Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is known all over the world for his folk, unusual works. His dedication to the common people, peasant life, the period of short childhood and constant hardships in adulthood arouse not only literary but also historical interest.

Such works as "Who Lives Well in Russia" is a real excursion into the 60s of the XIX century. The poem literally immerses the reader in the events of the post-serf period. Traveling in search of a happy man in Russian Empire, exposes numerous problems of society, paints a picture of reality without embellishment and makes one think about the future of a country that has dared to live in a new way.

The history of the creation of the Nekrasov poem

The exact date of the beginning of work on the poem is unknown. But the researchers of Nekrasov's art drew attention to the fact that already in his first part he mentions the Poles who were exiled. This makes it possible to assume that the idea of ​​the poem originated with the poet around 1860-1863, and that Nikolai Alekseevich began writing it around 1863. Although the sketches by the poet could have been completed earlier.

It is no secret that Nikolai Nekrasov spent a very long time collecting material for his new poem. The date on the manuscript after the first chapter is 1865. But this date means that this year the work on the chapter "Landowner" was completed.

It is known that since 1866 the first part of Nekrasov's work tried to see the light of day. During four years the author tried to publish his work and constantly fell under the discontent and harsh condemnation of the censorship. Despite this, work on the poem continued.

The poet had to publish it gradually in the same magazine "Contemporary". It was published in this way for four years, and all these years the censorship was unhappy. The poet himself was constantly criticized and persecuted. Therefore, he temporarily stopped his work, and again was able to start it only in 1870. In that new period the rise of his literary creativity, he creates three more parts to this poem, which were written at different times:

✪ "The Last One" -1872.
✪ "Peasant" -1873.
✪ "A Feast for the Whole World" - 1876.

The poet wanted to write several more chapters, but he was working on his poem at the time when he was beginning to get sick, so the illness prevented him from realizing these poetic plans. But nevertheless, realizing that he would soon die, Nikolai Alekseevich tried in his last part to finish it so that the whole poem would have a logical completeness.

The plot of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia"

In one of the volosts, on a wide road, there are seven peasants who live in neighboring villages. And they think about one question: who is on their native land life is good. And their conversation reached the point that it soon turns into an argument. It was late afternoon, but they could not resolve this dispute. And suddenly the peasants noticed that they had already traveled a long distance, carried away by the conversation. Therefore, they decided not to return home, but to spend the night in the clearing. But the argument went on and ended up in a fight.

From such a noise, a chick of a warbler falls out, which Pakhom saves, and for this an exemplary mother is ready to fulfill any desire of the men. Having received the magic tablecloth, the men decide to travel to find the answer to the question that interests them so much. Soon they meet a priest who changes the opinion of the men that he lives well and happily. The heroes also get to the village fair.

They are trying to find happy people among the drunk, and it soon turns out that the peasant doesn't need much to be happy: eat his fill, and protect himself from troubles. And in order to find out about happiness for the heroes, I advise you to find Ermila Girin, whom everyone knows. And here the men find out his story, and then the master appears. But he also complains about his life.

At the end of the poem, the heroes try to look for happy people among women. They get to know a peasant woman, Matryona. They help Korchagina in the field, and for this she tells them her story, where she says that a woman cannot have happiness. Women only suffer.

And now the peasants are already on the banks of the Volga. Then they heard a story about a prince who could not come to terms with the abolition of serfdom, and then a story about two sinners. The story of the son of the sexton Grishka Dobrosklonov is also interesting.

You are poor, You are abundant, You are powerful, You are powerless, Mother Russia! In slavery, the saved free Heart is Gold, gold The heart of the people! Strength of the people, Strength of mighty - Conscience calm, True tenacious!

Genre and unusual composition of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia"

About the composition of the Nekrasov poem, there are still disputes between writers and critics. Most of the researchers of the literary work of Nikolai Nekrasov came to the conclusion that the material should be arranged as follows: the prologue and part one, then the chapter "Peasant Woman" should be placed, the chapter "The Last One" follows, and in conclusion - "Feast for the whole world."

Evidence of this arrangement of chapters in the plot of the poem was the fact that, for example, in the first part and in the next chapter, the world is depicted when the peasants were not yet free, that is, this is the world that was a little earlier: old and obsolete. In the next Nekrasov part, it has already been shown how this old world is completely destroyed and perishes.

But already in the last Nekrasov chapter, the poet shows all the signs that new life... The tone of the story changes dramatically and now it is brighter, clearer, more joyful. The reader feels that the poet, like his heroes, believes in the future. Especially this striving for a clear and bright future is felt in those moments when the poem appears the main character- Grishka Dobrosklonov.

In this part, the poet completes the poem, therefore it is here that the denouement of the entire plot action takes place. And here is the answer to the question that was posed at the very beginning of the work about who, after all, lives well and freely, carefree and merrily in Russia. It turns out that the most carefree, happy and cheerful person is Grishka, who is the defender of his people. In his beautiful and lyrical songs, he predicted the happiness of his people.

