautics, but still we always need to remember what price the path to the stars are laid ...

On the photo a monument to the dead cosmonauts on the moon

Previously, the cosmonaut did not shoot the spacesuit throughout the flight. Now in everyday life he is in a shirt with shorts or jumpsuit. T-shirts in orbit six colors to choose depending on the mood. Instead of buttons - lightning and velcro: they will not break away. The more pockets, the better. Kosy breastplates allow you to quickly hide objects so as not to fly into weightlessness. Wide pockets on the shin are comfortable, because astronauts often accept embryo pose. Instead of shoes wear thick socks.

Restroom

The first astronauts put on diapers. They are used now, but only when entering outdoor cosmos and during the landing takeoff. The recycling system of life waste has begun to develop at the dawn of astronautics. The toilet acts on the principle of the vacuum cleaner. The cutting air flow sucks waste, while they fall into the package, which is then removed and rushes into the container. His place occupies another. Filled containers are sent to open space - they burn in the atmosphere. At the station "Mir", liquid waste was purified and turned into drinking water. For body hygiene use wet wipes and towels. Although "shower cabins" are developed.

Food

Tubes with food became a symbol of a space lifestyle. They began to do in Estonia in the 1960s. Squeezing out of tubes, cosmonauts ate chicken fillet, beef tongue and even borsch. In the 80s, the orbit began to supply sublimated products - of which up to 98% of water were removed, which significantly reduces the mass and volume. Hot water is poured into the bag with a dry mixture - and lunch is ready. Eat on the ISS and canned food. Bread is packed with small loaves on one bite so that the crumbs do not fly over the compartment: it is fraught with problems. On the kitchen table there are locks for containers and appliances. Also used "suitcase" for heating food.

Cabin

In weightlessness, anyway, where to sleep, the main thing is to reliably fix the body. At the ISS, sleeping bags with lightning are attached directly to the walls. By the way, in the cabins of Russian astronauts there are portholes, allowing you to admire the type of land before bedtime. And Americans have no windows. The cabin contains personal items, photos of relatives, musical players. All small items (tools, pencils, etc.) are either fit under special gums on the walls, or attached to velcro. For this wall, the ISS is placed with a darous material. Also at the station a lot of handrails.

COMMENT

Vladimir Solovyov, head of flights of the Russian segment of the ISS:

- life of astronauts has improved significantly. On board the ISS there is an Internet, the ability to transfer messages and read the news. Communication tools allow you to connect astronauts with their home and friends by phone. There are always a lot of products at the station. And the cosmonaut menu is selected by yourself.

From sublimated products you can cook borsch, potato mashed potatoes, pasta. In the tubes there are now only juice and a small set of power used on the departure to the station.

With each freight ship we send more fresh products. Cosmonauts live a full life. The only thing that prevents is the noise of fans. They work constantly, but it is impossible without them.

Today, the International Space Station is the succession of the Soviet Station "Mir" - celebrates anniversary. Construction of the International Space Station (ISS) is the implementation of the most ambitious space project of the XX and XXI centuries - began 10 years ago from the launch of the Russian module "Zarya".

At docking of life and space

Until October 2000, there was no permanent crew on board the ISS - the station was uninhabited. However, on November 2, 2000, a new stage of creating an ISS began - the constant presence of the crew on board the station. Then the first major expedition was "moved" to the ISS.

At the moment, the 18th crew of the ISS, Michael Fink, Yuri Londchak and Gregory Shemitoff, and their colleagues are caring, and their colleagues are Astronauts. It is planned that in 2009 the crew of permanent stay will increase from 3 to 6 people.

Universal coordinated time (UTC) is used on the ISS, it is almost exactly equal to the times of two control centers - in Houston and Moscow. After every 16 sunrises and sunsets, the portholes station are closed to create the illusion of night darkening. The team usually wakes up at 7 am UTC and works for about 10 hours on a weekday and about 5 hours on Saturdays.