But if you carefully read how the denouement comes in the poem in its last part, then you can pay attention to the strangeness of the story. The reader does not see the peasants returning to their homes, they do not stop traveling, and, in general, they do not even get to know Grisha. Therefore, a sequel may have been planned here.

Poetic composition also has its own characteristics. First of all, it is worth paying attention to the construction, which is based on the classical epic. The poem consists of separate chapters, in which there is an independent plot, but the poem does not contain the main character, since it tells about the people, as if it were an epic of the life of the whole people. All parts are connected into one thanks to the motives that run through the entire plot. For example, the motive of the long road along which the peasants go to find a happy person.

The fabulousness of the composition is easily seen in the work. There are many elements in the text that can easily be attributed to folklore. During the entire journey, the author inserts his own lyrical digressions and elements that are completely irrelevant to the plot.

Analysis of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia"

From the history of Russia it is known that in 1861 the most shameful phenomenon was canceled - serfdom... But such a reform caused unrest in society, and new problems soon arose. First of all, the question arose that even a free peasant, poor and destitute, cannot be happy. This problem interested Nikolai Nekrasov, and he decided to write a poem in which the question of peasant happiness will be considered.

Despite the fact that the work was written simple language, and has an appeal to folklore, but for the reader's perception it usually seems difficult, since it touches on the most serious philosophical problems and questions. On the most questions the author himself was looking for answers all his life. This is probably why it was so difficult for him to write a poem, and he created it for fourteen years. Unfortunately, the work was never finished.

The poet planned to write his poem of eight chapters, but due to illness he was able to write only four and they do not follow at all, as expected, one after the other. Now the poem is presented in the form, in the sequence suggested by K. Chukovsky, who for a long time carefully studied the Nekrasov archives.

Nikolai Nekrasov chose ordinary people as the heroes of the poem, therefore he also used vernacular vocabulary. For a long time, there were debates about who can still be attributed to the main characters of the poem. So, there were assumptions that these are heroes - men who are walking around the country trying to find a happy person. But other researchers still believed that it was Grishka Dobrosklonov. This question remains open to this day. But you can consider this poem as if the main character in it is all the common people.

There are no accurate and detailed descriptions of these men in the plot, their characters are also incomprehensible, the author simply does not reveal or show them. But on the other hand, these men are united by one goal, for the sake of which they travel. It is also interesting that episodic faces in Nekrasov's poem are drawn by the author more clearly, accurately, in detail and vividly. The poet raises many problems that arose among the peasantry after the abolition of serfdom.

Nikolai Alekseevich shows that for each hero in his poem there is his own concept of happiness. For example, a rich person sees happiness in having monetary well-being. And the peasant dreams that in his life there was no grief and misfortune, which usually lie in wait for the peasant at every step. There are also heroes who are happy because they believe in the happiness of others. The language of the Nekrasov poem is close to the folk language, therefore great amount vernacular.

Despite the fact that the work remained incomplete, it reflects the whole reality of what was happening. This is a real literary gift to all lovers of poetry, history and literature.

From 1863 to 1877, Nekrasov created "Who Lives Well in Russia". The idea, characters, plot changed several times in the course of work. Most likely, the plan was not fully revealed: the author died in 1877. Despite this, "Who Lives Well in Russia" as a folk poem is considered a complete work. It was assumed that there will be 8 parts, but only 4 were completed.

The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" begins with the presentation of the characters. These heroes are seven men from the villages: Dyryavino, Zaplatovo, Gorelovo, Neurozhayka, Znobishino, Razutovo, Neelovo. They meet and start a conversation about who lives happily and well in Russia. Each of the men has his own opinion. One thinks that the landowner is happy, the other that the official. Merchants, priest, minister, noble boyar, tsar are also called happy men from the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". The heroes began to argue, lit a fire. It even came to a fight. However, they still fail to come to an agreement.

Self-assembled tablecloth

Suddenly Pakhom completely unexpectedly caught the chick. The little warbler, his mother, asked the peasant to let the chick free. For this she suggested where you can find a self-assembled tablecloth - a very useful thing that will certainly come in handy on a long journey. Thanks to her, the men during the trip did not experience a shortage of food.

Priest's story

The next events continue the work "Who Lives Well in Russia". The heroes decided to find out at any cost who lives happily and cheerfully in Russia. They hit the road. First, they met a priest on their way. The men turned to him with a question about whether he lives happily. Then the pop talked about his life. He believes (in which the men could not disagree with him) that happiness is impossible without peace, honor, wealth. Pop believes that if he had it all, he would be completely happy. However, he is obliged both day and night, in any weather, to go wherever he is told - to the dying, to the sick. Every time the priest has to see human grief and suffering. Sometimes he even lacks the strength to take retribution for the service, since people tear the latter away from themselves. Once upon a time, everything was completely different. Pop says that rich landowners rewarded him generously for funeral services, baptisms, and weddings. However, now the rich are far away, and the poor have no money. The priest also has no honor: men do not respect him, as evidenced by many folk songs.

Wanderers go to the fair

Wanderers understand that it is impossible to call this person happy, which is noted by the author of the work "Who Lives Well in Russia". The heroes set off again and find themselves on the road in the village of Kuzminskoye, at a fair. This village is dirty, albeit rich. There are a lot of establishments in which residents indulge in drunkenness. They spend their last money on drink. For example, the old man has no money left for shoes for his granddaughter, since he drank everything. All this is observed by wanderers from the work "Who Lives Well in Russia" (Nekrasov).

Yakim Nagoy

They also notice fairground entertainment and fights and talk about the fact that the man is forced to drink: this helps to withstand hard work and eternal hardship. An example of this is Yakim Nagoy, a man from the village of Bosovo. He works to death, "drinks half to death." Yakim believes that if there were no drunkenness, there would be great sadness.

The wanderers continue their journey. In the work "Who Lives Well in Russia" Nekrasov says that they want to find happy and cheerful people, they promise to give these lucky people a drink for free. Therefore, the most different people trying to pass themselves off as such - a paralyzed former courtyard who licked plates after a master for many years, exhausted workers, beggars. However, travelers themselves understand that these people cannot be called happy.

Ermil Girin

The men once heard about a man named Yermil Girin. His story is further told by Nekrasov, of course, he does not convey all the details. Yermil Girin is a burgomaster who was highly respected, a fair and honest person. He set out to buy out the mill one day. The peasants lent him money without a receipt, they trusted him so much. However, there was a peasant revolt. Now Yermil is in prison.

Obolt-Obolduev's story

Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev, one of the landowners, told about the fate of the nobles after they used to have a lot: serfs, villages, forests. On holidays, nobles could invite serfs into their homes to pray. But after that the master was no longer the rightful owner of the peasants. The pilgrims knew perfectly well how difficult life was during the days of serfdom. But it is also not difficult for them to understand that it became much harder for the nobles after the abolition of serfdom. And it’s no easier for the peasants now. The pilgrims understood that they would not be able to find a happy one among men. So they decided to go to women.

The life of Matryona Korchagina

The peasants were told that a peasant woman named Matrena Timofeevna Korchagina lived in one village, whom everyone calls a lucky woman. They found her, and Matryona told the peasants about her life. This story continues Nekrasov "Who lives well in Russia."

A summary of the life story of this woman is as follows. Her childhood was cloudless and happy. She had a hard-working, non-drinking family. Mother cared for and cherished her daughter. When Matryona grew up, she became a beauty. A stove-maker from another village, Philip Korchagin, once wooed her. Matryona told how he persuaded her to marry him. This was the only bright memory of this woman in her entire life, who was hopeless and dreary, although her husband treated her well by peasant standards: she almost never beat her. However, he went to the city to work. Matryona lived in her father-in-law's house. Everyone here treated her badly. The only one who was kind to the peasant woman was the very old grandfather Savely. He told her that for the murder of the manager he went to hard labor.

Soon Matryona gave birth to Demushka, a sweet and beautiful child. She could not part with him for a minute. However, the woman had to work in a field where her mother-in-law did not allow her to take the child. Grandfather Savely watched the baby. He once did not look after Demushka, and the child was eaten by pigs. We came to investigate from the city, in front of the mother's eyes, they opened the baby. This was a hard blow for Matryona.

Then five children were born to her, all boys. Matryona was a kind and caring mother. One day Fedot, one of the children, was tending sheep. One of them was carried away by a she-wolf. This was the fault of the shepherd, who should have been punished with whips. Then Matryona begged that instead of her son they beat her.

She also said that one day they wanted to take her husband into the soldiers, although this was a violation of the law. Then Matryona went to the city, being pregnant. Here the woman met Elena Alexandrovna, the kind governor, who helped her, and Matryona's husband was released.

The peasants considered Matryona a happy woman. However, after listening to her story, the men realized that she could not be called happy. There was too much suffering and misfortune in her life. Matryona Timofeevna herself also says that a woman in Russia, especially a peasant woman, cannot be happy. Her lot is very hard.

Survivor of the mind landowner

The way to the Volga is kept by peasant wanderers. Here is mowing. People are busy with hard work. Suddenly an amazing scene: the mowers are humiliated, they please the old master. It turned out that the landowner He could not realize what had already been canceled. Therefore, his relatives persuaded the peasants to behave as if it was still in effect. They were promised for this The men agreed, but were deceived once again. When the old master died, the heirs did not give them anything.

The story of Jacob

Repeatedly along the way, pilgrims listen to folk songs - hungry, soldier's and others, as well as various stories. They remembered, for example, the story of Jacob, the faithful servant. He always tried to please and please the master, who humiliated and beat the slave. However, this led to the fact that Jacob loved him even more. The master's legs gave out in old age. Jacob continued to look after him as if he were his own child. But he received no thanks for this. Grisha, a young guy, Yakov's nephew, wanted to marry one beauty - a serf girl. Out of jealousy, the old master sent Grisha into recruits. Yakov from this grief fell into drunkenness, but then returned to the master and took revenge. He took him to the forest and hanged himself in front of the master. Since his legs were paralyzed, he could not go anywhere. The master sat all night under the corpse of Yakov.