Life at the station is not similar to earthly, because even the observance of the simplest hygiene rules turns into a problem. However, progress does not stand still and the cosmic life is gradually being uploaded.

Unearthly taste

Tubes with food, perhaps the brightest symbol of space life. However, they have not been "in fashion" for a long time - now cosmonauts feed on ordinary food, only pre-dehydrated (sublimated). From sublimated products you can cook delicious borscht, delicious potato mashed potatoes, pasta - the cosmonaut menu choose themselves. When they are preparing directly to the Space Flight, they have several such approbations: for some time they sit on the space menu and their own estimates that they like, and what do not like. In accordance with their wishes and completing delivery.

Also, astronauts take lemons with them, honey, nuts ... In addition, there are many canned products at the station. Today, astronauts can salt and pepper their food, but in the form of a liquid, so that the raped grains do not cause the difficulty of breathing. Tubes are now used for juices and a small set of power used in flight to the station.

The food of the cosmonauts is finely packaged. According to the "celestial" themselves, "food is one bite, so as not to leave crumbs." The fact is that any crumb in weightlessness, moving along the most famous for the very same and laws of the trajectory and the laws of the trajectory, can get into the respiratory path of someone from the crew members when he, for example, sleeps and be the cause of his death. The same laws and rules apply to liquids.

The cosmonaut menu may look like this:

First breakfast: tea with lemon or coffee, biscuit.

The second breakfast: pork with sweet pepper, apple juice, bread (or beef arthow with potato mashed potatoes, fruit sticks).

Lunch: chicken broth, puree, prunes with nuts, cherry-plum juice (or milk soup with vegetables, ice cream and refractory chocolate).

Dinner: pork clipping with potato mashed potatoes, cheese and milk cookies (or Sounds "in rustic", prunes, milk cocktail, quail politician and ham and ham olette).

As for hygiene, earlier the astronauts used only wet napkins. As the duration of stay in orbit increased, they brought ... by the bath. This is a special barrel in which there is "its cosmic" features - like the unscrewing dirty water. For toilets, instead of the usual water, a vacuum is used.

Cosmonauts do not like to talk about nutrition or toilets at all: water, for example, reusable. After suction, urin is cleaved by oxygen and water, these components of urine are launched into a closed station cycle. And solid residues are laid in a special container, which was thrown into open space.

Closer to the body

When it comes to the equipment of astronauts, most of them imagine a skate. And indeed, at the dawn of manned cosmonautics, the pioneers of the universe were dressed in spaces from start to landing. But with the beginning of long flights, the spaces began to be used only during dynamic operations - removal into orbit, docking, dusting, landing. The rest of the time participants in space expeditions are wearing clothes familiar to them.

Linen is sewn according to standard standards, and overalls are individually. Experienced cosmonauts order jumpsuit with stages - in the conditions of weightlessness, clothing is too long. For the same reason, astronauts on the ISS are pretty long T-shirts and shirts. Do not suit the cosmonauts and jackets-pants: the back is broken, and the lower back is blowing. Fabrics are used primarily natural, most often one hundred percent cotton.

Working overalls of cosmonauts are equipped with a set of pockets, each of which has its own, designed with an accuracy of a millimeter place and its history. Thus, the breast-bone counter-pockets appeared when psychologists noticed that the astronauts in long-term flights are developed a steady movement to hide small things for the sinus or even the cheek, so as not to scatter. And Vladimir Janibekov suggested wide false pockets at the bottom of the leg. It turns out that in weightlessness for a person, the most convenient position of the body is the pose of the embryo. And those pockets that people get used to enjoying on Earth - in weightlessness are completely useless.

As fittings for clothing, buttons, lightning and velcro are used. But the buttons are unacceptable - they can tear away in weightlessness and fly around the ship, creating problems.