Grigory Dobrosklonov - people's defender

This and other stories make men think that they will not be able to find happy ones. However, they learn about Grigory Dobrosklonov, a seminarian. This is the son of a sexton, who saw the suffering and hopeless life of the people from childhood. He made a choice in his early youth, decided that he would give his strength to the struggle for the happiness of his people. Gregory is educated and smart. He understands that Russia is strong and will cope with all troubles. In the future, Gregory will have a glorious path, the loud name of the people's defender, "consumption and Siberia."

The peasants hear about this intercessor, but they do not yet have an understanding that such people can make others happy. This will not happen soon.

Heroes of the poem

Nekrasov depicted various segments of the population. Simple peasants become the protagonists of the work. They were freed by the 1861 reform. But their life after the abolition of serfdom did not change much. The same hard work, a hopeless life. After the reform, moreover, the peasants who had their own land found themselves in an even more difficult situation.

The characterization of the heroes of the work "Who lives well in Russia" can be supplemented by the fact that the author has created surprisingly reliable images of peasants. Their characters are very accurate, although contradictory. Russian people have not only kindness, strength and integrity of character. They retained at the genetic level obsequiousness, servility, readiness to obey a despot and a tyrant. The coming of Grigory Dobrosklonov, a new man, is a symbol of the fact that honest, noble, intelligent people appear among the downtrodden peasantry. Let their fate be unenviable and difficult. Thanks to them, self-awareness will arise among the peasant masses, and people will finally be able to fight for happiness. This is what the heroes and the author of the poem dream about. ON THE. N. A. Nekrasov "Who Lives Well in Russia" was written with such sympathy for the people that today it makes us empathize with their fate at that difficult time.

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Plan 1. Concept and its implementation. 2. Socio-historical context. 3. The plot. 4. Characteristics of the main characters. 5. Oral folk art in the poem. 6. Genre originality.

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The poet worked on the poem from 1863 to 1877, that is, for about 14 years. During this time, his idea changed, but the poem was never completed by the author, so there is no consensus in the criticism about its composition. The four parts of the poem in modern editions are arranged in a different sequence: literary critics still cannot come to a consensus about the author's intention. Shortly before his death, Nekrasov wrote to GI Uspensky that he hoped to "create a people's book", relying on "all experience", "all information" about the people, "accumulated by the word ... over 20 years." The idea of ​​the poem

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Socio-historical context Nekrasov, following Pushkin and Gogol, conceived to depict a broad canvas of the life of the Russian people and its main mass - the Russian peasant. In his poem, Nekrasov depicted the life of the people at one of the most difficult moments in history. In the early 1860s, a Peasant reform... As a result, a situation arose when the old (serf) foundations had already collapsed, and the new ones had not yet taken shape. The crisis has affected all sectors of society. The great chain broke, Broke - jumped: One end for the master, The other for the peasant! ..

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Plot Seven temporarily liable men travel the country in search of an answer to the question: "Who lives happily, Freely in Russia?" That's what it is story line poems. The manuscripts of Nekrasov preserved a plan according to which the heroes were to meet with the minister and see the king. This is evidenced by the dispute between the pilgrims: Roman said: to the landowner, Demyan said: to the official, Luka said: to the priest. To the fat-bellied merchant! - The brothers Gubins, Ivan and Mitrodor said. The old man Pakhom strained himself And said, looking into the ground: To the noble boyar, the Minister of the sovereign. And Prov said: to the king ...

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The hero of his poem Nekrasov chose not an individual, but the whole people, the entire "peasant kingdom." “Who Lives Well in Russia” is a folk poem that has never been in Russia. Nekrasov talks about the thousands of years of suffering of the people, but at the same time we see how much spiritual beauty and greatness there is in his heroes, ordinary peasants. The heroes of the poem: The chest is sunken; like a depressed Belly; at the eyes, at the mouth Bends like cracks On dry ground; And he himself is like mother earth He looks like: a brown neck, Like a layer cut off with a plow, A brick face, A hand is a tree bark, And the hair is sand. An emaciated person appears before the reader, who has practically no strength and health left. Everything, absolutely everything was taken from him by work. He has nothing good in his life, so he is drawn to drunkenness: “And everything ends with wine ...“ In the image of Yakim Nagy, the whole tragedy of the existence of a simple peasant is shown, he is a symbol of hopelessness and hopelessness, and this is what the author says, drawing data pictures. Yakim Nagoy is one of the men the wanderers had to face:

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The hero of his poem Nekrasov chose not an individual person, but the whole people, the entire "peasant kingdom." “Who Lives Well in Russia” is a folk poem that has never been in Russia. Nekrasov talks about the thousands of years of suffering of the people, but at the same time we see how much spiritual beauty and greatness there is in his heroes, ordinary peasants. Heroes of the poem: The image of Yermil Girin is no less tragic, but arouses the reader's respect: If Yakim has complete obedience to fate, there is not even the slightest hint of resistance, then Yermil appears to the reader more powerful, he is trying to somehow change his own joyless life. In such incredibly difficult conditions in which he is forced to live, he manages to show such positive features their character as nobility, honesty, kindness, compassion. Yermil Girin is honest, decent, smart, he accepts all the rules of the world around him. The life of the common people instills in the reader a sense of hopelessness and bitterness for the humiliation, misery and suffering of the Russian people.

Slide 8

Heroes of the poem: Popular rumor brings peasants-truth-seekers to the village of Klin, where they hope to meet a happy peasant woman. How much painful suffering fell to the lot of this “happy” woman! But such beauty and strength emanates from her whole appearance that one cannot help but admire her: That is why she sings more often than tells, sings folk songs. The Peasant Woman is the most folklore part of the poem, it is almost entirely built on folk-poetic images and motives. The whole story of Matryona Timofeevna's life is a chain of continuous misfortune and suffering. It is not for nothing that she says about herself: "I am downcast head, I wear an angry heart!" She is convinced: "It is not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women." A dignified woman, Wide and dense, Thirty-eight years old. Beautiful; hair with gray, Eyes are large, stern, Eyelashes are the richest, Severe and dark. The voice of Matryona Timofeevna is the voice of the people themselves.

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The heroes of the poem: With a tremendous gray mane, Tea, twenty years unshorn, With a huge beard, Grandfather looked like a bear, Especially, like out of the forest, Bending down, he left. Savely is a very proud person. This is felt in everything: in his attitude to life, in his steadfastness and courage, with which he defends his own. When he talks about his youth, he recalls how only weak-minded people surrendered to the master. Savely's whole life is very tragic, and in old age he turns out to be the unwitting culprit in the death of his little grandson. This incident once again proves that, despite all his strength, Savely cannot withstand hostile circumstances. He is just a toy in the hands of fate. Savely - the bogatyr of the Holy Russian

Slide 10

Heroes of the poem: Grisha Dobrosklonov is fundamentally different from the other characters in the poem. If the life of the peasant woman Matryona Timofeevna, Yakim Nagogo, Savely, Yermil Girin and many others is shown in obedience to fate and the prevailing circumstances, then Grisha has a completely different attitude to life. Gregory does not agree to submit to fate and lead the same sad and wretched life that is characteristic of most people around him. Grisha chooses a different path for himself, becomes a people's defender. The image of Grigory Dobrosklonov in Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" inspires hope in the moral and political revival of Russia, in a change in the consciousness of the common Russian people. The ending of the poem shows that the happiness of the people is possible. And even if it is still far from the moment when an ordinary person can call himself happy. But time will pass - and everything will change. And by no means the least role in this will be played by Grigory Dobrosklonov and his ideas.

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Heroes of the poem: Grisha Dobrosklonov - the people's defender Labor life - Straight to the friend To the heart the road, Away from the threshold, To the heart the road, Away from the threshold, Coward and lazy! Isn't it heaven? Share of the people, their Happiness, Light and freedom First of all!

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Oral folk art Oral folk art plays an important role in the poem. Nekrasov introduces folklore elements into the text of the poem "directly" (in the form of stylizations) and "indirectly" (as quotations, characteristic techniques and images). As an "arsenal" artistic means he uses not only folk songs (corvee, soldier, burlak, etc.), sayings, proverbs, riddles, but also larger folklore genres: a fairy tale (seven wandering heroes, a talking bird-chiffon, a self-assembled tablecloth), an epic (the image of Savely ). "Praise the grass in a haystack, and the master - in a coffin", "I would be glad to heaven, but where is the door?", "Flies - is silent, lies - silent, when he dies, then roars", "does not bark, does not bite, but does not let it into the house "," peas scattered on seventy roads "," Well, it is light in the world of God! Good, easy, clear at heart, ”and so on.

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Genre originality Nekrasov was right when he called his poem a "peasant epic". For her, indeed, the features of an epic are characteristic - the largest and most monumental form fiction: ramified plot, multi-character, national-historical perspective, popular view of reality. Researchers of N.A. Nekrasov's creativity most often define the genre "Who Lives Well in Russia" as an epic poem.

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Let us recall the content of the poem How many truth seekers meet at the crossroads? 7 List the villages in which the men live. Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo, Neurozhayka What is the essence of the dispute between the men in the poem? "Who lives happily, Freely in Russia?" What oath do the seven truth seekers take? "Do not toss and turn in the houses, ... Until the controversial case The solution is not found."

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Show up! if it turns out that you live happily ... 1. The sexton dismissed Happiness In good humor ... If the sun warms up Yes, I will miss the kosushechka ... 2. An old woman ... up to a thousand were born in autumn On a small ridge ... 3. A soldier with medals In twenty battles I was, not killed! I walked neither full nor hungry, But death was not given! 4. Stonemason-resident of Olonetsk. If I wake up to the sun Yes, I will bend by midnight. So I will crush the mountain!