Finished products checks a special quality assurance service (clothes with uneven seam, for example, sent to the alteration). Then the seamstances carefully cut off all the strings, vacuuming clothes so that the extra dust is not clogged into the filters at the station, and brew the product into hermetic packaging. After that, with the help of Rengen, it is checked, whether there is no extraneous object in the packaging (once they discovered the forgotten pin). Then the contents of the package are sterilized.

As for the shoes, the astronauts are practically not worn on board the cosmonauts, putting on sneakers mostly only for sports. They are made necessarily of genuine leather. A hard sole and a strong supinator is very important, because in space the foot needs support. For the whole flight, even durable, grabs one pair of shoes.

Cosmonauts are mainly thick, terry socks. Given the numerous wishes of astronauts, the cosmic couturiers did in the area of \u200b\u200bthe wave of a special double liner. In the conditions of weightlessness, when in the process of work nothing to rely on, the astronauts are cling to the rise of the foot for various projections, which is why the top of the foot is rapidly injured. Inserts provide leg protection during operation.

Since the wash of linen in space is not provided, then the used garder items are packaged into special packages and fit into the cargo ship, and after his resignation, the station burns in the atmosphere along with the "truck".

Material prepared by the editors of RIAN.ru based on RIA Novosti information and open sources

"Peace" worked in orbit for 15 years: the base unit was launched on February 20, 1986. During this time, 31 piloted ship, 64 cargo ships, 9 times - American "Shttl" were stripped with the "world". On board the "World" worked 68 cosmonauts and astronauts (some multiple times) from the Soviet Union (Russia), as well as from Austria, Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Germany, Syria, Slovakia, USA, France and Japan.

24 flights were performed on international programs. The first international crew began working at the station back in 1987. Therefore, in fact, 14 years old from the fifteen orbital complex "Peace" was an international station.

On March 23, 2001, the orbital complex neatly covered with orbit. The complex modules are mostly burned in the atmosphere. And the most durable parts reached the earth and sank in the Pacific Ocean. For one and a half decades of service, humanity "the world" did not even fully work out its resource. Some experts believe that the glorious history of the complex could be extended for another a few years. About two hundred enterprises of our country took part in creating and maintaining the life of the complex.

The "world" was so well made that his design was based on the International Space Station. The service module of the International Space Station is almost a copy of the Basic Block of the "World".

After the flooding of the orbital complex "Peace", scientists and designers of different countries realized that such structures should be created by common efforts and be international. It is the cooperation of states that made space more affordable. Many countries do not have cosmodromes, can not build rockets, but they also want to participate in manned flights, want to develop space science. For this purpose, an international partnership is necessary. Now everyone is well represented how much strength, money and time would take away from that country that alone would solve the modern orbital complex.

On November 20, 1998, the Proton Rocket brought the "Baikonur" from the Baikonur cosmodrome to the near-earth orbit module Zarya, manufactured in the State Space Scientific and Production Center named after M. V. Khrunichev. From this day began the history of the International Space Station. Partners for its creation and operation of steel USA, Russia, Japan, Canada and the European Space Agency, in which there is a detachment of cosmonauts, uniting representatives from different countries of Europe.

In 2000, the Russian module "Star" was docked with "Zarya", which was made on the basis of the basic block of the orbital complex "Peace". So you can say: "Peace" and the ISS - relatives. By today's day, modules and other countries are working as part of the ISS. The station has grown and has become more "peace", but still continues to win. Thanks to this, the station is increasing all the time. If only three astronauts could be on the ISS before the ISS, then six astronauts also work at the same time at the same time. And then the expedition of visits for a short time comes to them sometimes and then on board it works up to one and a half dozen astronauts!