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Happiness 5. A man with shortness of breath ... luckily And I got home, .. And it became easier for me ... 6. A courtyard man I was a beloved slave, My wife was a beloved slave ... 7. A Belarusian peasant And our happiness is in bread: Chewing - not I'll make money ... 8. A man with a scrapped cheekbone My three comrades Broke the bears, And I live, God is merciful! 9. The ragged beggars The shopkeeper meets us at the door with alms Hey, muzhik happiness! Leaky with patches, Humpbacked with calluses ... CONCLUSION:

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Conclusion N.A. Nekrasov did not complete the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", but he fulfilled his task: he created a large-scale work about people's life at a turning point in history. The appeal to the motive of the road allowed him to include a large number of events and crowd scenes in the poem. Deep knowledge of folk traditions and culture helped to create vivid images. The use of elements of oral folk art contributed to the transfer of the specifics of the folk language. According to the correct remark of the writer G.I. Uspensky, Nekrasov appeared in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" as "the most sincere exponent of the essence of the Russian soul - a passionate the truth ... "

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Used material: 1. Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia http: //ru.wikipedia 2. Illustrations to the works of N. Nekrasov 3. Tests by IN Korshchunova, E.Yu. Lipina. M .: Bustard, 2000

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The history of the creation of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia"

Nekrasov spent many years of his life working on a poem, which he called his "favorite child". “I conceived,” said Nekrasov, “to present in a coherent story everything I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips, and I started“ Who lives well in Russia ”. It will be the epic of modern peasant life ”.

The writer accumulated material for the poem, according to him, "by word of mouth for twenty years." Death interrupted this gigantic labor. The poem remained unfinished. Shortly before his death, the poet said: “One thing I deeply regret is that I have not finished my poem“ Who Lives Well in Russia ”.

Nekrasov began work on the poem in the first half of the 1860s. The manuscript of the first part of the poem is marked by Nekrasov in 1865. In this year, the first part of the poem was already written, but it was begun, apparently, several years earlier. The mention in the first part of the exiled Poles (chapter "Landowner") allows us to consider 1863 as the date before which this chapter could not have been written, since the suppression of the uprising in Poland dates back to 1863-1864.

However, the first sketches for the poem may have appeared earlier. An indication of this is contained, for example, in the memoirs of G. Potanin, who, describing his visit to Nekrasov's apartment in the fall of 1860, conveys the following words of the poet: "I ... wrote for a long time yesterday, but did not finish writing a little - now I will finish ..." These were sketches of his beautiful the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". It did not appear in print for a long time after that. "

Thus, it can be assumed that some of the images and episodes of the future poem, the material for which was collected over many years, arose in creative imagination poet and were partially embodied in poems earlier than 1865, which dated the manuscript of the first part of the poem.

Nekrasov began to continue working only in the 70s, after a seven-year break. The second, third and fourth parts of the poem follow one after the other at small intervals: "The Last One" was created in 1872, "Peasant Woman" - in July-August 1873, "A Feast for the Whole World" - in the fall of 1876.

Nekrasov began publishing the poem shortly after the completion of the first part. Already in the January book of Sovremennik for 1866, the prologue of the poem appeared. The printing of the first part took four years. Fearing to shake the already precarious position of Sovremennik, Nekrasov refrained from publishing the subsequent chapters of the first part of the poem.

Nekrasov was afraid of censorship persecution, which began immediately after the release of the first chapter of the poem ("Pop"), published in 1868 in the first issue of the new Nekrasov magazine "Otechestvennye zapiski". The censor A. Lebedev gave the following characterization to this chapter: “In the aforementioned poem, like his other works, Nekrasov remained faithful to his direction; in it he tries to present the gloomy and sad side of the Russian man with his grief and material shortcomings ... in it there are ... places that are harsh in their indecency ”. Although the censorship committee approved the publication of the book "Otechestvennye zapiski", it nevertheless sent a disapproving opinion about the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" to the highest censorship authority.

The subsequent chapters of the first part of the poem were published in the February issues of Otechestvennye zapiski for 1869 (Country Fair and Drunken Night) and 1870 (Happy and Landowner). The entire first part of the poem appeared in print only eight years after it was written.

The publication of "The Last One" ("Otechestvennye zapiski", 1873, No. 2) provoked new, even greater cavils from the censorship, which believed that this part of the poem "is distinguished ... by the extreme disgrace of its content ... is in the nature of a libel on the entire nobility."

The next part of the poem, "The Peasant Woman", created by Nekrasov in the summer of 1873, was published in the winter of 1874 in the January book of Otechestvennye Zapiski.

Nekrasov never saw a separate edition of the poem during his lifetime.

IN Last year life Nekrasov, having returned seriously ill from the Crimea, where he was basically completed the fourth part of the poem - "Feast for the whole world", with amazing energy and persistence entered into single combat with the censors, hoping to print "Feast ...". This part of the poem came under particularly violent attacks from the censorship. The censor wrote that he finds "the whole poem" A Feast for the Whole World "extremely harmful in its content, since it can arouse hostility between the two estates, and that it is especially insulting to the nobility, who so recently enjoyed landlord rights ...".