The first cosmic town. - Howlanka. - Housing problem

The general plan for the residential part of the Green Town was developed in 1963 by the 1st central military project of the Ministry of Defense and approved on May 29, 1964. This date is considered the birthday of the star town, although he received his star name later. The historian of the star town of L. V. Ivanova, the first in 1965, two panel houses from the nine scheduled for this series were commissioned. Although there were good plumbing in these houses and parquet, not everyone liked the apartments. Houses were erected, where cosmonauts should be sent. The general plan was envisaged for the construction of three eleven-story brick houses on a unique time in our country in our country: a single-bedroom house, in which there were only three- and four-room apartments of a large area - 90-120 square meters, ceilings with a height of more than three meters, huge windows and loggias. In apartments - a kitchen of 14-17 square meters with built-in suspended cabinets, imported, Czechoslovak, ceramic tiles are posted around the perimeter of the walls. Adhesively equipped separate bathroom. Many built-in cabinets in the corridors, oak parquet and doors of the oak massif - all this gave apartments at that time special significance and solidity.

December 26, 1965 Star visited Sergey Pavlovich Korolev. He walked around the town, appreciated almost the ready tower, expressed his comments and wishes, but in general the house approved. True, he did not like the internal layout. He was supported by the wives of astronauts, and the builders took into account their suggestions. And in two weeks, Sergey Pavlovich did not.

Architects and builders have done a lot so that there were a lot of air, the sun, the spacious in the apartments of the astronauts. In early 1966, the builders were presented to the first tower - house 2. As usual in such cases, the Commission worked, the shortcomings were recorded, shortcomings. Some of them were eliminated by the builders immediately, others demanded time. Future new seals in the meantime with wives and children examined and tasted apartments. In February 1966, the crossing of astronaut families for permanent residence of the temporary housing of the Chkalnsky garrison was held. In March, the general housewarming was celebrated.

In 1967, a house was commissioned for the same project. "By the autumn in the residential zone of the star town, we, new members of the cosmonaut detachment, were offered to choose an apartment in the newly built eleven-story house. Moreover, the highlighting of the living space was made on the principle: to the one in the family there was one child, a two-bedroom apartment was given, who had two children - a four-room "(see the list of literature: Porvatkin N. S. The Torny Test Cosmonaut ...). Having moved new seals to heal in a normal life. However, the bulk of the working remained even on Chkalovskaya.

Between two houses - for astronauts and heads of the center - a transition was built, a kind of "conference room", where it was planned to spend the leisure of astronauts with families. This congestion transition was called differently, but the Gagarin definition was stuck - "insertion." In this "inset" dozens of years, astronauts met the New Year, celebrated important events, celebrated weddings, held a farewell ceremony. Here for many years, children receive musical education, study the art of painting. Next to the houses on the initiative of the residents independently built a sports field.

For young people near the house 2 in the forest, a dance floor was built in the form of an octahedron with benches. In the evenings, young people danced there under the orchestra.

In the gym periodically organized fairs on which they traded various industrial goods. There was no other premises.

For the heroes of the Soviet Union opened the table of orders.

The second famous town of Cosmonavtov appeared in the north of Moscow between the exhibition of achievements of the national economy (now - the All-Russian Exhibition Center) and television center in Ostankin, in Khovanskaya Street, which was once led to the village of Leonovo, who belonged to Knavansky princes. In the late 1970s, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a decree on the construction of a "complex of civilian cosmonauts". Hold it planned in 1982-1983. Construction financed Stroybank. But unexpectedly the construction stopped - financing ceased. Stroybank had such a right: in case of detection of project inconsistencies or other violations, suspend the allocation of funds before finding out the situation. It turned out that someone from military cosmonauts did not like it that he was not even an apartment in Hadanka, as in Star, and cottages in three floors and with a garage below. In addition, each cottage had a small plot on which there was a place for the kindergarten. The message that the disgrace is "going on Hovanke", and served as a misunderstanding. Cosmonauts Vladimir Viktorovich Aksenov and Valery Viktorovich Ryumin tried to correct the case, met with the deputy chairman of Stroybank, gave a complete justification of the project and on Mondays for two years we went to builders to the RAM.