However, Nekrasov did not stop fighting censorship. Bedridden by illness, he stubbornly continued to seek the publication of "The Feast ...". He revises the text, shortens it, crosses it out. “This is our craft as a writer,” complained Nekrasov. - When I began my literary activity and wrote my first work, I immediately met with scissors; 37 years have passed since then, and here I am, dying, writing my last work, and again I come across the same scissors! " Having "spoiled" the text of the fourth part of the poem (as the poet called the alteration of the work in favor of the censorship), Nekrasov counted on permission. However, "A Feast for the Whole World" was again banned. “Unfortunately,” Saltykov-Shchedrin recalled. - and it is almost useless to bother: everything is so full of hatred and threat that it is difficult to approach even from a distance ”. But even after that, Nekrasov still did not lay down his arms and decided to "approach", as a last resort, to the head of the Main Directorate for Censorship V. Grigoriev, who in the spring of 1876 promised him "his personal intercession" and, according to rumors, reached through F. Dostoevsky, he allegedly considered "A Feast for the Whole World" "completely possible for publication."

Nekrasov intended to bypass the censorship altogether, having secured the permission of the Tsar himself. To do this, the poet wanted to use his acquaintance with the Minister of the Court, Count Adlerberg, and also resort to the mediation of S. Botkin, who was at that time the court doctor (Botkin, who was treating Nekrasov, was dedicated to the "Feast for the whole world"). Obviously, it was on this occasion that Nekrasov inserted into the text of the poem "with a gnash of teeth" the famous lines dedicated to the tsar "Glory to the people who gave freedom!" It is not known whether Nekrasov took real steps in this direction or abandoned his intention, realizing the futility of trouble.

"A Feast for the Whole World" remained under censorship until 1881, when it appeared in the second book of Otechestvennye Zapiski, albeit with great abbreviations and distortions: the songs "Merry", "Barshchinnaya", "Soldiers", " The deck is oak ... ”and others. Most of the censored passages from "A Feast for the Whole World" were first published only in 1908, and the entire poem, in an uncensored edition, was published in 1920 by K.I. Chukovsky.

The poem "Who lives well in Russia" in its unfinished form consists of four separate parts, arranged in the following order, according to the time of their writing: part one, consisting of a prologue and five chapters, "The Last One", "Peasant Woman", consisting of a prologue and eight chapters, "A Feast for the Whole World."

From the papers of Nekrasov it is clear that according to the plan further development the poem was supposed to create at least three more chapters or parts. In one of them, tentatively named by Nekrasov "Smertushka", it was supposed to be about the stay of seven peasants on the Sheksna River, where they find themselves in the midst of a rampant cattle mortality from anthrax, about their meeting with an official. The poet began to collect materials for this chapter in the summer of 1873. However, it remained unwritten. Only a few prosaic and poetic rough passages have survived.

It is also known about the poet's intention to talk about the arrival of the peasants in St. Petersburg, where they had to seek access to the minister, and describe their meeting with the tsar on a bear hunt.

In the last lifetime edition of "Poems" N.А. Nekrasov (1873-1874) "Who Lives Well in Russia" is printed in the following form: "Prologue; Part One "(1865); "The Last" (From the second part "Who Lives Well in Russia") (1872); "Peasant" (From the third part "Who lives well in Russia") (1873), which corresponds to the author's will, but this was not his last will, because work on the epic continued, and the order of the arrangement of parts Nekrasov could change, just as this was done by Lermontov in the final version of the novel "A Hero of Our Time", disregarding the sequence of creation and publication of the parts included in it.

A disease that made it difficult to work on the poem, including the part “Who is all sinners in Russia. Who is all holy. The Legends of Serfdom ”developed ominously. Nekrasov was anxiously aware that he would leave his "beloved brainchild" unfinished, "and this is such a thing that only as a whole can have its meaning." The illness prompted the poet to look for such a finale of the last, as he understood, part, which could evoke the impression of the "completeness" of the unfinished. Something almost impossible was required. Such an opportunity lurked in the character of the people's protector, in the acceleration of the meeting of the seekers of the happy with him. The poet realized this opportunity. He developed the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov as the final one in a series of images of "heroes of active good" - Belinsky, Shevchenko, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky.

In this regard, Nekrasov removed the original name, which limited the content to a dispute about who is all sinners in Russia, who is all saints, and wrote: "Wake on the supports", and then, crossing out what was written, gave a new, final name - "Feast - on the whole world". For such a general feast, the "commemoration on the fortifications" was not enough, it hinted at the end, which is the crown of the whole affair.

Changing the name in accordance with the extended content, the poet clarified the position of the "Feast ..." in the composition of the whole. Apparently, Nekrasov wanted to give the reader the impression of completeness of his “favorite brainchild,” giving an answer to the question of plot action:

Our wanderers would be under their own roof, If they could know what was happening to Grisha.

But what the pilgrims did not know and could not yet know, the readers know. Thought "flying forward", Grisha saw "the embodiment of the happiness of the people." This increased his creative powers tenfold, gave him a feeling of happiness, and the readers - the answer to the questions of who is happy in Russia, what is his happiness.

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Subtitles

History of creation

N. A. Nekrasov began work on the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" in the first half of the 1860s. The mention of the exiled Poles in the first part, in the chapter "Landowner", suggests that work on the poem was begun no earlier than 1863. But sketches of the work could have appeared earlier, since Nekrasov had been collecting material for a long time. The manuscript of the first part of the poem is dated 1865, however, it is possible that this is the date of completion of work on this part.

Soon after finishing work on the first part, the prologue of the poem was published in the January issue of the Sovremennik magazine for 1866. The printing lasted for four years and was accompanied, like the entire publishing activity of Nekrasov, by censorship persecution.

The writer began to continue working on the poem only in the 1870s, having written three more parts of the work: "The Last One" (1872), "Peasant Woman" (1873), "A Feast for the Whole World" (1876). The poet was not going to limit himself to the written chapters, he thought about three or four more parts. However, the developing disease interfered with the author's ideas. Nekrasov, sensing the approach of death, tried to give some "completeness" to the last part, "Feast for the whole world."

The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" was printed in the following sequence: "Prologue. Part One ”,“ The Last One ”,“ The Peasant Woman ”.

The plot and structure of the poem

It was assumed that the poem will have 7 or 8 parts, but the author managed to write only 4, which, perhaps, did not follow one after the other.

The poem is written with iambic tricotto.

Part one

The only part that has no name. It was written shortly after the abolition of serfdom (). According to the first quatrain of the poem, we can say that Nekrasov originally tried to anonymously describe all the problems of Russia at that time.

Prologue

In what year - count,
In which land - guess
On a pole track
Seven men came together.

They got into an argument:

Who has fun
Is it at ease in Russia?

They offered 6 answers to this question:

• Novel: to the landowner;
• Demyan: to an official;
• the Gubin brothers - Ivan and Mitrodor: to the merchant;
• Pakhom (old man): minister, boyar;

The villagers decide not to return home until they find the right answer. In the prologue, they also find a self-assembled tablecloth that will feed them, and hit the road.

Chapter I. Pop

Chapter II. Rural fair.

Chapter III. Drunken night.

Chapter IV. Happy.

Chapter V. Landlord.

The last one (from the second part)

In the midst of haymaking, wanderers come to the Volga. Here they witness a strange scene: a noble family swims up to the shore on three boats. The mowers, who have just sat down to rest, immediately jump up to show the old master their zeal. It turns out that the peasants of the village of Vakhlachina help the heirs to hide the abolition of serfdom from the out-of-mind landowner Utyatin. For this, the relatives of the last-born Utyatin promise the peasants floodplain meadows. But after the long-awaited death of the Follower, the heirs forget their promises, and the whole peasant performance turns out to be in vain.

Peasant woman (from the third part)

In this part, the wanderers decide to continue their search for someone who “live happily, at ease in Russia” among women. In the village of Nagotino, women told the peasants that there is a "governor's wife" in Klin Matryona Timofeevna: "Smarter and smoother - there is no woman." There, seven men find this woman and convince her to tell her story, at the end of which she reassures the men in her happiness and in women's happiness in Russia as a whole:

Keys to women's happiness,
From our free will
Abandoned, lost
With God himself! ..

• Prologue
• Chapter I. Before marriage
• Chapter II. Songs
• Chapter III. Savely, bogatyr, Holy Russian
• Chapter IV. Darling
• Chapter V. Wolf
• Chapter VI. Difficult year
• Chapter VII. Governor's wife
• Chapter VIII. Woman's parable

A feast for the whole world (from the fourth part)

This part is a logical continuation of the second part ("The Last One"). It describes the feast that the men threw after the death of the old man. The adventures of the wanderers do not end in this part, but at the end one of the feasting - Grisha Dobrosklonov, the son of a priest, the next morning after the feast, walking along the river bank, finds the secret of Russian happiness, and expresses it in a short song "Rus", by the way, used by VI Lenin in the article "The main task of our days." The work ends with the words:

To be our wanderers
Under my own roof
If they could know,
What happened to Grisha.
He heard in his chest
The forces are immense,
Delighted his hearing
The sounds are blessed
Radiant sounds
Anthem of the noble -
He sang the incarnation
Happiness of the people! ..

Such an unexpected ending arose because the author was aware of his imminent death, and, wishing to finish the work, logically completed the poem in the fourth part, although at the beginning N.A.Nekrasov conceived 8 parts.

List of heroes

Temporarily liable peasants who went to look for someone who lives happily, freely in Russia:

Ivan and Metrodor Gubin,

Old man Pakhom,

Peasants and slaves:

• Artyom Demin,
• Yakim Nagoy,
• Sidor,
• Egorka Shutov,
• Klim Lavigne,
• Vlas,
• Agap Petrov,
• Ipat is a sensitive slave,
• Jacob is a faithful servant,
• Gleb,
• Proshka,
• Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina,
• Savely Korchagin,
• Ermil Girin.

Landowners:

• Obolt-Obolduev,
• Prince Utyatin (the last one),
• Vogel (Little information on this landowner)
• Shalashnikov.

Other heroes

• Elena Alexandrovna - the governor's wife, who delivered Matryona,
• Altynnikov - a merchant, a potential buyer of Ermila Girin's mill,
• Grisha Dobrosklonov.